2009年枣庄市婚检女青年艾滋病知识、态度调查及健康教育效果评价

[目的]了解婚检女青年艾滋病相关知识、态度,为在婚前女青年中开展预防艾滋病知识健康教育提供依据。[方法]2009年1~10月,在枣庄市市中区妇保院对接受婚前医学检查的724名女青年进行健康教育,并于教育前后进行相关知识、态度的问卷调查。[结果]调查724人,健康教育前后艾滋病知识总知晓率分别为53.82%、74.67%（P〈0.01）,健康教育后母婴传播艾滋病知晓率由51.08%上升到92.98%;对HIV感染者和艾滋病病人的态度正确率健康教育后有所提高,但部分人仍然存在歧视。[结论]婚检女青年艾滋病知识水平不高,对他们进行健康教育有助于提高艾滋病母婴传播等相关知识知晓率。     

2007年大兴区娱乐场所性服务小姐艾滋病知识、态度与行为调查

[目的]了解娱乐场所服务小姐艾滋病相关知识、危险行为及艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒感染状况,探讨针对该人群的干预策略.[方法]2007年8～10月,对北京市大兴区151名性服务小姐进行调查与检测.[结果]调查151人,艾滋病知识总知晓率为67.80%.1个月内商业性性行为时每次都用安全套的占27.80%.检测151人,HIV抗体均阴性,梅毒抗体阳性率为1.32%.[结论]娱乐场所性服务小姐艾滋病知识知晓率与安全套使用率均较低.     

北京市女性服刑人员艾滋病相关知识和态度现况调查

[目的]了解北京市女性服刑人员艾滋病知识、态度现状,为今后在女子监狱采取针对性的艾滋病健康教育工作提供依据.[方法]采用单纯随机抽样的方法,对520名女性罪犯采用匿名自填问卷的方法调查其艾滋病相关知识和态度.[结果]艾滋病知识总体知晓率为80.3%;传播知识知晓率为81%,预防知识知晓率为77.9%;对艾滋病感染者和患者的正确态度率为54.9%,知识和态度存在不一致的情况.年龄和文化程度是影响艾滋病相关知识掌握程度的两种因素.[结论]今后监狱艾滋病健康教育应着重于传播知晓率低的内容,促进女性服刑人员对艾滋病感染者态度的改变,将年龄大、文化程度低的女性服刑人员作为重点人群.     

建水县暗娼艾滋病综合监测分析报告

[目的] 了解建水县暗娼人群艾滋病相关知识的知晓率和危险行为的情况,为制定干预措施和评价干预效果提供依据.[方法] 采用双阶段概率抽样法(PPS),对调查对象进行面对面问卷调查,同时采集3ml～5ml静脉血进行HIV 抗体检测和梅毒检测.[结果]艾滋病防治知识知晓率为87.2%;最近一次与客人发生性关系时使用安全套的占95.2%;与固定性伴每次性行为时均使用安全套的占43.2%;最近一年接受至少一项干预的比例为90.6%.[结论] 项目实施后暗娼人群中艾滋病相关知识知晓率和行为形成率较项目启动时明显改善,但暗娼坚持每次都使用安全套的比例较低,提示在干预工作中更应该注重提高每次安全套使用率.     

南宁市大众艾滋病知识认知状况调查

[目的]了解南宁市大众艾滋病知识状况及获得途径,为今后进一步开展大众的艾滋病健康教育提供指导依据.[方法]结合"2007年预防艾滋病公益宣传项目"的开展,采取整群随机抽样的方法,调查南宁市火车站及4个汽车站、4个大型社区共710人.[结果]95.4%的被调查者之前已通过多种途径接触了艾滋病相关知识,4.6%的回答仅通过本次宣传了解;15～49岁人群的艾滋病基本知识总体知晓率为74.1%,其中城市居民、农村居民、农民工、校内青少年、校外青少年及其他人群的艾滋病知识知晓率依次为82.9%、61.5%、63%、70.3%、52.5%及76.2%.大众对艾滋病的3种传播途径知晓率较高,均在80%以上,但对非传播途径知晓率较低;获得艾滋病知识的主要途径是通过大众媒体(广播、电视、宣传栏等),其次是报刊书籍和本次宣传.[结论]应根据不同人群的特点,不间断地采取形式多样的健康教育方式,提高南宁市大众的艾滋病防治知识水平.     

