质子交换膜电解池二维两相流综合模拟研究

建立一个二维、非等温质子交换膜电解池两相流稳态模型，研究不同电压下电解池膜电极组件（MEA）中温度、液态水饱和度、膜态水分布以及温度、液态水饱和度和膜厚对质子交换膜电解池性能的影响，并通过实验验证模型的可靠性。实验结果表明：即使忽略接触电阻，膜润湿性较好，高电压（2.0 V）下欧姆损失占比仍可达到34.7%；随着电压的增大，极化损失的主导部分由活化损失变为欧姆损失，且传质损失占总极化损失的比例最小；当电压较小时，膜水含量是质子交换膜（PEM）电导率的主要影响因素，当电压较大时，温度是PEM电导率的主要影响因素。升高温度、增加液态水饱和度及降低膜厚均能有效提高电解池的性能。     

基于PV/T的质子交换膜电解制氢系统动态性能研究

将太阳能光伏光热综合利用技术（PV/T）与质子交换膜电解水制氢技术（PEMWE）结合，提出基于PV/T的质子交换膜电解制氢系统（PV/T-PEMWE）。系统由PV/T模块与PEM电解槽通过耦合而集成，建立数学模型分析其在白天的动态光电光热性能及制氢性能，并在相同条件下将其性能与光伏电解制氢系统（PV-PEMWE）进行对比。结果表明：PV/T系统全天总发电量为0.5 kWh，电效率维持在13%～15%之间，总发热量为9.4 MJ，热效率维持在30%～40%之间；PV/T-PEMWE系统制氢效率高于PV-PEMWE系统，PV/T-PEMWE系统全天的制氢量为153 L，平均制氢速率约为19 L/h。     

风电光伏波动性电源对电解水制氢电解槽影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

通过可再生能源电解水制氢,用于交通、工业等亟需脱碳的领域,是实现绿色可持续发展的重要技术路径。可再生能源具有波动性特征,风电表现为实时随机波动,而光伏发电表现为较为规律的昼夜周期特性。当电解槽输入波动性电源时,电解槽电压和电流发生变化,电流变化幅度明显高于电压。本文综述了碱性电解槽和质子交换膜电解槽在波动性电源输入下的性能衰退机制和材料劣化机理。对于碱性电解槽,波动性电源变化在分钟级以下时,电解槽无法快速跟随响应,导致反应平衡和热平衡无法建立,可能产生电极催化剂溶解、聚集,隔膜机械损伤,电解液析出堵塞反应通道等现象,使得电解槽性能发生衰减。对于质子交换膜电解槽,电源波动性导致阳极催化剂溶解、迁移、沉积和聚集,隔膜由于局部热点和羟基自由基攻击发生降解,双极板发生溶解和氧化腐蚀,导致电解槽性能下降。基于波动性对电解槽的工况-材料-结构-性能影响规律,进行正向设计开发,研究缓解策略,提升电解槽抵抗电源波动性能力,从而增加可再生能源利用率,对于降低电解水制氢成本、推动规模化应用具有重要意义。     

多因素耦合对光伏组件表面温度影响的试验研究

低温条件(0℃以下)对光伏发电量影响的相关研究较少,为进一步研究温度对发电量的影响,该文首先研究各个因素对光伏组件表面温度的影响。运用灰色关联分析定量分析影响光伏组件表面温度的多种因素,分析得到各影响因子与光伏组件表面温度的最佳关联顺序为太阳辐照度环境温度风速湿度。并采用多元线性回归方程分析各影响因素与光伏组件表面温度之间的关系,结果为太阳辐照度每升高1 W/m~2,光伏组件正面温度增加0.037℃;环境温度每升高1℃,光伏组件正面温度增加0.851℃;风速每升高1 m/s,光伏组件正面温度降低0.421℃;湿度每升高1%,光伏组件正面温度增加0.248℃。其次,根据太阳电池转换特性还研究了光伏组件表面温度对光伏组件输出电压、电流及发电量的影响,并采用一元线性回归方程分析其关系,结果为光伏组件正面温度每升高1℃,发电量增加0.016 Wh。     

