Wireless fingerprinting indoor positioning using affinity propagation clustering methods

According to rapid extension of wireless sensor network localization, indoor localization using fingerprint has turned out to be more considerable lately. It contains of a database called Receive Strength Signal Indicator vectors, which is a primitive amount in wireless sensor network fingerprinting positioning. The equivalence of a few strategies is brought up from the literary works, and some new variants are presented in this study. A combination of a clustering strategy named affinity propagation and statistical and probabilistic positioning procedures is considered in this review and at the same time, the impact of some components in our methodology onto positioning precision will be investigated. Affinity propagation clustering method set up a common baseline for assessing the relative accuracy of various indoor location methods effectively. Eventually two coarse localization methods as Mahalanobis norm method and similarity to exemplar receive strength signal vector are compared based on positioning accuracy and performance. Experimental outcomes prove that the intended algorithm will advance the accuracy and localization error compared with the method without clustering.     

基于仿射传播聚类的概率分布室内定位算法

随着定位技术的快速发展,基于无线局域网的室内定位成为新的研究热点。本文提出了一种基于近邻传播聚类的概率分布无线局域网(WLAN)室内定位算法。与传统室内定位算法相比,该算法首先引入近邻传播聚类缩小参考点搜索空间,然后利用概率分布定位算法进行精确定位。仿射传播聚类可以有效减少概率分布定位算法的计算量,应用于系统后将有效降低系统复杂度。实验结果表明,本文所提算法具有更好的定位精度,可实现对WLAN室内定位目标的快速、可靠定位。     

UHF propagation in indoor hallways

A new model for UHF propagation in large buildings is presented. This model relies on knowledge of the interior arrangement of the building without requiring much detail. The guiding of radiation along hallways is the most significant propagation process at distances of more than 10 m from the transmitter. The waveguide model predicts the power loss rate along the hallways, which is affected by the coupling among the propagating modes. The coupling results from the roughness of the surfaces in the building; it is predicted in an average manner using the average deviation of the walls from perfect smoothness. The model predictions are compared to measurements in an office building and to ray tracing predictions.     

The indoor radio propagation channel

In this tutorial survey the principles of radio propagation in indoor environments are reviewed. The channel is modeled as a linear time-varying filter at each location in the three-dimensional space, and the properties of the filter's impulse response are described. Theoretical distributions of the sequences of arrival times, amplitudes and phases are presented. Other relevant concepts such as spatial and temporal variations of the channel, large-scale path losses, mean excess delay and RMS delay spread are explored. Propagation characteristics of the indoor and outdoor channels are compared and their major differences are outlined. Previous measurement and modeling efforts are surveyed, and areas for future research are suggested     

移动通信室内外空间几何信道模型的分析与比较

针对频率非选择性无线多径衰落信道,基于室外通信环境下的空心圆模型,提出了一种改进的适应于室内通信环境的空心圆模型。通过推导接收信号的空时联合分布以及边缘分布概率密度函数,分析和比较了两种空心圆几何信道模型的空时统计特性。通过空心圆的空心率以及收发机间距的信道参数变化,仿真结果阐明了空心圆模型在圆盘模型和圆环模型之间过渡的变化机理,以及不同无线通信环境下的信道信息。     

Impact of radio link parameters on the capacity of UHF andmillimeter-wave indoor cellular systems

Third-generation mobile and portable radio systems will require higher transmission rates than recent second-generation systems in order to provide users with access to multimedia services. The typical bandwidths of second-generation systems are generally such that, for indoor applications, multipath diversity can be exploited by code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes, but not by frequency division-time division multiple access (FD-TDMA) schemes. However, for the larger bandwidths of future third-generation systems, multipath diversity can also be exploited by means of FD-TDMA. This paper investigates the influence of such an increase in transmission rate and various other radio link parameters on the capacity of an indoor wireless FD-TDMA cellular system. System performance is assessed via an analytically rigorous and statistically relevant semi-analytical approach: using radio link performance results obtained as a function of small-scale signal variations and without any assumptions with respect to the distribution of interference, the overall average system outage rate and binary error rate are evaluated by considering large-scale signal variations over a hexagonal cellular layout. Results are expressed in terms of the relative variations of the required handoff threshold, path loss and shadowing characteristics, for different combinations of cellular reuse factor, transmission rate and number of diversity antennas at the receiver, both in the presence and absence of equalization     

