The mutual solubilization of soap and lime soap dispersing agents

Krafft point measurements were used to show that lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA) and soaps solu-bilize each other. Addition of as little as 5% soap to amphoteric LSDA of limited water solubility (high Krafft point) brought about a substantial lowering of the Krafft point and thus markedly improved water solubility. On the other hand, addition of 10% amphoteric LSDA to sodium palmitate lowered the Krafft point of the soap by 10 to 14 C. Addition of anionic LSDA to sodium palmitate showed smaller Krafft point depressions. Addition of a builder-type salt, such as sodium metasilicate, had essentially no effect on the Krafft points of soap LSDA mixtures.     

9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠在低温硬质水及中性pH条件下的特异性能

以天然亚油酸为原料,经氧化水解制备得到9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸(THSA),采用FTIR、ESI-MS和1HNMR表征了THSA的结构。测定了THSA的钠皂9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠(STHS)的克拉夫特点、钙离子稳定性、钙皂分散剂消耗量、表面张力、临界胶束浓度和泡沫性能,并与对照物亚油酸、油酸及硬脂酸的钠皂进行比较。结果表明,STHS具有其他脂肪酸钠皂不具备的优秀钙皂分散性能和钙离子稳定性,并在低温和中性条件下显示出更好的水溶性。STHS不仅克服了普通脂肪酸钠皂不耐硬水和中性条件下溶解性差两大共同缺陷,也克服了饱和脂肪酸钠皂低温溶解性差以及不饱和脂肪酸钠皂易氧化酸败的缺点,因此,STHS具有在中性皂、低温皂和抗硬水皂配方中用作新皂基表面活性剂的潜质。     

Soap-based detergent formulations: XX. The physical and chemical nature of lime soap dispersions

Blends of soap and surfactants that possess good lime soap dispersing properties were dispersed in hard water. The turbidity of such dispersions varied depending on the type of dispersant used and also on the soap:dispersant ratio. Differences in coarseness of various dispersions could be measured empirically by filtration through a membrane of intermediate (1.2 μm) porosity. For determinations of the chemical composition of the dispersions a somewhat finer membrane (0.8 μm or less) was chosen, which retained most of the dispersed solids. Filter residues and filtrates were analyzed for sodium, calcium, magnesium and lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA). All of the calcium remained on the filter, whereas sodium was found primarily in the filtrate. Magnesium was held completely on the filter only if sufficient soap was present to tie up all Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺. Analysis of the organic portion of the residues indicated that the soap:LSDA ratio found was the same as that used in the preparation of the original dispersion. On filtration through a fine membrane (0.05 μm) virtually all dispersed material was retained on the membrane. The filtrate possessed only slight activity in terms of surface tension and detergency, whereas the resuspended solids possessed high surface activity similar to the unfiltered dispersion. This indicates that the dispersed solids are the major source of surface activity. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, September 1975, Cincinnati.     

Seifen mit verbesserten Gebrauchseigenschaften

Soaps with Improved Properties Disadvantage of normal toilet soaps is their lime soap formation in hard water. Syndets and combars are usually insensitive against water hardness but higher in costs. Therefore hardwater soaps, i. e. soaps with low amounts of lime soap disperging agents (LSDA), could represent a good compromise. About a screening program for LSDA and its results is reported.     

Soap and lime soap dispersants

In recent decades, soap has largely been replaced by petrochemicals and polyphosphates as the major components of laundry detergents in the U.S. Currently, the use of soap is primarily confined to the toilet soap bar field, and technological advances here have been mainly in processing. In view of the rising costs and increasing scarcity of petrochemicals and polyphosphates, tallow, a replenishable, inexpensive agricultural by-product, was examined as an alternate raw material. Tallow soap has a long history of efficacy and safety but suffers from poor performance in hard water and insolubility in cold water. It has now been shown that the performance of soaps can be drastically improved in cold water solubility and in hard water detergency by the addition to the soap of lime soap dispersing agents (LSD A). These are anionic or amphoteric surfactants possessing one or more bulky polar groups. These soap-LSDA combinations form mixed micelles in water and essentially take on the surface active characteristics of a single anionic surfactant. Soap-LSDA combinations wash well in hard water without curd formation; they can be “built” with various materials such as phosphates and trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to enhance detergency. Soap-LSDA combinations equal the conventional detergents in every performance respect and undergo biodegradation more readily and completely.     

