Study of properties of mortar containing cathode ray tubes (CRT) glass as replacement for river sand fine aggregate

The cathode ray tubes (CRTs) glass of discarded computer monitors and television sets are identified as hazardous materials due to its high content of lead, however, nowadays appropriate CRT glass remediation technologies are insufficient. This research work studies the feasibility of CRT glass (MG, G) use in the mortar as natural river sand fine aggregate replacement. Fly ash (F) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) as mineral admixture were used to replace 25% Portland cement. The effect of MG, G on the fresh mortar behavior and properties of mortar containing different mineral admixtures were investigated, the results showed higher initial slump flow diameter values and better slump flow preservation. Higher mechanical properties of mortar were observed when natural river sand (R) was replaced by MG, G, while the presence of the MG, G in mortar enhanced drying shrinkage and alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion values.     

不同碱环境下陶瓷抛光渣对碱-硅酸反应的抑制作用

以陶瓷抛光渣(PPR)为矿物掺和料,取代部分水泥制备砂浆棒,测定其在KOH溶液中的膨胀率,并对砂浆试样近集料区域进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析,同时与在NaOH溶液中的试验数据进行对比,研究了PPR对水泥基材料碱硅酸反应(ASR)的抑制作用及其机理.结果表明:不同碱环境下,PPR均能有效抑制水泥基材料的ASR膨胀;当PPR掺量较小时,NaOH作用下的试样膨胀更小,当PPR掺量较大时,KOH作用下的试样膨胀更小;2种碱环境下均有K、Al同时在近集料区域富集的现象,并有非膨胀性架状铝硅酸盐KAlSiO4生成;PPR的高Al2O3、SiO2和低CaO含量特性对抑制水泥基材料ASR膨胀有重要作用.     

采用活性掺合料抑制碱-骨料反应的试验研究

活性掺合料取代部分高碱水泥,不仅可减少混凝土的有效含碱量,还能抑制碱－骨料反应。试验结果表明：掺合料本身含碱量也会影响抑制效果;     

碱硅酸反应交流阻抗谱研究及其合理应用

以快速砂浆棒法为比较,用交流阻抗谱方法对几种集料的潜在碱活性和由此引起的碱硅酸反应对砂浆密实性、抗渗性和氯离子扩散性的影响进行了研究.结果表明:有潜在碱活性的集料与普通集料有不同的交流阻抗响应,可以根据其特征阻抗谱在复平面中的相对位置以及相角的大小来评定集料的碱活性,所得结果与快速砂浆棒法检测的结果有较好的相关性.交流阻抗谱方法有可能发展为评定集料碱活性的方法.在适度的碱硅酸反应存在的情况下,砂浆密实性、抗渗性提高,氯离子扩散阻抗系数变大.利用这一特性可以提高混凝土的耐久性和使用寿命,这对于具有一定潜在碱活性集料的合理使用有参考价值.     

A study of the influence of slag alkali level on the alkali–silica reactivity of slag concrete

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs), can reduce the alkali load in concrete, despite its relatively high alkali content. Most research has been devoted to the efficacy of slag with an alkali content of less than 1.0% and this is reflected in guidance documents. A comparative assessment was made of the effect, if any, of the alkali level of ggbs on potential alkali–silica reactivity. Expansion tests were performed on a matrix of concrete mixes using Irish normal Portland cement, two slags of differing alkali content, three aggregates and alkali loads of 5 and 6 kg Na₂O_eq./m³. A replacement level of 50% was used throughout. No significant difference in behaviour was apparent, irrespective of aggregate type or alkali load, indicating that the alkali level of the slag is not a contributory factor at the 50% replacement level.     

土壤聚合物和水泥砂浆的碱-硅反应

为了比较分析土壤聚合物和含有矿物掺合料的水泥砂浆的碱-硅反应(ASR)问题。参照我国水工混凝土标准DL/T5151-2001和ASTM C 441-97进行了抑制骨料碱活性效能的试验。试验结果表明:掺加矿物掺合料能够有效地抑制ASR。当5%硅粉、20%粉煤灰和40%磨细矿渣共同掺入砂浆时,90d的膨胀率仅有0.13%,即降低了81.9%。对加压挤出的硬化水泥浆体孔溶液进行化学分析,发现矿物掺合料的加入降低了孔溶液中钾、钠离子和氢氧根离子的浓度,这是减少ASR危害的根本原因。土壤聚合物是一种无定形的无机材料,由偏高岭土、硅粉在高碱条件下制得。土壤聚合物的碱含量很高,达到12.1%,但土壤聚合物砂浆没有产生任何膨胀,其原因是土壤聚合物中没有充足的游离碱与活性骨料反应,因此不会产生危害性ASR。     

