不同电压等级同塔四回输电线路零序电流补偿系数整定研究

不同电压等级同塔四回输电线路发生接地短路时,由于零序互感对接地距离保护的影响,测量阻抗产生的偏差可能导致保护误动或者拒动。为此在现有整定方法的基础上,同时计及零序互感和零序电容电流的影响,分析了不同电压等级同塔四回输电线路在不同运行方式下的零序电流的方向,对零序电流补偿系数的计算方法进行了改进,给出了同塔四回线路在各种运行方式下的零序电流补偿系数,提出了利用微机保护的定值切换来提高接地距离保护的动作性能的措施。最后利用PSCAD对不同电压等级的500 kV/220 kV同塔四回输电线路进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

正常运行方式下跨电压等级四回线零序电流补偿系数整定

跨电压等级同塔四回线路中某一条线路发生接地短路时,故障线路不仅受到同一电压等级非故障线路零序互感的影响,还受到不同电压等级线路零序互感的影响,同时对于超高压线路多采用长距离输电,电容电流的影响也不容忽视。综合分析了四回线路正常运行方式下,一线路发生接地短路时非故障线路零序互感和长线路零序电容电流对零序电流补偿系数的影响,根据公式提出了新的零序电流补偿系数整定方式。最后利用PSCAD仿真结果验证了本文方法更能准确地反映故障位置,且能使两侧的距离Ⅰ段保护范围有交叉,提高了线路接地距离保护性能。     

A new method for discrimination of ground faults causes in distribution lines

Since most problems in distribution lines are ground faults, the technology to distinguish the causes in the distribution lines will be very useful in preventing faults beforehand or, at least finding any problems at an early stage. The waveforms of ground faults which were collected from data concerning problems in the distribution lines and ground fault experiment are analyzed. The technology which could predict classified groups drawn from the scale of I₀ (the waveform of ground fault current) and V₀ (the waveform of ground fault voltage), and both of them in the ground faults is studied. The results demonstrated that I₀ could be classified into three groups, that is, leaking ground faults are sine curve shaped, gap discharge ground faults are triangular, and intermittent discharge ground faults are needle shaped. Also, simulated equivalent impedance of the causes of ground faults by EMTP is calculated. Furthermore, the influence caused by the condition of the distribution lines is investigated. With these results, a technique is proposed which could predict the cause of problems in ground faults.     

基于数学形态谱和人工神经网络的高压输电线接地故障类型识别方法

高压输电线接地故障的正确、快速识别是处理故障的前提之一。该文提出了一种基于数学形态谱和人工神经网络识别高压输电线路接地故障类型的新方法。数学形态学颗粒分析是一种用来处理图像的粒度和形状特征的图像处理工具。该方法通过对故障电流进行相模变换后,用数学形态学颗粒分析方法提取序电流分量的形态谱,并作为神经网络的输入,实现对接地故障类型的识别。仿真表明,该方法具有较高是识别率。     

High-Resistance Faults on Two Terminal Parallel Transmission Line: Analysis, Simulation Studies, and an Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme

Performance of conventional nonpilot distance relay is affected by ground fault resistance, prefault system conditions, mutual effects of parallel lines and shunt capacitance influences. The work presented in this paper addresses the problems encountered by conventional non pilot distance relay when protecting two terminal parallel transmission lines. One of the key points of this paper is the detailed analysis of the apparent impedance as seen from the relaying point taking into account the effects of transmission line parameter uncertainties, mutual effects of parallel lines for simple and more complex configuration, shunt capacitance influences and variations in the system external to the protected line. Based on extensive computer simulations of the infeed/outfeed, fault resistance, mutual coupling and shunt capacitance effects on the relay characteristics, an adaptive digital distance relaying scheme is proposed using radial basis function neural network which provides more efficient approach for training, computation, adaptation and tripping than the conventional feed forward network using back propagation algorithm. In addition, the proposed adaptive scheme improves the performance of distance relay for double-circuit lines using modified compensation factor. Moreover, the scheme does not require separate communication channel for data transmission. The results of computer simulation show the improvement of sensitivity and selectivity of the relay     

A novel fast distance relay for long transmission lines

The measuring accuracy and the measurement stability of conventional distance relay will be influenced by complex and remarkable harmonic components due to the large capacitance of the line when it is used for a long line. Correspondingly, the tripping speed will be delayed to some extent. To solve this problem, a fast distance relay for long transmission lines is presented, which is on the basis of the differential equation algorithm using π transmission line model and the theory of Equal Transfer Process of Transmission Lines (ETPTL). The shortcomings of π model differential equation algorithm due to the impact of high frequency components can be overcome by using a low-pass filter. The problem resulting from the difference between the transfer feature of the voltages used by the distance protection and that of the currents due to the transient characteristic of coupling capacitor voltage transformers (CCVT) can be solved by using virtual digital CCVT. Then, the new distance relay can trip quickly by re-structuring the voltage at the fault point and iterative calculations. A variety of ATP simulation tests show that the new relay has fast tripping speed and high reliability when applied to the long transmission lines.     