用于WLAN室内定位的PCA聚类算法

在WLAN室内定位系统中,针对接收信号强度(RSS)的时变特征降低室内定位精度的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析(PCA)白化RSS的聚类算法,该算法首先对信号强度进行PCA白化处理,去除RSS信息的相关性,提高聚类中心的可靠性和合理性,然后通过K-means聚类方式对RSS信息进行聚类,能够有效地提高聚类精度,以此来提高定位精度.实验结果表明,该算法相比于没有经过PCA的传统聚类算法,能够使定位误差在2m内的概率提高44.8％,性能更优良.     

Autoregressive modeling of wide-band indoor radio propagation

Based on frequency domain measurements in the 0.9-1.1-GHz band, an autoregressive model for the frequency response of the indoor radio channel is introduced. It is shown that a second-order process is sufficient to represent the important statistical characteristics of the channel both in the frequency domain and the time domain where each pole identifies the arrival of a cluster of paths. A comparison is made between the statistical characteristics of the empirical data and of the channel responses regenerated from the second-order AR processes. Four methods to regenerate the indoor radio channel responses from a second-order AR model are proposed. The accuracy of the methods is examined by comparing the cumulative distribution functions of the RMS delay spread and the 3-dB width of the frequency correlation function with that of the measurements performed in global, local, and mixed indoor radio propagation experiments     

Impulse response modeling of indoor radio propagation channels

If indoor radio propagation channels are modeled as linear filters, they can be characterized by reporting the parameters of their equivalent impulse response functions. The measurement and modeling of estimates for such functions in two different office buildings are reported. The resulting data base consists of 12000 impulse response estimates of the channel that were obtained by inverse Fourier transforming of the channel's transfer functions. It is shown that the number of multipath components in each impulse response estimate is a normally-distributed random variable with a mean value that increases with increasing antenna separations; a modified Poisson distribution shows a good fit to the arrival time of the multipath components; amplitudes are lognormally distributed over both local and global areas, with a log-mean value that decreases almost linearly with increasing excess delay; for small displacements of the receiving antenna, the amplitude of the multipath components are correlated; the amplitudes of adjacent multipath components of the same impulse response function show negligible correlations; and the RMS delay spread over large areas is normally distributed with mean values that increase with increasing antenna separation     

Narrowband characterization of 60 GHz radio propagation in indoor environment

The increasing demand for high speed data and multimedia services forces indoor radio communications to exploit new, almost fully available bands. Among the possible radio spectrum parts, the 60 GHz band seems to provide a good solution to move on. Thus, the paper deals with mobile radio channel characterization in indoor environment at 60 GHz; this is accomplished by means of an electromagnetic computer model, based on a fully 3D ray tracing approach. The channel has been characterized both in terms of radio coverage and of radio signal statistics, evaluating the best fitting cumulative distributions, the relationship between their parameters and the corresponding environment characteristics and addressing the improvements achievable by means of space diversity techniques.     

A statistical model of urban multipath propagation

An urban multipath propagation experiment, involving the simultaneous transmission from a fixed site of 100-ns pulses at 488, 1280, and 2920 MHz and their reception at a mobile van, is described. A statistical analysis of the data in the resulting multipath responses is given and used as a basis for a statistical model of urban multipath propagation.     

