黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统蒸散与作物系数特征

蒸散是地表能量平衡和水分平衡的重要组分,与水循环过程密切相关.采用涡度相关技术,对黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统2010年生长季(4-9月)蒸散特征进行观测,分析了农田作物系数与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 在观测期间,研究区各月潜热通量(LE)日变化呈近似“单峰型”曲线特征,最大峰值出现在8月(151.4 W·m^-2);日间能量分配方式存在明显季节差异,4-6月的日间能量分配表现为LE/R_n＜H/R_n(R_n为净辐射,H为感热通量),7-9月的日间能量分配方式(LE/R_n＞H/R_n)与4-6月相反.黄土高原半干旱区农田日蒸散率存在显著季节变化特征,最大日蒸散率为4.69 mm·d^-1.风速(W_s)、空气相对湿度(RH)、土壤含水量(θ)和饱和水汽压差(D)是作物系数(K_c)的主要影响因子.K_c随W_s增加呈指数降低趋势,随RH、θ增加呈指数增长趋势,随D增加呈线性降低趋势.     

内蒙古温带荒漠草原能量平衡特征及其驱动因子

基于内蒙古苏尼特左旗温带荒漠草原生态系统观测站2008年全年的涡度相关观测与相应的生物、环境观测资料,对生态系统能量平衡特征及其驱动因子分析表明:能量平衡各分量(净辐射,Rn;感热通量,H;潜热通量,LE;土壤热通量,G)呈单峰型日动态,白天大部分时间H/RnG/RnLE/Rn;夜间G/Rn占主导;全天LE/Rn相对较小,即使在植物生长盛期。较低的LE/Rn可能与荒漠草原气候干旱及植被分布稀少有关。日Rn受天气变化的影响,特别是在雨季,Rn日间差异较大,呈现锯齿状波动。能量平衡各分量季节变化明显,Rn、H、LE和G最大月分别为7、5、6月份和6月份。全年H是Rn的主要能量支出项(58%);LE其次(26%),年蒸散量(190.3mm)大于年降水量(136.3mm),与多年平均降水量接近(183.9mm),其中最大日蒸散率3.8mm/d;G所占比例较小(1%),全年基本保持平衡。然而G白天吸收能量,夜间释放能量;夏季储存能量,冬季释放能量的特点,在能量平衡中存在类似"能量缓存"的作用,不能被忽略。降水过程显著影响内蒙古温带荒漠草原水热交换。降水后较降水前LE峰值明显增大,而H峰值降低。日蒸散率峰值多数与降水事件有关。而且,生长季日蒸散率波动与降水引起的SWC变化趋势一致。生长季潜热分配(LE/Rn)主要受到土壤含水量(SWC)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)及叶面积指数(LAI)共同影响。LE/Rn随SWC增大呈增加趋势,LE/Rn随VPD增大而降低,LE/Rn随LAI增大呈二次曲线变化。其中LAI为0.2m2/m2是一个阈值,当LAI0.2m2/m2,SWC是LE/Rn主要驱动因子;当LAI0.2m2/m2,SWC和LAI共同驱动LE/Rn。应用退耦因子(Ω)评价了荒漠草原与大气之间水汽交换的耦合状况。与其他草原类型相比,本研究区退耦因子(Ω)相对较低(生长季平均0.15)。生长盛期Ω相对较高,Rn是LE的主导因子;而生长前期和后期Ω相对较低,VPD是LE的主要控制因子。     

