串行流化床生物质气化制氢试验研究

基于串行流化床生物质气化技术,以水蒸气为气化剂,在串行流化床试验装置上进行生物质气化制氢的试验研究,考察了气化反应器温度、水蒸气/生物质比率(S/B)对气化气成分、烟气成分和氢产率的影响。结果表明:在燃烧反应器内燃烧烟气不会串混至气化反应器,该气化技术能够稳定连续地从气化反应器获得不含N_2的富氢燃气,氢浓度最高可达71.5%;气化反应器温度是影响制氢过程的重要因素,随着温度的升高,气化气中H_2浓度不断降低,CO浓度显著上升,氢产率有所提高;S/B对气化气成分影响较小,随着S/B的增加,氢产率先升高而后降低,S/B的最优值为1.4。最高氢产率(60.3g H_2/kg biomass)是在气化反应器温度为920℃,S/B为1.4的条件下获得的。     

生物质富氧——水蒸气气化制氢特性研究

以一个鼓泡流化床为反应器,对生物质富氧—水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气的特性进行了一系列的实验研究。通过对试验数据的分析,探讨了主要参数温度、水蒸气/生物质(S/B)和氧浓度对气体成分、氢产率和潜在产氢量的影响。结果表明:在3个主要参数的变化范围内,氢产率和潜在氢产量受温度的影响最大:当温度从700~900℃时,每千克生物质氢产量从18g增加到了53g,每千克生物质潜在氢产量从71.6g增加到了115.6g。     

串行流化床生物质气化制取富氢气体模拟研究

利用串行流化床技术将生物质热解气化和燃烧过程分开,气化反应器和燃烧反应器之间通过灰渣进行热量传递,实现了自供热下生物质气化制氢.利用Aapen Plus软件模拟制氢过程,通过比较单反应器生物质气化的模拟结果和实验结果,验证了模拟研究的可行性.重点研究串行流化床中非催化气化与CaCO3作用下的气化过程,探讨了气化温度、蒸汽与生物质的质量配比(S/B)对制氢的影响,为今后开展生物质气化制氢试验提供了理论参考.结果表明:对应不同气化温度,S/B都存在一个最佳值,且随着温度升高其值减小.当气化温度低于750℃时,添加CaCO3可大幅提高氢产率,气化温度为700℃且在S/B约为0.9时氢产率最大,达43.7 mol·(kg生物质)-1(干燥无灰基),比同温度下非催化气化提高了20.3%.随着气化温度升高,CaCO3促进作用减弱.     

生物质回转窑水蒸气气化制富氢气体试验研究

为充分回收高温炉渣颗粒的余热,设计了回转窑热解反应装置。为验证此装置的可行性,对生物质气化制氢进行了试验研究,并对影响气化性能的主要因素,如气化温度(650~950℃)和水蒸气/生物质当量比S/B(0~3.0)进行了研究。结果表明:温度是影响生物质气化反应的主要因素,高温可以降低焦油和焦炭产率,提高气体产量,增加燃气中氢气含量;水蒸气的加入,有利于焦油和低分子碳氢化合物的气化重整以及焦炭的反应,降低焦油产量,提高气体产量,增加燃气中氢气含量,但是过量的水蒸气会导致反应器内温度下降,不利于反应进行。当S/B为2.20时,气化燃气中氢气含量达到最大值53.6%。     

纤维素废弃物稀酸水解残渣制氢研究

对纤维素废弃物水解残渣催化气化制氢进行了研究,考察了气化温度、催化温度、催化剂颗粒粒径和S/B (单位时间内进入气化器中水蒸汽质量与生物质质量之比)4个主要参数对气体组成和氢气产率的影响并和以木屑为原料催化气化制氢进行了比较。在试验范围内提高气化温度、催化温度和S/B的值以及减小催化剂颗粒粒径对提高氢产率有利,其中气化温度和S/B对提高氢产率影响较大。气化温度在800～850℃内较为理想,催化剂颗粒的适宜粒径为2～3mm,S/B取1.5～2.0较佳;和木屑制氢相比,使用水解残渣制取的气体中CO和CO_2的体积百分比小,H_2/CO的值大,氢气含量高,有利于后续处理,且氢产率大,对制氢有利。     