高压输电线路距离保护克服过渡电阻能力研究

高压输电线路中存在较大的过渡电阻,很容易引起距离保护拒动或误动.分析特高压单侧电源经长线路出口故障和双侧电源长线路出口故障时过渡电阻对距离保护工作的影响,探讨单侧电源助增电流网络、外汲电流网络中过渡电阻对测量阻抗的影响,并给出2种网络结构在不同地点处保护测量阻抗的计算公式.研究能较好躲过渡电阻特性的零序电抗继电器、自适应接地距离继电器、神经网络距离继电器,分析比较不同方法的优缺点及适用场合.     

电力系统接地距离保护零序补偿系数分析

本文主要分析讨论接地距离保护在有零序互感线路上应用的一些特殊问题，尤其对零序补偿系数的不同情况进行了分析。详细推导了不同运行条件下零序互感耦合线路的零序补偿系数的计算公式，并附有实例对各种运行情况进行比较，确定在整定计算中采用的算法。     

A Current Differential Relay for a 1000-kV UHV Transmission Line

This paper describes the principle of a new current differential relay developed for a 1000-kV UHV transmission line that is being constructed in China. The distributed capacitive current along the relatively long overhead line will have a significant effect on the relay performance and should be taken into account in the relay principle. The study results in a new current differential relay based on the steady state transmission line equations, in which the distributed capacitive current is inherently represented. Analysis is carried out for different practical situations where shunt reactors or series capacitors are present in the system for compensation. Laboratory tests show that the relay principle developed in this study can be used as a main protection scheme for the 1000-kV UHV transmission line.     

One-end fault location method for untransposed four-circuit transmission lines

This paper presents a fault location method suitable for untransposed four-circuit parallel transmission lines using the data available at one end of the line. The proposed method employs an accurate distributed parameter line model that fully accounts for mutual coupling between all the lines and shunt capacitance effects. The fault location algorithms are developed in phase-components, one for the case where the fault is in any one of the circuits, the second for the case where the fault involves any two circuits and the third for the case where the fault involves more than two circuits. The proposed method is tested using the transient data obtained by simulating a 500-kV four-circuit overhead transmission line under different fault conditions. The simulations are done using the software “DIgSILENT PoweFactory”. Results obtained indicate that the method is capable of estimating the fault distance with high accuracy for various fault conditions. Also the robustness of the fault location method is investigated.     

Classification of ground faults in distribution lines according to phase-plane trajectories of waveforms

Recently, a greater demand for stable supply of electric power has resulted from a higher standard of living. It becomes important that the causes and locations of ground faults in distribution lines be found early and defects be repaired as soon as possible. Therefore, a unit for recording the waveform I₀ of ground fault's current and the waveform V₀ of its voltage is installed in distribution substations. The establishment of a technology to distinguish fault causes automatically is being hastened. This paper presents a new classification method for ground fault waveforms, based on phase-plane trajectories for the current or voltage and their differential values. Examinations of ground fault waveforms based on real data show that the waveform of current I₀ is more suitable than that of voltage V₀ for the classification of waveforms at ground faults and that the trajectory of each of the three types of waveforms, such as sine waves, trapezoidal waves, and spikes, has all of the characteristics in its figure. It is also found from the distribution of 167 sampling points on the phase plane that any waveforms at a real ground fault may be classified into three characteristic point distributions, which gives the possibility of easy display for the classification of ground fault causes. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 122(1): 8–16, 1998     

同塔混压四回线下的单回线故障零序方向元件动作特性分析

同塔混压四回线发生故障时,由于近距离物理条件,不仅要考虑相间互感,也要考虑不同电压等级系统之间的互感对故障分析及保护产生的较大影响。针对弱电强磁与强电联系两种场景下同塔混压四回线中单回线发生接地故障的情况,首先阐述零序去耦等值电路的建立依据,然后对零序方向元件的动作特性及主要影响因素进行理论分析。结果表明对于弱电强磁场景,不同电压等级之间的零序互感对零序方向元件动作行为的影响可以忽略不计。对于强电联系场景,零序互感、电气强度及故障位置综合影响零序方向元件的动作行为。基于ATP-EMTP建立1 000 kV/500 kV同塔混压四回线模型,对单回线故障条件下的零序方向元件动作行为进行了建模仿真,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