辽东山区天然次生林能量平衡和蒸散

基于辽宁冰砬山森林生态系统定位研究站2012年森林内、外微气象观测数据,采用波文比-能量平衡法(BERB)研究了辽东山区天然次生林能量平衡组分及蒸散特征。结果表明,天然次生林全年获得净辐射能量(Rn)为1.63×109J/m2,其中生长季Rn占全年的71%。Rn月均值呈单峰状季节变化;5月份Rn最大,达101.73 W/m2;12月份最小,仅为-2.38 W/m2。Rn在晴朗天气的日变化呈单峰型,峰值出现在12:00前后,Rn在日出后0.5 h至日落前1.5 h为正值,其它时间为负值。潜热通量(LE)、感热通量(H)在晴朗天气呈单峰型日变化规律。LE呈单峰型季节变化,7月份最大。H呈双峰型季节变化,峰值在4月份,次峰值在9月份。波文比(β)近似呈"U"字型季节变化,非生长季β均值为1.50,即H占有效能量的60%,生长季β均值为0.43,即LE占有效能量的70%。生长季土壤热通量(G)为能量支出项,约占有效能量的2.5%,晴朗天气呈单峰型日变化。非生长季G为能量收入项,约占有效能量的6.8%,1月份几乎没有日变化。辽东山区天然次生林全年蒸散(E)总量为541.8 mm,占全年降水总量的70.3%,蒸散耗水是该森林生态系统最主要的水分支出项。     

东北阔叶红松林能量平衡特征

采用涡度相关法,结合小气候观测,对东北阔叶红松林的能量平衡特征进行了研究。结果表明,森林全年获得的辐射能量为2.3×109J/m2,平均净辐射(Rn)强度为72.1 W/m2,12月最小,平均为5.8W/m2,6月最大,平均为127 W/m2。除了受太阳高度角的支配,Rn对中小尺度天气变化响应显著。非生长季,森林主要能量支出项为感热通量(H),约占Rn的72%,H最大值出现在5月份;生长季,主要能量支出项为潜热通量(LE),约占Rn的60%,LE最大值出现在7月份。全年因蒸散消耗的能量为1.2×109J/m2,占净辐射的52%,森林蒸散的水量为493mm,占降水量的88%。波文比β近似呈U字型变化,其值受森林物候变化影响显著,在非生长季平均值约为3.0,生长季为0.5左右。土壤热通量(G)在非生长季表现为能量平衡方程的收入项,约占有效能量的5.0%;生长季表现为支出项,约占有效能量的4.0%,其变化过程与土壤温度梯度及叶面积指数密切相关。长白山通量观测站能量平衡收支闭合度为86%,不闭合的原因有待于进一步的研究。     

极端干旱条件下锡林河流域羊草草原净生态系统碳交换特征

采用涡度相关法对2005年生长季内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原净生态系统交换(Net ecosystem exchange, NEE)进行了观测。观测结果表明:作为生长季降雨量仅有126 mm的干旱年,锡林河流域羊草草原生态系统受到强烈的干旱胁迫,其净生态系统碳交换的日动态表现为具有两个吸收高峰,净吸收峰值出现在8∶00和18∶00左右。最大的CO₂吸收率为-0.38 mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在6月底,与丰水年相比生态系统最大CO₂吸收率下降了1倍。就整个生长季而言,不管是白天还是晚上2005年都表现为净CO₂排放,整个生长季CO₂净排放量为372.56 g CO₂·m^-2,是一个明显的CO₂源。土壤含水量和土壤温度控制着生态系统CO₂通量的大小,尤其是在白天,CO₂通量和土壤含水量的变化呈现出显著的负相关关系,和土壤温度表现为正相关关系。     

天山北麓绿洲-荒漠过渡带芨芨草地地表能量通量研究

利用天山北麓绿洲-荒漠过渡带芨芨草地的小气候实测资料,分析了该地区不同天气条件下地表能量及其能量分配日变化特征,并进一步探讨了潜热与其它地表能量的关系。结果表明:晴天各地表能量分量曲线呈"单峰型",阴天表现为峰谷频繁交替的"多峰型",雨天则显示为"偏峰型"。由于该区以晴天为主,阴雨天气发生频率少,平均情况下的各能量曲线变化与晴天基本一致。任何天气条件下能量传输均以潜热(LE)为主,其次为感热(H)和土壤热通量(G)。观测期内LE/Rn平均值介于沙漠和绿洲之间,很好地在能量分配上体现出自身的过渡性。各种天气条件下能量分配的日动态变化趋势基本一致,白天均以潜热为主,夜间则有所不同。LE/Rn、H/Rn、G/Rn曲线白天变化平稳,夜间持续波动,日出和日落前后波动最为剧烈。其中,日出时刻以LE/Rn和G/Rn曲线波动最为强烈,且两者峰谷互补。因辐射强度和日照时数的不同,不同天气条件下曲线早、晚剧烈变化开始时间也有所差别。晴天、平均、阴天(8:00—18:00)波文比依次减小,且均小于1,表明它们在白天能量分配均以潜热为主。而雨天波文比则表现出较大的波动性,整体呈上升趋势。LE与Rn、H、G相关性程度均表现为:晴天与平均相当,阴天次之,雨天最小。     