生物质水蒸气气化利用过程数学模型的建立

分析了甘蔗渣的水蒸气气化过程,基于气化过程的物料平衡和化学平衡关系,建立了一种生物质气化过程的数学模型。用该模型模拟计算甘蔗渣在水蒸气氛围下气化后的气体成分,计算结果与试验数据基本相符,尤其在温度950℃之后,计算值和测量值更接近。以甘蔗渣和木薯渣为例,研究该气化模型的特性。甘蔗渣和木薯渣水蒸气气化的最佳水蒸气/燃料值(S/B)分别为0.3和0.2。气化气组分和气化效果随温度和S/B变化的结果表明:提高温度有利于气化反应的进行,提高S/B,可以增加气体产率,气体热值有所降低。     

水蒸气气氛下生物质热解制取富氢气体试验研究

以水蒸气为流化气在鼓泡流化床中进行木屑的热解特性研究,考察一些主要参数[如热解温度、生物质颗粒粒径、水蒸气/生物质(S/B)]对产气率和目标气体(H2,CO)产率的影响.试验结果表明,提高热解温度和降低生物质颗粒粒径有利于气体的产生;在热解过程中加入水蒸气,能提高气体产率,但是水蒸气的引入量有一个最佳值.本试验中产气率和H2,CO的产率都随着S/B的增加先上升后降低,适宜的S/B为2～2.5.     

中药渣水蒸气气化制备合成气研究

以中药渣为原料进行水蒸气气化实验,研究气化温度、水蒸气与生物质质量之比(S/B)对产气流量、气体产率、产气组分、碳转化率、燃气热值以及气化效率的影响。研究结果表明:气化温度的升高能够促进气化反应的进行,提高产气品质和气化效率;一定量的气化剂水蒸气可提高气化效率,但是过量的水蒸气会影响气化效果;气化温度为800℃,S/B为1.0时,气化效果最佳,气化效率高达72.91%;中药渣具备良好的水蒸气气化特性。研究结果可为中药渣资源利用提供理论参考。     

松木屑水蒸气催化气化制氢及其大物料量气化动力学研究

利用松木屑在自制固定床气化系统上进行水蒸气催化气化实验研究.考察反应温度、水蒸气/生物质比(S/B)以及催化剂加入量对气体成分、产氢率和潜在产氢率的影响.结果表明:反应温度为850℃、S/B为3.27、催化剂量,木屑进料量比为2%时合成气品质较优,氢气浓度可达40.13%,产气率为0.718m3·kg-1.该文也进行大物料量松木屑催化气化等温热重实验研究,加入催化剂使木屑气化反应活化能降低,加快了反应进程.     

生物质流化床气化制取富氢燃气的研究

以流化床为反应器，对生物质空气-水蒸汽气化制取富氢燃气的特性进行了一系列实验研究。在本实验中，气化介质(空气)从流化床底部进人反应器，水蒸汽从进料点上方通人反应器。在对实验数据进行分析的基础上，探讨了一些主要参数如：反应器温度，水蒸汽／生物质比率S／B(Steam／Biomass Ratio)，当量比ER(Equivalence Ratio)以及生物质粒度对气体成分和氢产率的影响。结果表明：较高的反应器温度，适当的ER和S／B(在本实验研究中分别为0．23，2．02)，以及较小的生物质颗粒比较有利于氢的产出。最高的氢产率：71gH2／kgbiomass是在反应器温度为900℃，ER为0．22，S／B为2．70的条件下取得的。     

Hydrogen-rich gas production by air–steam gasification of rice husk using supported nano-NiO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

The air–steam catalytic gasification of rice husk for hydrogen-rich gas production was experimentally investigated in a combined fixed bed reactor with the newly developed nano-NiO/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. A series of experiments have been performed to explore the effects of catalyst presence, catalytic reactor temperature, the equivalence ratio (ER), and steam to biomass ratio (S/B) on the composition and yield of gasification gases. The experiments demonstrated that the developed nano-NiO/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst had a high activity of cracking tar and hydrocarbons, upgrading the gas quality, as well as yielding a high hydrogen production. Catalytic temperature was crucial for the overall gasification process, a higher temperature contributed to more hydrogen production and gas yield. Varying ER demonstrated complex effects on rice husk gasification and an optimal value of 0.22 was found in the present study. Compared with biomass catalytic gasification under air only, the introduction of steam improved the gas quality and yield. The steam/biomass ratio of 1.33 was found as the optimum operating condition in the air–steam catalytic gasification.     