基于新能源发电的电解水制氢直流电源研究

利用新能源发电进行电解水制氢是实现新能源就地消纳和氢能利用的重要途径,以匹配电解水制氢工作特性的制氢电源为研究对象,通过分析质子交换膜电解槽电解电流、温度与电解槽端口电压、能量效率、制氢速度之间的关系,得出制氢电源需具备输出低电流纹波、输出大电流、宽范围电压输出的特性。为满足新能源电解制氢系统需求,提出一种基于Y型三相交错并联LLC拓扑结构的制氢电源方案,该方案谐振腔三相交错并联输出,满足电解槽大电流低纹波工作特性,并采用脉冲频率控制实现谐振软开关,提高变换效率。最后,搭建仿真模型和6 kW模块化实验样机,验证所提出方案的合理性与可行性。     

南极中山站30 kW光伏发电系统工作特性研究

研究南极中山站地区太阳辐照度和环境温度的联合分布情况,确定极端环境条件;建立不同辐照度和温度条件下光伏电池I-V特性分析模型,分析极端条件对电池发电特性的影响;研究确定2种30 kW光伏发电阵列方案,并对光伏阵列的发电性能进行仿真分析。研究结果:极区环境对光伏组件的发电特性有较大影响,在倾角、辐照度和环境温度等因素影响下,光伏组件的开路电压、最大功率电压能够增大16.9%,短路电流、最大功率电流增大31%,瞬间最大功率可能增大50.2%。     

电流密度和运行温度对PEM水电解制氢能耗的影响

质子交换膜(PEM)水电解制氢技术是采用绿电制取绿氢的重要方法,对我国实现双碳目标具有重要意义。优化运行参数是降低PEM水电解制氢系统能耗的一种重要途径。建立一套工业级PEM水电解制氢实验装置,通过现场实验,考察电流密度和运行温度对PEM水电解制氢系统能耗的影响,探讨优化运行参数降低运行能耗的方法。结果表明,当电流密度为0.2～1.4 A/cm²、运行温度为20～60℃,PEM水电解制氢系统单位能耗分别与电流密度、运行温度负相关。提高运行温度会引起电解电压下降,系统单位直流能耗显著降低。提高电流密度会造成系统单位直流能耗升高,而单位交流能耗降低。     

基于链式分配策略的风氢耦合系统设计与控制

针对风力发电“弃风”电量耦合制氢问题,提出一种基于链式分配策略的风氢耦合系统。首先建立能表征弃风电量与质子交换膜电解槽主要特性的风氢耦合拓扑电路结构,围绕高降压比交错Buck变换器及其控制方法构建风氢耦合系统,并提出多堆质子交换膜电解槽风氢耦合系统链式功率分配策略。最后通过算例仿真验证该系统可提升弃风利用率和系统可靠性,可有效解决弃风电量水电解制氢耦合控制与功率分配问题。     

太阳能辅助二氧化碳热泵热水系统实验研究

利用实验的方法,研究了太阳辐照度、外界气温和风速、初始水温、蒸发器出口温度和压力等对太阳能辅助二氧化碳热泵热水系统运行状况和COP的影响。实验结果表明,系统COP随初始水温的升高而增大;太阳辐照度、外界温度和风速对热泵系统性能的影响主要体现在对系统循环水温的影响;在一定范围内,蒸发压力和蒸发温度越高,热泵系统的COP越大。     