雨养玉米农田生态系统的蒸散特征及其作物系数

基于雨养玉米农田生态系统2007年整个生长季的涡度相关通量资料,对蒸散的日、季动态进行分析.结果表明：玉米农田生态系统蒸散的日、季动态均呈单峰型变化,最大值分别出现在12:00左右和7月.结合修正的Penman-Monteith公式与相应的生态、气象观测要素,对作物系数(K指数)影响因子的分析结果表明,K指数主要受叶面积指数(LAI)、气温(T_a)、净辐射(R_n)以及表层土壤含水量的影响.在此基础上,初步建立了半小时尺度的作物系数(K指数)模型.     

不同降水梯度下草地生态系统地表能量交换

通过对不同降水梯度下的蒙古中部针茅草原(KBU)、内蒙古羊草草原(NM)、海北高寒灌丛草甸(HB)和当雄高寒草甸草原(DX)4个草地生态系统的能量通量连续4-5 a的测定,分析了影响青藏高原和蒙古高原草地生态系统生长季中地表能量交换的主要因素。研究表明:相对于KBU、NM和DX,HB高寒灌丛草甸NDVI(0.58)和土壤含水量(28.3%)最大,因而地表短波反射率(αk)最低(0.12),从而获得了最大的净辐射(Rn)。KBU、NM和DX 3个草地生态系统生长季中αk随着植被的生长而降低,在生长季末期,随着植被的凋落而增加;HB的αk季节变化趋势与其它生态系统相反。从蒙古高原(KBU和NM)到青藏高原(HB和DX),随着降水量的增加,波文比(β)逐渐减小(2.25-0.53),即生态系统与大气的能量交换从显热(H)占主导转变为潜热(LE)占主导。植被状况对草地生态系统与大气之间能量交换的季节动态有重要的调控作用,在NDVI较低的时候,4个生态系统H/Rn都大于LE/Rn,LE/Rn随着NDVI的增加而增加,而H/Rn呈现出与LE/Rn相反的季节变化趋势。     

黄河小浪底人工混交林生长季能量平衡特征

利用涡度相关系统和小气候梯度观测系统,对黄河小浪底人工混交林2012年生长季(5—9月)各能量通量进行了连续观测,分析了该生态系统能量平衡各项的变化特征,讨论了能量闭合状况。结果表明:潜热通量、感热通量和土壤热通量均与净辐射有类似的日变化特征。各项的绝对值大小表现为净辐射潜热通量感热通量土壤热通量。受日照时数的影响,5—9月能量平衡各项正值的日持续时间逐渐缩短。生长季,净辐射、感热通量和土壤热通量在6月份最大,最大值分别为418.5、231.4和12.5 MJ m-2month-1);潜热通量在7月份达到最大,最大值为320.8 MJ m-2month-1)。潜热通量、感热通量和土壤热通量占净辐射的比例分别在0.48—0.62、0.15—0.55、0.02—0.05之间。人工混交林生长季的能量分配主要以潜热通量和感热通量为主,且潜热通量为感热通量的2倍。波文比呈单峰曲线:6月最大,8月最小。黄河小浪底人工混交林生长季全天能量闭合度为79%。其中,白天闭合程度较高(81%),夜晚较低(41%)。本研究站点存在21%的能量不闭合。其原因可能与通量源区面积不匹配、忽略冠层热储存、湍流能的相位差等有关。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统碳、水热通量特征