对混凝土碱活性试验方法的研究

JGJ 52-2006《普通混凝土用砂、石质量及检验方法》标准中,在砂石碱活性的评定中采用符合当时的国家标准GB 175-1999《硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥》要求的普通硅酸盐水泥。但之后的GB 175-2007《通用硅酸盐水泥》中关于普通硅酸盐水泥的混合材掺量改为>5%且≤20%,上限提高了。为了JGJ 52中碱活性试验方法的有效和结果的再现性,采用不同混合材料水泥对高活性的板岩的膨胀性进行测试。结果表明:混合材料的品种和掺量对碱活性的判定结果影响很大,不宜采用普通硅酸盐水泥作为评定骨料碱活性用水泥。     

外加剂对水泥混凝土性能的影响研究

在 8 0℃长期养护条件下 ,当碱含量为 2 5 %时 ,掺加Li Na摩尔比 0 6的Li2 CO3能长期有效抑制碱集料反应膨胀。研究发现 :集料活性越高 ,Li2 CO3对膨胀抑制效果越好。对于沸石化珍珠岩砂浆 ,在有效抑制碱集料反应膨胀的前提下 ,随着Li Na摩尔比进一步的增加 ,Li2 CO3对碱集料反应膨胀的抑制效果并没有得到相应的提高。此外 ,掺加Li2 CO3一定程度上降低了砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度 ,掺量越大 ,强度降低越多。在相同碱含量条件下 ,掺加Li2 CO3能缩短水泥的凝结时间 ,且Li Na摩尔比越大 ,凝结时间越短。     

掺矿物掺合料轻集料混凝土的强度特征

文章研究分析了粉煤灰、沸石粉、硅粉在不同水胶比下单掺及复掺对轻集料混凝土抗压强度的影响,结果表明在低水胶比下,掺矿物掺合料后的轻集料混凝土将获得更高的抗压强度;复掺矿物掺合料对轻集料混凝土抗压强度更有利。     

玻璃粉对玻璃骨料混凝土力学性能和ASR影响的研究

ASR膨胀是限制废弃玻璃作为细骨料运用到混凝土中的主要因素之一,玻璃粉具有潜在的火山灰活性,当一定细度的玻璃粉替代部分水泥可以有效的抑制ASR同时还可以增强混凝土后期强度;在玻璃细骨料混凝土(细骨料替代率分别为10%、20%、30%)中采用玻璃粉取代20%作为辅助胶凝材料,通过混凝土抗压试验和砂浆棒试验,研究玻璃粉对玻璃细骨料混凝土力学性能及ASR影响;研究表明,玻璃粉掺入可以提升玻璃细骨料混凝土后期强度,特别是90 d后玻璃粉混凝土抗压强度超越普通混凝土;同时,玻璃粉可以有效抑制玻璃细骨料混凝土ASR,掺入20%玻璃粉的玻璃细骨料混凝土14 d砂浆棒膨胀率均小于规范限定值0.1%,而未掺入玻璃粉的试件恰恰相反。所以,玻璃粉可以有效的改良玻璃细骨料混凝土的后期强度和ASR膨胀不足。     

Alkali-aggregate reaction suppressed by chemical admixture at 80 °C

More detailed researches of chemical admixture in inhibiting Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) at 80 °C curing condition were done in this paper. It seemed that AAR expansion could be long-term effectively inhibited by LiOH both at the alkali contents of 2.5% and 3.0%. In addition, there was some effect on AAR suppression of the alkali reactivity of the aggregate, the alkali content of the mortar and the added amount of the admixture. Firstly, the higher the alkali reactivity of the aggregate was, the better the inhibiting effect of LiOH showed. Secondly, to the mortars with the same aggregate, the inhibiting effect of LiOH with the same n(Li)/n(Na) molar ratio was improved with the augmentation of alkali content. Thirdly, when added to some extent, further augmentation of LiOH in mortar was not effective in increasing the AAR inhibition obviously. In the last, direct results of lithium compounds in suppressing AAR were found by SEM and EDS and the mechanism was discussed.     