基于GA-GRU神经网络的光伏MPPT算法

针对外界环境因素快速变化时，光伏发电系统难以保持在最大功率点输出的问题，提出遗传算法与GRU神经网络相结合的最大功率跟踪算法（GA-GRU-MPPT）。该算法在构建的最大功率点预测模型基础上，采用遗传算法对GRU神经网络的参数进行优化。考虑到数据的关联性，将前一时刻的太阳电池温度、太阳辐照度、最大功率点电压及当前时刻的太阳电池温度和太阳辐照度作为预测模型的输入变量，输出为当前时刻的最大功率点电压。针对3种不同气候情形的仿真结果表明，该算法跟踪精度可达99%，能显著提高光伏系统的能量转换效率。     

Predicting efficiency of solar powered hydrogen generation using photovoltaic-electrolysis devices

Hydrogen fuel for fuel cell vehicles can be produced by using solar electric energy from photovoltaic (PV) modules for the electrolysis of water without emitting carbon dioxide or requiring fossil fuels. In the past, this renewable means of hydrogen production has suffered from low efficiency (2–6%), which increased the area of the PV array required and therefore, the cost of generating hydrogen. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed that can predict the efficiency of a PV-electrolyzer combination based on operating parameters including voltage, current, temperature, and gas output pressure. This model has been used to design optimized PV-electrolyzer systems with maximum solar energy to hydrogen efficiency. In this research, the electrical efficiency of the PV-electrolysis system was increased by matching the maximum power output and voltage of the photovoltaics to the operating voltage of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and optimizing the effects of electrolyzer operating current, and temperature. The operating temperature of the PV modules was also an important factor studied in this research to increase efficiency. The optimized PV-electrolysis system increased the hydrogen generation efficiency to 12.4% for a solar powered PV-PEM electrolyzer that could supply enough hydrogen to operate a fuel cell vehicle.     

PEM water electrolyzer model for a power-hardware-in-loop simulator

Power-electronics-based power-hardware-in-loop (PHIL) simulator for water electrolyzer emulation with a nominal current of 405 A is developed to study the electrolyzer as part of a smart grid and to analyze the characteristics of various electrolyzer power supply electronics. A simplified model of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is implemented into the PHIL simulator to describe the voltage and current characteristics of the electrolyzer stack. The model is verified comparing the current and the estimated hydrogen production of the PHIL simulator with the measured values of the commercial PEM electrolyzer following the measured solar photovoltaic (PV) system output power.     

Performance assessment of a solar hydrogen and electricity production plant using high temperature PEM electrolyzer and energy storage

This paper investigates the performance of a high temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer integrated with concentrating solar power (CSP) plant and thermal energy storage (TES) to produce hydrogen and electricity, concurrently. A finite-time-thermodynamic analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of a PEM system integrated with a Rankine cycle based on the concept of exergy. The effects of solar intensity, electrolyzer current density and working temperature on the performance of the overall system are identified. A TES subsystem is utilized to facilitate continuous generation of hydrogen and electricity. The hydrogen and electricity generation efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the integrated system are 20.1% and 41.25%, respectively. When TES system supplies the required energy, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies decrease to 23.1% and 45%, respectively. The integration of PEM electrolyzer enhances the exergy efficiency of the Rankine cycle, considerably. However, it causes almost 5% exergy destruction in the integrated system due to conversion of electrical energy to hydrogen energy. Also, it is concluded that increase of working pressure and membrane thickness leads to higher cell voltage and lower electrolyzer efficiency. The results indicate that the integrated system is a promising technology to enhance the performance of concentrating solar power plants.     

Performance assessment of solar-powered high pressure proton exchange membrane electrolyzer: A case study for Erzincan

In this study, a performance assessment of a solar-powered high-pressure proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer for hydrogen production is conducted. The feasibility analysis of photovoltaic systems equipped with a high pressure PEM electrolyzer is presented for a university campus-scale community in Erzincan- Turkey. Variable solar irradiance data sets are utilized to assess the performance of the proposed system. A parametric study is conducted in order to evaluate the influence of some design parameters as well as operating conditions on the efficiency of the system. Efficiency of the overall system in the case of relevant inverter sizing is in the range of 11–12%. An ascent of the number of stacks leads to an increase in production rate which is almost linear by photovoltaic (PV) array size. The results shows that in order to have a higher efficiency, the inverter size should be higher than 0.75% of maximum excess power. The proposed system investigated in this study shows great promise of opening up opportunity to develop the high pressure PEM electrolyzer.     