利用涡度相关法对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统进行了连续两年的通量观测,对2009—2010年生长季芦苇湿地的净生态系统碳交换量(NEE),感热通量(Hs)和潜热通量(LE)数据进行了分析。结果表明,在日尺度上,芦苇湿地NEE日变化特征表现为两个CO2吸收高峰,分别出现在11:00和16:00左右,其特点是在午间出现了碳交换通量的降低。CO2吸收的日最大值在两个生长季出现的时间有所不同,分别出现在2009年7月(-0.30 mg CO2m-2s-1)和2010年6月(-0.37 mg CO2m-2s-1)。CO2排放的日最大值两个生长季均出现在9月,分别为0.19和0.25 mg CO2m-2s-1。Hs和LE的日动态均为单峰型,极值都出现在中午前后,生长季生态系统的能量消耗主要以潜热为主,且在日尺度上,热通量和NEE有显著的负相关关系。在季节尺度上,芦苇湿地生长季具有明显的碳汇功能,2009年生长季生态系统白天固定354.63 g CO2/m2,同时期夜间释放159.24 g CO2/m2,净CO2吸收量为-195.39 g CO2/m2。2009年整个生长季生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)为-651.13 g CO2/m2,生态系统呼吸(Re)为455.74 g CO2/m2,系统表现为碳汇。路径分析表明:光合有效辐射(PAR)显著影响NEE的日动态(R2=0.46—0.84),而NEE的季节动态主要受土壤温度的影响,降水和PAR的影响次之。     

Climate‐driven uncertainties in modeling terrestrial energy and water fluxes: a site‐level to global‐scale analysis

We used a land surface model constrained using data from flux tower sites, to analyze the biases in ecosystem energy and water fluxes arising due to the use of meteorological reanalysis datasets. Following site‐level model calibration encompassing major vegetation types from the tropics to the northern high‐latitudes, we repeated the site and global simulations using two reanalysis datasets: the NCEP/NCAR and the CRUNCEP. In comparison with the model simulations using observed meteorology from sites, the reanalysis‐driven simulations produced several systematic biases in net radiation (R_n), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H) fluxes. These include: (i) persistently positive tropical/subtropical biases in R_n using the NCEP/NCAR, and gradually transitioning to negative R_n biases in the higher latitudes; (ii) large positive H biases in the tropics/subtropics using the NCEP/NCAR; (iii) negative LE biases using the NCEP/NCAR above 40°N; (iv) high tropical LE using the CRUNCEP in comparison with observationally derived global estimates; and (v) flux‐partitioning biases from canopy and ground components. Across vegetation types, we investigated the role of the meteorological drivers (shortwave and longwave radiation, atmospheric humidity, temperature, precipitation) and their seasonal biases in controlling these reanalysis‐driven uncertainties. At the global scale, our site‐level analysis explains several model‐data differences in the LE and H fluxes when compared with observationally derived global estimates of these fluxes. Using our results, we discuss the implications of site‐level model calibration on subsequent regional/global applications to study energy and hydrological processes. The flux‐partitioning biases presented in this study have potential implications on the couplings among terrestrial carbon, energy, and water fluxes, and for the calibration of land–atmosphere parameterizations that are dependent on LE/H partitioning.     

Paired-tower measurements of carbon and energy fluxes following disturbance in the boreal forest