Soap-based detergent formulations I. Comparison of soap-lime soap dispersing agent formulations with phosphate built detergents

Blends of soap with small amounts of lime soap dispersing agents are efficient detergents in hard water and require little or no tripolyphosphate builder. Lime soap dispersing agents examined include sulfated ethoxylated fatty alcohols, sulfated N-(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, methyl esters of α-sulfo fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl fatty acid esters and N-methyl-N-(2-sulfoethyl) fatty amides as well as nonionics derived from tallow alcohols. Detergency evaluations were carried out with three commercial soiled cotton cloths as well as by a laboratory multi-wash technique. Formulations containing 80% soap, 10% lime soap dispersing agent and 10% builder gave optimum detergency values. Builder effectiveness was rated tripolyphosphate>silicate (1:1.6)> metasilicate = citrate = oxydiacetate = nitrilotriacetate>carbonate≫sulfate. The detergency of soap-lime soap dispersed combinations compared favorably with a standard brand household heavy duty granular detergent in 50, 150 and 300 ppm hardness water on three soiled cloths. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971. East. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Soap-based detergent formulations: XI. Alternate synthesis and structural assignment of sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates

Sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates, derived from detergent alkylates, previously were reported to be good lime soap dispersing agents and beneficial additives in tallow soap based, sodium silicate built laundry detergents. Their synthesis from β-aroylacrylic acid intermediates has been facilitated by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite before esterification. This single phase process occurs rapidly at room temperature, whereas in the previously reported process, the sulfonation of the methyl ester requires a two-phase, high temperature, closed system procedure. Final esterification is mandatory for producing a useful lime soap dispersing agent, because the sulfonated disodium salt is a poor lime soap dispersing agent and not compatible with a soap-silicate mixture. Deoiling improves the detergency of the final products from either procedure; this is especially apparent when polyester-cotton permanent press fabric is laundered. Data from NMR spectra, base-induced decompositions, hydrolysis studies, and detergency screening tests suggest that the sulfopropionate product derived from the new procedure is structurally the same as that from the old one, and that these products have been sulfonated regiospecifically α to the carboxy group. Presented at AOCS Fall Meeting, Philadelphia, September 1974. ARS, USDA.     

Surface active properties of combinations of soap and lime soap dispersing agents

Surface tension versus log concentration curves were obtained for combinations of a variety of lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA) with sodium oleate. Salient features of the curves for these mixtures were: (a) criticial micelle concentration (CMC) close to that for LSDA alone; (b) absence of a surface tension minimum or substantial reduction in the minimum, which was often found with LSDA alone; (c) surface tension values above the CMC very close to those found for soap alone above its CMC; and (d) slope below the CMC greater than that for soap alone, more like that for soap with alkali added or lime soap dispersing agent alone. Higher CMC values were confirmed by dye solubilization measurements. The surface tension curves provided further evidence for the mixed micellar nature of soap-LSDA mixtures and suggested that the addition of LSDA to soap increased the surface concentration of surfactant. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, September 1976.     

Soap-based detergent formulations: XIV. Amphoteric derivatives of alkylbenzenesulfonamides

Surface active amphoteric derivatives were prepared from alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides. Industrial detergent alkylates, as well as benzene and pure 1-phenylalkanes whose side chains ranged from C₁ to C₁₂, were used as starting materials in this study of chemical structure-physical property relationships. The alkylbenzenes were first converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid, and the sulfonyl chlorides were further treated with N,N-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane or N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane. The reaction products were quaternized with propanesultone to produce amphoteric surfactants in high yields. The N,N-dimethyl herivatives of pure phenylalkanes were white crystalline powders, whereas the N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) derivatives were light , lime soap dispersing requirement, surface tension, wetting ability, and calcium ion stability were determined. The commercial detergent alkylate derivatives showed good detergency by themselves as well as in formulations with soap or with soap and silicate builder. Good lime soap dispersing properties were observed with compounds possessing a side chain of at least 4 carbon atoms. Presented at the AOCS Fall Meeting, Philadelphia, September 1974.     