Performance of limestone cement mortars in a high sulfates environment

With the aim of studying the influence of cement composition on resistance in high sulfates environment, standard mortars have been produced using ordinary Portland cement (CEM I – 32.5) and limestone cement with 35% limestone (CEM II/B-LL – 32.5). The pore size distribution of the cement pastes was measured. The mortars were immersed in a 5% Na₂SO₄ solution at 20 °C for 1.5 years and the caused deterioration was been visually observed at a regular basis. Furthermore, the mortars expansion was being estimated by measuring the change of length. At the end of the experiment the compressive strength of the mortars was measured. The deterioration products of the mortars have been identified by means of X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The limestone cement based mortar presented cracking that started at the age of 6 months and continued throughout the experiment. It also displayed high expansion after 250 days of immersion in a 5% Na₂SO₄ caused, as proved using the analytical techniques, by the formation of gypsum and ettringite. Concluding, the cement with 35% limestone did not perform as well as ordinary Portland cement under the most aggressive laboratory conditions. Hence, it is obvious that the addition of limestone in the cement leads to a totally different behaviour than Portland cement with respect to the resistance in high sulfates environment.     

Combined effect of mineral admixtures with superplasticizers on the fluidity of the blended cement paste

The new concrete often incorporates several organic and mineral admixtures which interact with the various constituents of the cements and cause some problems of hardness and workability. In the present study, limestone cement (C1) and pozzolanic cement (C2) were used to make cement paste with two types of superplasticizer; SP1 based on polynaphthalene sulphonate (PNS); and SP2 based on resins melamines (PRM). Marsh cone test was adopted to check the combined effects of the following factors on the fluidity namely the type of cement, the type and the dosage of the superplasticizer, the type and the replacement rate of the mineral admixture and the water–cement ratio (W/C). The results of this work show that limestone cement presents a high fluidity with low loss after 1 h relatively to the pozzolanic cement within the saturation proportioning. Superplasticizer SP1 constitutes an incompatibility case when it is mixed with cement containing high C₃A or alkali content such as C2 cement. Also, limestone powder is found to be the best mineral admixture when it replaces a part of cement, where more fluidity is exhibited caused by the dilution effect.     

抑制ASR新型外加剂的研究

研究了不同反应条件下新合成的化学外加剂ＣａＸ对两种工程实际使用集料ＡＳＲ膨胀的影响。证明了其抑制ＡＳＲ（碱硅酸反应）膨胀的长期有效性,并从机理上加以阐述。     

两类典型碱活性岩石试体在碱溶液中的膨胀行为

为确定以Spratt硅质灰岩(SL岩石)和Pittsburg泥质白云质灰岩(PL岩石)为代表的两类典型碱活性岩石试体在碱性环境中的膨胀来源和发展评定岩石碱活性的方法,研究了不同条件下SL和PL岩石在砂浆和混凝土中的膨胀行为.研究结果表明:SL岩石在砂浆和混凝土中均呈高ASR膨胀性,尽管其中的少量白云石可发生去白云石化反应;决定PL岩石高膨胀性的机制是ACR,与传统的ASR有本质不同,尽管其中含有的少量微晶石英可参与与碱的反应并可能对岩石的膨胀有一定贡献.采用能保持岩石微观结构构造特征的颗粒尺寸是正确评估PL岩石碱活性的关键.利用ASR和ACR对粉煤灰等混合材及含锂化合物的不同响应,特别是LiOH的抑制ASR膨胀和引发ACR膨胀的双重效应,在实验室可以快速区别同时含有白云石和石英的灰岩类集料的活性来源.     

沸石与其他矿物质粉体的复合对碱-硅酸反应的影响

采用天然碱活性石灰质骨料,按照快速砂浆棒法(ASTM C1260),研究了天然沸石分别与粉煤灰、矿渣和硅灰的复合对碱-硅酸反应(ASR)的影响。结果显示,沸石与其他矿物质掺合料的复合对ASR的抑制效果与沸石的品质及其他矿物质掺合料的品质有关。     

碱烧粘土水泥的水化与凝结特征

研究了碱烧粘土水泥凝聚结构的形成特点,并与碱矿渣水泥作对比,探讨了碱含量、养护温度、外加剂等因素对浆体凝结时间的影响规律,以找出对碱水泥有效的外加剂种类及掺量。     

Effects of crushed glass cullet sizes,casting methods and pozzolanic materials on ASR of concrete blocks