Disturbances by fire and harvesting are thought to regulate the carbon balance of the Canadian boreal forest over scales of several decades. However, there are few direct measurements of carbon fluxes following disturbances to provide data needed to refine mathematical models. The eddy covariance technique was used with paired towers to measure fluxes simultaneously at disturbed and undisturbed sites over periods of about one week during the growing season in 1998 and 1999. Comparisons were conducted at three sites: a 1‐y‐old burned jackpine stand subjected to an intense crown fire at the International Crown Fire Modelling Experiment site near Fort Providence, North‐west Territories; a 1‐y‐old clearcut aspen area at the EMEND project near Peace River, Alberta; and a 10‐y‐old burned, mixed forest near Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan. Nearby mature forest stands of the same types were also measured as controls. The harvested site had lower net radiation (R_n), sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, and greater ground heat fluxes (G) than the mature forest. Daytime CO₂ fluxes were much reduced, but night‐time CO₂ fluxes were identical to that of the mature aspen forest. It is hypothesized that the aspen roots remained alive following harvesting, and dominated soil respiration. The overall effect was that the harvested site was a carbon source of about 1.6 gC m^?2 day^?1, while the mature site was a sink of about ?3.8 gC m^?2 day^?1. The one‐year‐old burn had lower R_n, H and LE than the mature jackpine forest, and had a continuous CO₂ efflux of about 0.8 gC m^–2 day^?1 compared to the mature forest sink of ? 0.5 g C m^?2 day^?1. The carbon source was likely caused by decomposition of fire‐killed vegetation. The 10‐y‐old burned site had similar H, LE, and G to the mature mixed forest site. Although the diurnal amplitude of the CO₂ fluxes were slightly lower at the 10‐y‐old site, there was no significant difference between the daily integrals (? 1.3 gC m^?2 day^?1 at both sites). It appears that most of the change in carbon flux occurs within the first 10 years following disturbance, but more data are needed on other forest and disturbance types for the first 20 years following the disturbance event.     

降雨和非降雨日兴安落叶松天然林蒸腾及蒸散发特征

综合利用树干液流法和涡动相关技术,对大兴安岭北部寒温带兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)天然林的林木蒸腾(T)和生态系统蒸散发(ET)进行连续监测;采用边材面积对单木蒸腾耗水进行尺度扩展,分析降雨和非降雨日林木总蒸腾(T_(tot))及其蒸腾组分(优势木蒸腾T_d、中等木蒸腾T_i和劣势木蒸腾T_s)与生态系统ET的变化特征,探讨T_(tot)与ET对水汽压亏缺(VPD)和净辐射(R_n)变化的响应。结果表明:降雨和非降雨日各分化等级林木液流速率的日变化均呈典型单峰格局,且降雨日的T_(tot)(9.7mm)低于非降雨日(31.4 mm),同时T_d在降雨和非降雨日均明显高于T_i和T_s。降雨日的ET(24.7 mm)同样低于非降雨日(50.6mm),而潜热通量与同期R_n之比(31%)则高于非降雨日(25.1%),表明非降雨日的环境条件较有利于植物-大气界面的水汽通量交换。降雨日T_(tot)/ET、T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET(分别为38.1%、27.2%、8.5%和2.4%)均低于非降雨日(分别为65.0%、45.5%、15.3%和4.2%),说明降雨日的ET以自由水蒸发为主,而非降雨日时则以T_d占优;同时,仅以优势木蒸腾耗水作为平均水平进行尺度上推易高估林分的蒸腾能力。总体上,T_(tot)与VPD、R_n的相关性均较ET的高,即T_(tot)对环境因子的响应略敏感;同时R_n与T_(tot)、ET的相关性均较VPD高,说明R_n是驱动生态系统水汽通量的首要条件。     

Multiscale model intercomparisons of CO2 and H2O exchange rates in a maturing southeastern US pine forest

We compared four existing process‐based stand‐level models of varying complexity (physiological principles in predicting growth, photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, biogeochemical cycles, and stand to ecosystem carbon and evapotranspiration simulator) and a new nested model with 4 years of eddy‐covariance‐measured water vapor (LE) and CO₂ (Fc) fluxes at a maturing loblolly pine forest. The nested model resolves the ‘fast’ CO₂ and H₂O exchange processes using canopy turbulence theories and radiative transfer principles whereas slowly evolving processes were resolved using standard carbon allocation methods modified to improve leaf phenology. This model captured most of the intraannual variations in leaf area index (LAI), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and LE for this stand in which maximum LAI was not at a steady state. The model comparisons suggest strong linkages between carbon production and LAI variability, especially at seasonal time scales. This linkage necessitates the use of multilayer models to reproduce the seasonal dynamics of LAI, NEE, and LE. However, our findings suggest that increasing model complexity, often justified for resolving faster processes, does not necessarily translate into improved predictive skills at all time scales. Additionally, none of the models tested here adequately captured drought effects on water and CO₂ fluxes. Furthermore, the good performance of some models in capturing flux variability on interannual time scales appears to stem from erroneous LAI dynamics and from sensitivity to droughts that injects unrealistic flux variability at longer time scales.     