Impact of scattering on the capacity, diversity, and propagation range of multiple-antenna channels

The impact of scattering condition and array configuration on performances are inseparable in early analyses of multiple-antenna systems. An array-independent scattering model is introduced where three basic scattering mechanisms are modeled. Performance results become more intrinsic property of the scattering channel itself. For linear arrays of length L in an environment of total angle spread |/spl Omega/|, the ergodic capacity is shown to increase linearly with L|/spl Omega/| for large arrays. When antenna arrays reduce to practical sizes, the capacity scaling depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well. This implies that the number of antennas used should also depend on the SNR. In terms of outage capacity, the tradeoff between spatial multiplexing gain and diversity gain is shown to be very sensitive to the underlying scattering mechanisms. Finally, as |/spl Omega/| varies with the propagation range, the tradeoff among multiplexing gain, diversity gain, and propagation range is studied.     

毫米波室内传播的场强测量

介绍了毫米波室内传播的场强测量。通过对测量的数据进行处理,可得无论使用全向天线还是定向天线作为接收天线,路径损耗指数都约等于２。慢衰落的累积概率分布符合对数正态分布。快衰落的累积概率分布在没有直达波的民政部下符合瑞利分布,而在有直达波的情况下,如果使用全向天线则趋向瑞利分布,使定向天线符合莱斯分布。     

用射线跟踪法预测室内电波传播模型

介绍了利用射线跟踪法预测室内电波传播模型的方法。该模型基于电磁场传播的物理模型,根据几何光学与一致绕射理论计算复杂电磁环境下信号的直射、反射和绕射多径传播,获得特定场景下信号覆盖强度、多径传播延时等数据,为室内基站优化和信道模型提取提供指导。     

Path-loss and time dispersion parameters for indoor UWB propagation

The propagation of ultra wideband (UWB) signals in indoor environments is an important issue with significant impacts on the future direction and scope of the UWB technology and its applications. The objective of this work is to obtain a better assessment of the potentials of UWB indoor communications by characterizing the UWB indoor communication channels. Channel characterization refers to extracting the channel parameters from measured data. An indoor UWB measurement campaign is undertaken. Time-domain indoor propagation measurements using pulses with less than 100 ps width are carried out. Typical indoor scenarios, including line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS), room-to-room, within-the-room, and hallways, are considered. Results for indoor propagation measurements are presented for local power delay profiles (local PDP) and small-scale averaged power delay profiles (SSA-PDP). Site-specific trends and general observations are discussed. The results for path-loss exponent and time dispersion parameters are presented.     

采用流形近邻传播聚类的极化SAR图像分类

针对传统近邻传播（Affinity Propagation, AP）聚类算法使用欧式距离构建相似度矩阵,不能有效描述极化SAR数据复杂分布的问题,本文提出一种新的基于联合流形距离的AP聚类算法(CMD-AP) 用于极化SAR图像分类。首先将待分类极化SAR图像分割成若干超像素,在相应的极化特征基础上加入图像纹理特征,利用拉普拉斯特征映射算法对特征降维;然后结合相干矩阵Wishart流形和特征矢量欧式流形作为流形距离测度,构造相似性矩阵;最后利用上述相似性矩阵,采用AP聚类算法,对极化SAR图像进行分类。该算法充分考虑了极化SAR数据集潜在的流形结构,将联合的流形距离测度引入AP算法中。实验表明,本文算法提高了极化SAR图像的分类精度,具有更优的区域一致性和边缘保持效果。      

5G室内覆盖容量解决方案研究

面对5G室内覆盖系统容量快速增长的需求,本文从技术原理、性能提升、工程实施和投资成本等方面分析了小区分裂、频段内双载波、新增频段等常规扩容方式的综合效果.本文特别针对极限高密空旷场景的容量需求问题,分析了分布式皮基站应用分布式Massive MIMO及小区合并功能提升网络容量的可行性,并结合实测数据提出网络规划实施建议...     

Applicability of Walfisch-type urban propagation models

The applicability of different propagation models based on the Walfisch-Bertoni or the Walfisch-Ikegami formulations is studied. When this type of model is applied to real urban cells, large areas with errors often appear. The origin of some errors and a proposal to improve the applicability of Walfisch-type models, based on a measurement campaign, are described