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of using different particle sizes of recycled glass, casting methods and pozzolanic materials in reducing the expansion due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) of concrete blocks prepared with the use of crushed glass as fine aggregate. In this work, 25 × 25 × 285 mm mortar bar specimens were prepared using conventional wet-mixed and dry-mixed methods. Except for the control mortar bar, all the specimens were prepared by completely replacing river sand with different particle sizes of recycled glass. In addition, the influence of fly ash (PFA) and metakaolin (MK) content on the reduction of ASR expansion was also investigated. The flexural strength of the mortar bar specimens before and after they had been exposed to 1N NaOH solution was determined to complement the results of ASR expansion test. SEM was performed to examine the microstructure as well as nature of the cement binder-glass interfacial zone. The results reveal that ASR expansion reduced with reducing particle size of glass used. For the same given mix proportion, the dry-mixed method resulted in 44% less expansion when compared with the wet-mixed method. Both PFA and MK were demonstrated to be able to significantly reduce ASR expansion of the concrete glass blocks.     

Compatibility of a polycarboxylate-based superplasticiser with different set-controlling admixtures

The compatibility of specific combinations of chemical admixtures for cement pastes and mortars have been investigated. The consistency, setting time and compressive strength of cement pastes and mortars incorporating a polycarboxylate-based plasticizing admixture (PCA) with four different set-controlling admixtures (SCA); calcium formate (CF), tri-ethanolamine (TEA), mixture of calcium nitrite and nitrate salts (CNN blend) and sodium aluminate (SA) have been determined within the scope of this study. Fifty-two mortar and paste specimens with different amounts of PCA and SCA combinations have been prepared. Water/cement ratios of cement paste and mortar mixtures were 0.24 and 0.50, respectively. The paste mixtures have been prepared to determine the setting time data and the mortar mixtures have been used to determine the consistency and compressive strength values. Test results indicated that the PCA employed in this study, retards the setting time, improves consistency and reduces the early strength development of all paste and mortar mixtures at dosages greater than 0.4% by mass of cement. However, the use of different set-controlling admixtures in combination with PCA caused drastic changes in the performances of the mixtures depending on the type and amount of SCAs. It was concluded that, in order to reduce the setting time and increase the early strength of PCA incorporated mortars without causing consistency loss, the combination of PCA, and SCA should be optimized according to their types. A new 3D box-plot method has been used to determine the optimum admixture combinations for the desired properties. Maximum flow, shortest setting time and highest early strength criterion were the targets of the optimization. The most effective combination to obtain desired set acceleration and high early strength values was 1.8% PCA with 1.6% nitrite and nitrate salts based SCA by mass of cement. If consistency lost is in secondary importance, 1.8% PCA based plasticiser with 1% sodium aluminate based SCA may be an alternative combination. The proposed method can be used to optimize the targeted properties for a specific combination of cement, PCA and SCA.     

粉煤灰和抛光渣抑制碱硅酸反应及其机理研究

采用砂浆棒快速法,分别以0%、20%、30%、40%的粉煤灰和抛光渣等质量取代水泥制备砂浆试件,进行膨胀率及强度测试,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对碱环境下集料与胶凝材料界面过渡区的微观结构、元素组成和生成物进行分析,研究粉煤灰和抛光渣抑制碱硅酸反应(ASR)的内在机理.结果表明:粉煤灰和抛光渣均可有效抑制ASR,综合考虑粉煤灰、抛光渣对ASR的抑制作用和对材料强度的影响,粉煤灰、抛光渣取代率宜取20%～30%;掺粉煤灰和抛光渣均可使界面过渡区结构更致密;界面过渡区钙硅比和钠硅比明显降低;钾硅比和铝硅比在界面过渡区有突变,K和Al在界面过渡区富集,原因为K~+比Na~+更倾向于与Al_2O_3结合.尽管抛光渣碱含量较高,但其中高含量的SiO_2、Al_2O_3及活性集料中的SiO_2可与体系中的Na~+、K~+共同作用,在界面过渡区生成体积稳定的架状结构硅酸盐矿物钾霞石KAlSiO_4和霞石(K,Na)AlSiO_4,从而抑制ASR.