Determinants of bovine thermal response to heat and solar radiation exposures in a field environment

Continuous exposure of cattle to summer heat in the absence of shade results in significant hyperthermia and impairs growth and general health. Reliable predictors of heat strain are needed to identify this condition. A 12-day study was conducted during a moderate summer heat period using 12 Angus x Simmental (Bos taurus) steers (533 ± 12 kg average body weight) to identify animal and ambient determinations of core body temperature (T _core) and respiration rate (RR) responses to heat stress. Steers were provided standard diet and water ad libitum, and implanted intraperitoneally with telemetric transmitters to monitor T _core hourly. Visual count of flank movement at 0800 and 1500 hours was used for RR. Dataloggers recorded air temperature (T _a), and black globe temperatures (T _bg) hourly to assess radiant heat load. Analysis was across four periods and 2 consecutive days averaged within each period. Average T _a and T _bg increased progressively from 21.7 to 30.3°C and 25.3 to 34.0°C, respectively, from the first to fourth periods. A model utilizing a quadratic function of T _a explained the most variation in T _core (R ² = 0.56). A delay in response from 1 to 3 h did not significantly improve R ² for this relationship. Measurements at 0800 and 1500 hours alone are sufficient to predict heat strain. Daily minimum core body temperature and initial 2-h rise in T _a were predictors of maximum core temperature and RR. Further studies using continuous monitoring are needed to expand prediction of heat stress impact under different conditions.     

Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus–Acer stand at Harvard Forest: the regulation of stomatal conductance by light, nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties

Our objective is to describe a multi-layer model of C₃-canopy processes that effectively simulates hourly CO₂ and latent energy (LE) fluxes in a mixed deciduous Quercus-Acer (oak–maple) stand in central Massachusetts, USA. The key hypothesis governing the biological component of the model is that stomatal conductance (g_s) is varied so that daily carbon uptake per unit of foliar nitrogen is maximized within the limitations of canopy water availability. The hydraulic system is modelled as an analogue to simple electrical circuits in parallel, including a separate soil hydraulic resistance, plant resistance and plant capacitance for each canopy layer. Stomatal opening is initially controlled to conserve plant water stores and delay the onset of water stress. Stomatal closure at a threshold minimum leaf water potential prevents xylem cavitation and controls the maximum rate of water flux through the hydraulic system. We show a strong correlation between predicted hourly CO₂ exchange rate (r²= 0.86) and LE (r²= 0.87) with independent whole-forest measurements made by the eddy correlation method during the summer of 1992. Our theoretical derivation shows that observed relationships between CO₂ assimilation and LE flux can be explained on the basis of stomatal behaviour optimizing carbon gain, and provides an explicit link between canopy structure, soil properties, atmospheric conditions and stomatal conductance.     

Root functioning in tropical high-elevation forests: Environmental vs. biological control of root water absorption

Lowered temperatures may reduce the root water uptake of tropical trees at high elevations through several mechanisms; however, field studies to test their relevance are lacking. We measured sap flux density (J) in small-diameter tree roots across a 2000-m elevation transect in a tropical mountain forest for quantifying the effects of temperature (T_a), VPD and soil moisture (θ) on root water flow and uptake at different elevations. Recently developed miniature heat balance-sap flow gauges were applied to roots of about 10 mm in diameter in mountain forest stands at 1050, 1890 and 3060 m a.s.l. in the Ecuadorian Andes and the measured flow was related to anatomical properties of the root xylem. Between 1050 and 3060 m, mean J decreased to about a third. VPD was the most influential environmental factor controlling J at 1050 and 1890 m, while T_a was the key determinant at 3060 m. Large vessels were absent in the root xylem of high-elevation trees which resulted in a 10-fold decrease of theoretical hydraulic conductivity (k_h^theor) between 1050 and 3060 m. We conclude that both physical limitations (reduced VPD, increased viscosity of water) and biological constraints (large decrease of k_h^theor) result in a significantly reduced J and root water uptake of the trees in high-elevation tropical forests.     