Soap-based detergent formulations: XXVI. Hard water detergency of soap-lime soap dispersant combinations with builders and inorganic salts1

Blends of soap and 3 lime soap dispersants—the sulfated tallow alkanolamide (TAM), the coconut-oil-derived amido sulfobetaine (CAHSB) and the cocoamido betaine (CAB)—were formulated with 3 builders—sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and trisodium 2-oxa-1,1,3-propane tricarboxylate (OPT). Varying amounts of sodium sulfate were added to these formulations, and the effects of builders and sodium sulfate on detergency at 300 ppm water hardness were studied. At levels below 60%, STPP was not an effective builder for TAM formulations. Dilution of STPP-built TAM formulations with sodium sulfate substantially decreased detergency. Detergency of TAM formulations was improved by incorporation of NTA or OPT and such formulations could tolerate dilution with sodium sulfate without serious loss in detergency. NTA or STPP improved the detergency of CAB formulations but OPT did not. Addition of sodium sulfate caused some loss in detergency in all CAB formulations. Addition of STPP to CAHSB formulations caused a slight loss in detergency, but addition of NTA or OPT had no appreciable effect. Dilution of STPP-built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate affected detergency adversely, although not as severely as in STPP-built TAM formulations. Dilution of NTA-or OPT-built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate had little effect on detergency. CAB and particularly CAHSB are superior to TAM in dispersing lime soap curd. Therefore, addition of NTA, STPP, or OPT to the amphoteric formulations did not affect detergency to the same extent as in TAM formulations. Further evidence of the superiority of amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents (lsda) in dispersing lime soap curd was provided by the effectiveness of soap, CAHSB, silicate formulations in detergency studies at 1,000 ppm water hardness. Presented at the Annual AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1979. Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

The structure of transparent soap

Summary The classical conception of transparent soaps as amorphous undercooled liquids has been tested by means of X-rays. A transparent soap, such as Pears Soap, is shown to consist of a mass of fine ultra-microscopic crystallites, scattering light and arranged completely at random. Keeping for twenty years at room temperature does not appreciably affect this structure.     

两性表面活性剂(四)两性表面活性剂的一般性质

介绍了两性表面活性剂的流变性、水溶助长性、钙皂分散性和抗硬水性等一般性质。讨论了两性表面活性剂的流变性与表面活性剂浓度之间的关系,并给出了调节混合体系流变性的方法。从混合胶束理论出发,对两性表面活性剂是比其他类型表面活性剂更优秀的钙皂分散剂这一事实,作者提出了新见解。同时,对两性表面活性剂的生态性质,如生物降解性、鱼毒性等也进行了较为详细的介绍。     

Soap-based detergent formulations: XXI. Amphoteric derivatives of fatty amides of aminoethylethanolamine1

Amides and 2-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazolines were converted into various types of sulfated or sulfonated amphoteric lime soap dispersants. The alkylimidazolines could be readily hydrolyzed to give amidoamines. The cyclized amphoteric surfactants were generally superior in detergency and lime soap dispersing ability to analogous surfactants derived from amidoamines. Some of the cyclized surfactants, when formulated with soap and silicate builder, washed about as well under the test conditions as a control containing 50% sodium tripolyphosphate.     

Physical-chemical properties of tall-oil soap solutions

Summary Acid-refined tall-oil was separated into resin acid and fatty acids of approximately 94% purity, made into soaps, and compared with those made from oleic acid and rosin. Tall-oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap are roughly comparable in dispersing power and lowering of surface tension and interfacial tension. The tall-oil fatty-acid soap shows some points of inferiority to sodium oleate, as might reasonably be expected because of its greater unsaturation. Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948.     