生物质流化床气化技术应用研究现状

按所得产品不同,可将生物质气化技术分为制氢、发电和合成液体燃料3大类。文章介绍了生物质流化床水蒸气气化制氢、催化气化制氢和超临界水气化制氢的工艺特点;分析了生物质流化床气化发电的技术、经济可行性;简述了生物质流化床气化合成液体燃料的研究现状;指出气化产出气化学当量比调变、焦油去除问题和合成气净化是生物质流化床气化技术应用的主要瓶颈,认为定向气化是今后研究的主要方向。     

Novel hydrogen‐rich gas production by steam gasification of biomass in a research‐scale rotary tubular helical coil gasifier

The concept of biomass steam gasification offers platform for production (i) of hydrogen, (ii) hydrocarbons and (iii) value added chemicals. Majority of these developments are either in nascent or in pilot/demonstration stage. In this context, there exists potential for hydrogen production via biomass steam gasification. Gaseous products of biomass steam gasification consist of large percentage of CO, CH₄ and other hydrocarbons, which can be converted to hydrogen through water‐gas‐shift reaction, steam reforming and cracking respectively. Although there are many previous research works showing the potential of production of hydrogen from biomass in a two stage process, challenges remain in extended biomass and char gasification so as to reduce the amount of carbon in the residual char as well as improve conversion of heavy hydrocarbon condensates to hydrogen rich gas. In the current work, the characteristics of biomass steam gasification in an in‐house designed rotary tubular helical coil reactor at temperatures less than 850 °C, in the presence of superheated steam, were presented. The objectives were to obtain high carbon conversion in the primary biomass steam gasification step (upstream) and high product gas yield and hydrogen yield in the secondary fixed bed catalytic step (downstream). The influence of temperature, steam‐to‐biomass ratio and residence time on product gas yield in the rotary tubular helical coil gasifier was studied in detail using one of the abundantly available biomass sources in India‐rice husk. Further, enhancement of product gas yield and hydrogen yield in a fixed bed catalytic converter was studied and optimized. In the integrated pathway, a maximum gas yield of 1.92 Nm³/kg moisture‐free biomass was obtained at a carbon conversion efficiency of 92%. The maximum hydrogen purity achieved under steady state conditions was 53% by volume with a hydrogen yield of 91.5 g/kg of moisture‐free biomass. This study substantiates overall feasibility of production of high value hydrogen from locally available biomass by superheated steam gasification followed by catalytic conversion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrated adsorption steam gasification for enhanced hydrogen production from palm waste at bench scale plant

The generation of hydrogen-enriched synthesis gas from catalytic steam gasification of biomass with in-situ CO₂ capture utilizing CaO has a high perspective as clean energy fuels. The present study focused on the process modeling of catalytic steam gasification of biomass using palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as biomass for hydrogen generation through experimental work. Experiment work has been carried out using a fluidized bed gasifier on a bench-scale plant. The established model integrates the kinetics of EFB catalytic steam gasification reactions, in-situ capturing of CO₂, mass and energy balance calculations. Chemical reaction constants have been calculated via the parameters fitting optimization approach. The influence of operating parameters, mainly temperature, steam to biomass, and sorbent to biomass ratio, was investigated for the hydrogen purity and yield through the experimental study and developed model. The results predicted approximately 75 vol% of the hydrogen purity in the product gas composition. The maximum H₂ yield produced from the gasifier was 127 gH₂/kg of EFB via experimental setup. The increase in both steam to biomass ratio and temperature enhanced the production of hydrogen gas. Comparing the results with already published literature showed that the current system enables to produce a high amount of hydrogen from EFB.     