干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素

树干液流作为植物蒸散作用的水分来源,是植物水分消耗的直观量化监测指标,利用包裹式树干液流监测技术获取干旱区枸杞全生育期树干液流实时数据,分析了不同时间尺度树干液流变化特征及各气象要素对树干液流的影响,为明晰枸杞耗水规律及其影响因素提供了重要的佐证。结果表明:枸杞的树干液流量昼夜差异较大,白天液流量是夜间的10倍左右;晴天液流速率、日累积量及变化幅度均大于阴雨天气,晴天液流速率变化曲线且呈宽峰型,在06:30左右启动较阴天提前30min;夏季树干液流启动时间为6:00比秋季提前1h左右,夏季的峰值123g/h。盛果期液流速率最大10.32g/h,营养生长期最小1.35 g/h;6—8月旺盛生长季,平均日耗水1388.3g/d,5—11月全生育期日均耗水1102.7g/d;树干液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度均呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系;枸杞树干液流(F)与太阳辐射(S)、温度(T)、相对湿度(H)及饱和水汽压(VPD)符合方程F=41.5+0.167S-0.563H+1.36T-9.67VPD(R~2=0.6547)。     

塔里木河下游河岸柽柳林冠层导度变化特征及模拟

冠层导度(G_c)对植被的蒸腾和光合作用具有重要影响。利用涡度相关仪器实测了塔里木河下游河岸柽柳林地的蒸散发,以及气象因子(温度、湿度、总辐射、光和有效辐射),并利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了柽柳林在2013年生长季的冠层导度。结果显示:柽柳林冠层导度日变化过程在8:00左右迅速增大,于10:30左右达到最大值,之后缓慢下降,18:00左右快速降低;柽柳林冠层导度季节变化过程总体显示,展叶期缓慢上升,落叶期迅速下降,生长盛期缓慢波动下降;研究区,叶面积指数(LAI)是影响柽柳冠层导度季节变化的主要因素,其次为温度(T)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、总辐射(S)、空气饱和差(VPD);四元线性回归方程可以较好地拟合冠层导度与各因子的关系,利用2013年奇数天数据建立回归方程,对偶数天冠层导度值进行模拟和验证,RMSE值为0.169 mm/s,NSE值为0.814,达到了较高的模拟精度。     

Seasonal controls on interannual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of a near-end-of rotation Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest, 1997–2006

This study analyzes 9 years of eddy‐covariance (EC) data carried out in a Pacific Northwest Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii) forest (58‐year old in 2007) on the east coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, and characterizes the seasonal and interannual variability in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (R_e) and primary climatic controls on these fluxes. The annual values (± SD) of NEP, GPP and R_e were 357 ± 51, 2124 ± 125, and 1767 ± 146 g C m^?2 yr^?1, respectively, with ranges of 267–410, 1592–2338, and 1642–2071 g C m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. Spring to early summer (March–June) accounted for more than 80% of annual NEP while late spring to early autumn (May–August) was mainly responsible for its interannual variability (～80%). The major drivers of interannual variability in annual carbon (C) fluxes were annual and spring mean air temperatures (T_a) and water deficiency during late summer and autumn (July–October) when this Douglas‐fir forest growth was often water‐limited. Photosynthetically active radiation (Q), and the combination of Q and soil water content (θ) explained 85% and 91% of the variance of monthly GPP, respectively; and 91% and 96% of the variance of monthly R_e was explained by T_a and the combination of T_a and θ, respectively. Annual net C sequestration was high during optimally warm and normal precipitation years, but low in unusually warm or severely dry years. Excluding 1998 and 1999, the 2 years strongly affected by an El Niño/La Niña cycle, annual NEP significantly decreased with increasing annual mean T_a. Annual NEP will likely decrease whereas both annual GPP and R_e will likely increase if the future climate at the site follows a trend similar to that of the past 40 years.