High active alkyldimethylamine oxides

A recently developed, high active, alkyldimethylamine oxide powder now permits the use of this valuable surfactant in water-sensitive formulations such as bar soaps. Study of the various amine oxide homologs in key performance properties of soap bars showed them to be effective foam modifiers, plasticizers, and synergistic lime soap dispersants. The solid amine oxides were found to be a versatile additive which could readily be formulated into a wide variety of personal care bars.     

Mixed sulfated tallow alkanolamides as lime soap dispersing agents

Sulfated alkanolamides of hydrogenated tallow fatty acids have been shown to possess excellent lime soap dispersing and detergent properties. However the high melting points of the alkanolamides and their relative insolubility in organic solvents such as dichloroethane make sulfation on an industrial scale awk ward. This difficulty has been overcome by the use of a eutectic mixture of the N-(2-hydroxypropyl)amide and N-(2-[2-hydroxyethoxy]ethyl)amide of unhydrogenated tallow fatty acids. The sulfation of such a mixture can be carried out at or slightly above room temperature, and only a small amount of a chlorinated solvent is required in order to keep the sulfation mixture fluid. The resulting sulfated mixed alkanolamide is an excellent lime soap dispersing agent, which is formulated readily with tallow soap and a glassy silicate into an effective heavy duty detergent.     

Soap based detergent formulations. V. Amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents

A series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N-methylalkylamines, N,N-dimethylalkylamines, and N-acyl-N′,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamines. Both mono- and disulfopropylated derivatives of the primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate-built detergent. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleands, May 1973. ARS, USDA.     

Soap-based detergent formulations: X. Nature of detergent deposits

The cumulative deposition of detergent residue on unsoiled cotton and polyester-cotton permanent press finish cloth was determined for a variety of detergent formulations after washing 25 consecutive times in 300 ppm hard water in a laboratory Tergotometer. Included in this study were: a phosphate-built laundry detergent, two carbonate-built detergents, tallow soap and various tallow soap formulations with anionic and amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents, and a glassy sodium silicate. Sample swatches washed with each formulation were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and organic acid content. Fabric washed with the carbonate detergents showed the highest calcium and magnesium content, while those washed with the phosphate detergent and the soap-lime soap dispersant-builder formulations had the lowest. Fabric washed with soap alone had a much higher fatty acid residue than those washed with the other detergent formulations. However, the amount of organic acids left on the fabric after washing with a soap-lime soap dispersing agent formulation was no greater than that produced by phosphate- and carbonate-built detergents. The presence or absence of deposits also was verified visually with a scanning electron microscope. Each formulation also was tested for detergency by measuring the soil buildup in a multiwash procedure. Generally, the buildup of soil paralleled the deposit of detergent residue on the unsoiled cloths.     

Soap-based detergent formulations: VII. Sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates as lime soap dispersing agents

Research was performed on the development of lime soap dispersing agents derived from alkylbenzenes. The sulfonation with sodium bisulfite of a variety of methyl β-p-alkylbenzoylacrylates (III) produced adducts (I) whose detergent properties were studied. Yields were optimized, model compounds were synthesized, and products characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The sulfonated adduct (I-A) derived from a commercial mixture of alkylbenzenes can be formulated with tallow soap, sodium silicate, and sodium carboxy methylcellulose to give a product that is competitive with a standard linear alkylbenzenesulfonate-phosphate household detergent.     

Quantitative assessment of carbon nanotube dispersions by Raman spectroscopy

Aqueous dispersions of single wall carbon nanotubes (C-SWNTs), prepared using different dispersing agents, have been analysed by Raman spectroscopy. Normalising the spectra with respect to the area of the water O-H stretching transition eliminates the effects of photon scattering and absorption on the way through the dispersion, and the dispersions can be assessed quantitatively by comparison of the areas of the carbon nanotube G-band. The normalised G-band areas show linear concentration dependence according to Beer’s law. The influences of different dispersing agents and excitation wavelengths are discussed and the results are compared to the commonly used UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis. The method presented here is semi-quantitative and it is proposed to use the most effective dispersing agent found in this study, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), as a benchmark for future dispersion experiments.