不同电压等级四回线双端故障测距原理研究

由于存在互感和故障类型众多,不同电压等级四回线的故障分析和故障测距愈加困难.为此采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对不同电压等级的四回线进行解耦,可以将阻抗阵转换为一个特殊的对角阵,非对角线上不为零的元素只有2个,表明四回线的同向零序网存在互感,其它的非对角线元素为零,表明四回线的反向正序网之间不存在互感.采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对四回线系统的2条同杆双回线两端的电流分别进行矩阵变换,得到2组反向正序电流,利用反向正序电压在故障点相等的特点,实现不同电压等级四回线的双端故障测距.该双端故障测距方法不需要考虑不同电压等级同杆双回线的参数归算,测距精度不受故障类型、故障点过渡电阻、系统运行方式的影响.仿真结果表明,该双端故障测距方法具有有效性和实用性     

500kV/220kV混压同塔四回路感应电压、感应电流的研究

采用电磁暂态仿真程序对某一典型的500 kV/220 kV同塔四回路的感应电压、感应电流进行计算,分析停运工况、潮流大小、线路相序、四回路段占线路长度的比例、土壤电阻率等因素对混压同塔多回路感应电压、感应电流的影响。结果表明,500 kV线路和220 kV线路的感应电压、感应电流均超过B类接地开关的额定参数,220 kV线路的感应值超过500 kV线路;不同相序布置方式下的计算结果差异较大;四回路路段占线路长度的比例对220 kV线路感应电压、感应电流的影响显著。针对此,在设备选型中需要特别注意。     

浅析110kV同塔双回输电线路保护装置的配置

由于零序阻抗的影响,110 kV同杆双回输电线路采用常规线路保护配置时,当一回线路发生接地故障,另一回线路的保护会产生相继动作的情况,对该保护的动作行为进行了分析,并提出了改进措施。     

Statistical variation of currents in overhead transmission lines

Knowledge of the statistical variation of the current in an overhead transmission line is required in order to calculate the probabilistic heating and the cumulative loss of tensile strength of the conductors. However, although some utilities may record the statistical variation of the currents in their transmission lines, there is very little published information on this subject. This paper presents cumulative frequency distributions of line currents recorded over a period of 1 year for eight lines on three continents. The distributions are then normalized in terms of the ratio of the current to a reference current. Reference currents used are: the maximum current, the median current, the mean current, the modal current, and the current that is exceeded for 50% of the total time. The modal currents are found from the probability density functions of current. The normalized distributions are compared with one another, and it is found that the distributions of I/I_mean and I/I₅₀ have the lowest dispersion. Algorithms are derived to calculate the distributions for various degrees of loading of lines. The distributions are also compared with those obtained with constant temperature of the conductors.     

TCSC动态基频阻抗对距离保护的影响

可控串联电容补偿动态基频阻抗特性对距离保护的影响与国家串联电容补偿对距离保护的影响在主要方面是相似的,电压反向及电压互感器,电流互感器位置的选择同样是影响保护性能的关键因素,但电压反向,动态特变化等方面也存在差别。     

适用于带并抗的同杆双回线接地故障分相自适应重合闸策略

同杆双回线发生接地故障采用传统跳闸策略时可能会产生负序分量,传统自动重合闸方案在合闸前不判定故障性质,重合失败时将影响系统稳定性。针对该问题,提出了一种适用于带并抗的同杆双回线接地故障改进跳闸与分相自适应重合闸策略。首先,通过建立带并抗的同杆双回线各相之间的耦合模型并对其进行分析,提出了一种能够避免负序分量注入系统的改进跳闸策略。其次,分别对瞬时性故障和永久性故障情况下的故障相并联电抗器电流特征分析,提出了基于故障相并联电抗器微分栅电流的故障性质判据。最后,结合改进跳闸策略和故障性质判据,形成了适用于带并抗的同杆双回线接地故障分相自适应重合闸策略。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提改进跳闸与分相自适应重合闸策略能够避免负序分量注入系统,以及在不同接地故障类型、故障位置和过渡电阻情况下都能保证输电线路重合成功率。     

配电网防雷的难点及对策研究

针对配电网存在易受雷击侵害和故障定位困难的问题,研制了一种新型喷气式并联间隙灭弧装置。该装置借鉴"疏导型"并联间隙的思想,首先对雷击后的工频续流疏导引流,然后喷射能量巨大的气体,通过外力强制灭掉工频续流电弧,气体流速越大,绝缘恢复时间越短。对35kV线路的灭弧装置进行试验,灭弧时间为3ms,可在继电保护启动前完全灭掉工频续流电弧。在广西合浦和大化地区配电网中应用该装置,实际运行结果表明该装置能有效降低线路跳闸率。该装置通过改进也可运用到110kV、220kV等输电线路上。     

同塔并架四回线中线路保护的适应性

从原理上分别对线路距离保护、方向保护、分相电流差动保护在同塔并架四回线中的保护特性进行了适应性分析，并对同塔并架四回线中的保护选相进行了阐述，据此提出了适应于同塔并架四回线的线路主保护及后备保护配置方案。