Experimental study on biomass steam gasification for hydrogen-rich gas in double-bed reactor

Based on Response Surface Methodology, the experiments of biomass catalytic gasification designed by Design-Expert software were carried out in steam atmosphere and double-bed reactor. The response surface was set up with three parameters (gasification temperature, the content of K-based catalyst in gasification bed and the content of Ni-based catalyst in reforming bed) for biomass gasification performance of carbon conversion efficiency and hydrogen yield to make analysis and optimization about the reaction characteristics and gasification conditions. Results showed that gasification temperature and the content of K-based catalyst in gasification bed had significant influence on carbon conversion efficiency and hydrogen yield, whilst the content of Ni-based catalyst in reforming bed affected the gasification reactions to a large extent. Furthermore, appropriate conditions of biomass steam gasification were 800 °C for gasification temperature, 82% for the content of K-based catalyst in gasification bed and 74% for the content of Ni-based catalyst in reforming bed by the optimization model. In these conditions, the steam gasification experiments using wheat straw showed that carbon conversion efficiency was 96.9% while hydrogen yield reached 64.5 mol/kg, which was in good agreement with the model prediction. The role of the reforming bed was also analyzed and evaluated, which provided important insight that the employment of reforming bed made carbon conversion efficiency raised by 4.8%, while hydrogen yield achieved a relative growth of 50.5%.     

Biomass steam gasification in bubbling fluidized bed for higher-H2 syngas: CFD simulation with coarse grain model

A comprehensive coarse grain model (CGM) is applied to simulation of biomass steam gasification in bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The CGM was evaluated by comparing the hydrodynamic behavior and heat transfer prediction with the results predicted using the discrete element method (DEM) and experimental data in a lab-scale fluidized bed furnace. CGM shows good performance and the computational time is significantly shorter than the DEM approach. The CGM is used to study the effects of different operating temperature and steam/biomass (S/B) ratio on the gasification process and product gas composition. The results show that higher temperature enhances the production of CO, and higher S/B ratio improves the production of H₂, while it suppresses the production of CO. For the main product H₂, the minimum relative error of CGM in comparison with experiment is 1%, the maximum relative error is less than 4%. For the total gas yield and H₂ gas yield, the maximum relative errors are less than 7%. The predicted concentration of different product gases is in good agreement with experimental data. CGM is shown to provide reliable prediction of the gasification process in fluidized bed furnace with considerably reduced computational time.     

Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part I—model development

A two-phase model capable of predicting the performance of fluidized bed biomass air-steam gasification reactor during dynamic and steady state operations was developed based on the two phase theory of fluidization. Material and energy balances were taken into consideration and the minimization of free energy technique was used to calculate the gas mole fractions. The fluidized bed was divided into three zones (jetting, bubbling and slugging) and the mass and heat transfer coefficients were calculated for each zone in both bubble and emulsion phases. The model includes the hydrodynamics, transport and thermodynamic properties of fluidized bed. The finite element method was used to solve the partial differential equations. The input variables of the computer program included fluidization velocity, steam flow rate and biomass to steam ratio. The model is capable of predicting the bed temperature, gas mole fractions, higher heating value and production rate.     

Hydrogen-rich gas from catalytic steam gasification of biomass in a fixed bed reactor: Influence of temperature and steam on gasification performance

The catalytic steam gasification of biomass was carried out in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor in order to evaluate the effects of temperatures and the ratio of steam to biomass (S/B) on the gasification performance. The bed temperature was varied from 600 to 900 and the S/B from 0 to 2.80. The results show that higher temperature contributes to more hydrogen production.     

Hydrogen-rich gas production by steam gasification of palm oil wastes over supported tri-metallic catalyst

The catalytic steam gasification of palm oil wastes for hydrogen-rich gas production was experimentally investigated in a combined fixed bed reactor using the newly developed tri-metallic catalyst. The results indicated that the supported tri-metallic catalyst had greater activity for the cracking of hydrocarbons and tar in vapor phase and higher hydrogen yield than the calcined dolomite in catalytic steam gasification of palm oil wastes. A series of experiments have been performed to explore the effects of temperature, steam to biomass ratio (S/B) and biomass particle size on gas composition, gas yield, low heating value (LHV) and hydrogen yield. The experiments demonstrated that temperature was the most important factor in this process; higher temperature contributed to higher hydrogen production and gas yield, however, it lowered gas heating value. Comparing with biomass catalytic gasification, the introduction of steam improved gas quality and yield, the optimal value of S/B was found to be 1.33 under the present operating condition. It was also shown that a smaller particle size was more favorable for gas quality and yield. However, the LHV of fuel gas decreased with the increasing S/B ratio and the decreasing biomass particle size.