广州地区流动女工艾滋病相关知识、态度及行为特征的调查研究

[目的]了解广州市流动女工艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为特征及其影响因素,为今后针对该人群提高预防艾滋病的技能和开展艾滋病健康教育干预提供科学依据.[方法]采用横断面调查,被调查对象匿名自填问卷,调查员在场解答被调查对象的疑问并当场收取问卷.[结果]被调查的流动女工对艾滋病非传播途径知晓率仅为20.4%～33.7%.年龄和文化程度为艾滋病知识得分的两个影响因素.34.4%的人对接触艾滋病病人感到极度恐惧,60.5%的人感到害怕,对婚前性行为和婚外性行为持赞成或无所谓态度的人分别占17.7%和9.8%,34.2%的人承认有两个以上性伴侣.从来没有使用安全套的人占49.4%.[结论]要根据流动女工的特点,有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育,才能使流动女工具有自我保护意识和能力.     

2004年烟台市某高等学校入学新生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查

[目的]了解大学新生艾滋病知识、态度及行为,以便有针对性地开展预防艾滋病健康教育工作.[方法]2004年10月,对烟台市某高等学校入学新生进行问卷调查.[结果]调查1 326人,艾滋病知识总知晓率为69.08%,其中艾滋病基础知识、传播途径、非传播途径知识的知晓率分别为98.79%、62.14%、70.97%.艾滋病知识总知晓率,来自城市的为73.94%,来自农村的为62.16%(P＜0.01);男生为62.97%,女生为75.79%(P＜0.01).获得艾滋病知识的途径主要是电视广播(占88.16%)、报刊书籍(占76.32%)、网络(占35.52%);81.52%对艾滋病患者或艾滋病病毒携带者持正确态度;93.44%认为很有必要在大学生中开展预防艾滋病健康教育活动.[结论]大学新生对艾滋病知识的认知水平较高,但不全面.     

依托性病门诊开展艾滋病自愿咨询检测效果分析

[目的]了解自愿咨询检测(VCT)情况,为求询者提供干预措施,降低感染危险,完善VCT服务质量.[方法]对2004年～2007年到思茅市疾控中心性病门诊寻求自愿咨询检测个案资料进行统计分析.[结果]咨询2102人次,男性占58.56%;女性871人,占41.44%,年龄以20岁～30岁青壮年为主,占76.4%,曾患过性病的有655人,咨询后进行HIV抗体检测1104人,发现艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染和病人(AIDS)93例,阳性率8.42%,咨询内容以艾滋病传播途径、预防知识、检测方法、心理诉求为主.[结论]在性病门诊开展VCT服务,高危人群易接受咨询检测,能及早发现艾滋病毒感染.VCT是艾滋病健康教育、高危人群行为干预、安全套促进、预防与关怀的切入点.     

我国部分地区孕妇艾滋病知识知晓状况

目的 了解我国部分艾滋病高发地区一般孕妇关于艾滋病及预防艾滋病母婴传播相关知识知晓程度,并对其影响因素进行分析.方法 2005年5～7月在两个艾滋病高发地区对接受孕期保健的774名孕妇进行艾滋病相关知识知晓情况调查.结果 ①两个地区的孕妇对艾滋病一般知识知晓率最高达到59.69%,母婴传播相关知识知晓率最高仅有21.18%;②受教育程度高、初孕、有过婚前性行为的孕妇对艾滋病母婴传播相关知识知晓率较高;③受教育程度高(OR=2.05,95% CI=1.69～2.51,P<0.01)、能够接受婚前性行为、愿意与艾滋病感染者交往(OR=4.65,95%C/=3.21～6.71,P<0.01)、接受过艾滋病病毒抗体检测(OR=2.00,95% CI=1.33～2.97,P<0.01)、到外地打过工等因素可能提高孕妇对艾滋病一般知识知晓率.结论 我国部分艾滋病高发地区孕妇人群对艾滋病相关知识知晓率较低,艾滋病母婴传播相关知识十分薄弱,应加强预防艾滋病母婴传播的健康教育,以提高孕妇人群对艾滋病相关知识知晓率.     

婚前保健人群性病/艾滋病知识知晓现状分析

通过 3792例婚前保健对象问卷调查 ,获得性病 /艾滋病知识的知晓率为 44 .9%～ 6 1.6 % ,知晓率与性别、文化、职业相关。约 70 %的人认为不应歧视性病患者 ,对有关防治知识的需求高达 92 .0 %。提出婚前保健对象应是进行性病艾滋病知识教育的重点人群 ,有针对性地提高他们的知晓率 ,建议在婚前保健人群进行 HIV抗体筛查 ,加强医务人员专业培训等建议。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.