Solar-powered regenerative PEM electrolyzer/fuel cell system

An electrolyzer/fuel cell energy storage system is a promising alternative to batteries for storing energy from solar electric power systems. Such a system was designed, including a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, high-pressure hydrogen and oxygen storage, and a PEM fuel cell. The system operates in a closed water loop. A prototype system was constructed, including an experimental PEM electrolyzer and combined gas/water storage tanks. Testing goals included general system feasibility, characterization of the electrolyzer performance (target was sustainable 1.0 A/cm² at 2.0 V per cell), performance of the electrolyzer as a compressor, and evaluation of the system for direct-coupled use with a PV array. When integrated with a photovoltaic array, this type of system is expected to provide reliable, environmentally benign power to remote installations. If grid-coupled, this system (without PV array) would provide high-quality backup power to critical systems such as telecommunications and medical facilities.     

The coupling factor: A new metric for determining and controlling the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power utilization

The production of electricity and hydrogen in a renewable fashion, such as using solar energy, can provide a clean and sustainable energy source for electric-powered vehicles, including fuel-cell and battery-electric vehicles. Our research on generating hydrogen and charging batteries using renewable solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity has led to the development of a simple and convenient new metric called the coupling factor that describes the fraction of the maximum PV power transferred to electrical loads. The keystone of the coupling factor concept is a regression model to calculate the maximum PV voltage, current, and power as a function of the instantaneous incident solar irradiance and the photovoltaic module temperature. The coupling factor can range from zero to one, i.e., no transfer of power from the PV system to the load, to complete transfer of the PV power. We describe the derivation of regression models to compute important PV electrical output variables, such as the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, the maximum power point voltage, the maximum power point current, and the coupling factor as a function of the fundamental measured variables affecting those quantities. The models are derived for PV modules used in our previous research to power an electrolyzer and charge high-voltage batteries. In addition, we develop models for other modules using PV cell technologies different from those used in our PV system. Some of the calculated quantities are compared to measurements for our PV system. The usefulness of these quantities, and especially the coupling factor, in rating the transfer of PV power to electrolyzer and battery loads, is illustrated. Finally, we discuss how the predicted maximum power point voltage can be used for real-time control and efficiency optimization of a dynamic PV-load system.     

Experimental investigation of solar hydrogen production PV/PEM electrolyser performance in the Algerian Sahara regions

This paper presents experimental results on the solar photovoltaic/PEM water electrolytes system performance in the Algerian Sahara regions. The first step is to present a photovoltaic module characterization under different conditions then validate the results by comparing the measured and calculated values. The main objective of this study is to develop a parametric study on the system performance (open-circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current Is, fill factor FF, maximum power Pm and the efficiency η) under hot climate conditions (Ouargla, Algeria). The ambient temperature effects and solar radiation on the solar PV performance characteristics were investigated using modeling and simulation analysis as well as experimental studies. The results show that the root mean squared error (RMSE) error of the currents and voltages and the mean bias error (MBE) are respectively 0.71%, 0.37% and 0.12%, 0.15%. The relative errors in the current and the voltage are respectively 0.83%–1.76%, and −0.58% to 0.83%. The second part provide some general characteristics concerning the indirect coupling of a lab scale proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyser (HG60) powered by a set of our photovoltaic panels. Experimental results provide practical information for the modules and the electrolysis cells by the indirect coupling. The weather conditions effect on hydrogen production from the electrolyser was also investigated. The results showed a high hydrogen production of 284 L in one day for 08 h of running and the electrolyser power efficiency with solar PV system was between 18 and 40%.     

太阳能光伏-PEM水电解制氢直接耦合系统优化

利用水电解制氢进行氢储能是我国可再生能源弃电问题的解决方案之一。本文建立了太阳能光伏阵列与质子交换膜（proton exchange membrane, PEM）水电解直接耦合系统的分析模型,研究耦合系统优化运行工况。结果表明,天气变化易导致直接耦合系统工作点偏离光伏最大功率点,引起耦合失配并降低太阳能利用率。通过匹配太阳能光伏阵列串并联结构和水电解器工作槽数进行“粗调”,改变PEM水电解器工作温度进行“精调”,可使直接耦合系统工作在最大功率点附近,使系统能量损失最小。本研究为太阳能光伏-PEM水电解氢储能直接耦合技术的运行策略和优化奠定了理论基础。     

Generation of high-pressure hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles using photovoltaic-powered water electrolysis

Increasing the utilization of electric drive systems including hybrid, battery, and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) will reduce the usage of petroleum and the emission of air pollution by vehicles. The eventual production of electricity and hydrogen in a renewable fashion, such as using solar energy, can achieve the long-term vision of having no tailpipe emissions, as well as eliminating the dependence of the transportation sector on dwindling supplies of petroleum for its energy. Before FCEVs can be introduced in large numbers, a hydrogen-fueling infrastructure is needed. This report describes an early proof-of-concept for a distributed hydrogen fueling option in which renewably generated, high-pressure hydrogen is dispensed at an FCEV owner’s home. In an earlier report we described the design and initial characterization of a solar photovoltaic (PV) powered electrolyzer/storage/dispensing (ESD) system that was a proof-of-concept for a single FCEV home fueling system. In the present report we determined the efficiency and other operational characteristics of that PV-ESD system during testing over a 109-day period at the GM Proving Ground in Milford, MI, at a hydrogen output pressure of approximately 2000 psi (13.8 MPa). The high pressure was achieved without any mechanical compression via electrolysis. Over the study period the photovoltaic solar to electrical efficiency averaged 13.7%, the electrolyzer efficiency averaged 59%, and the system solar to hydrogen efficiency averaged 8.2% based on the hydrogen lower heating value. A well-documented model used to evaluate solar photovoltaic power systems was used to calculate the maximum power point values of the voltage, current, and power of our PV system in order to derive the coupling factor between the PV and ESD systems and to determine its behavior over the range of environmental conditions experienced during the study. The average coupling factor was near unity, indicating that the two systems remained coupled in an optimal fashion. Also, the system operated well over a wide range of meteorological conditions, and in particular it responded quickly to instantaneous changes in the solar irradiance (caused by clouds) with negligible effect on the overall efficiency. During the study up to 0.67 kg of high-pressure hydrogen was generated on a sunny day for fueling FCEV. Future generations of high-pressure electrolyzers, properly combined with solar PV systems, can offer a compact, efficient, and environmentally acceptable system for FCEV home fueling.     

Development of hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell system for stand-alone application

In this paper we present firstly the different hybrid systems with fuel cell. Then, the study is given with a hybrid fuel cell–photovoltaic generator. The role of this system is the production of electricity without interruption in remote areas. It consists generally of a photovoltaic generator (PV), an alkaline water electrolyzer, a storage gas tank, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and power conditioning units (PCU) to manage the system operation of the hybrid system. Different topologies are competing for an optimal design of the hybrid photovoltaic–electrolyzer–fuel cell system. The studied system is proposed. PV subsystem work as a primary source, converting solar irradiation into electricity that is given to a DC bus. The second working subsystem is the electrolyzer which produces hydrogen and oxygen from water as a result of an electrochemical process. When there is an excess of solar generation available, the electrolyzer is turned on to begin producing hydrogen which is sent to a storage tank. The produced hydrogen is used by the third working subsystem (the fuel cell stack) which produces electrical energy to supply the DC bus. The modelisation of the global system is given and the obtained results are presented and discussed.