大剂量甲泼尼龙可能加速急性百草枯中毒小鼠死亡的初步研究

目的观察大剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠对于急性百草枯(paraquat,PQ)中毒小鼠的疗效。方法 65只Balb/c小鼠随机分成染毒组30只、治疗组30只和甲泼尼龙对照组5只;P染毒组依据染毒不同剂量PQ(50、70、100、150、200、300 mg/kg)随机分成6组,治疗组在小鼠染毒不同剂量的PQ后均加用大剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠(195 mg/kg),甲泼尼龙对照组仅给予甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠(195 mg/kg);比较染毒组和治疗组的半数致死量。结果(1)染毒组小鼠在染毒后24 h、48 h、72 h的LD50分别为216.67 mg/kg、216.67 mg/kg和188.24 mg/kg;治疗组小鼠在染毒后24 h、48 h、72 h的LD50分别为70.42 mg/kg、70.42 mg/kg和87.66 mg/kg。(2)治疗组小鼠染毒后24 h、48 h、72 h的LD50明显小于染毒组。结论急性PQ中毒Balb/c小鼠腹腔注射大剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠后可能加速其死亡。 更多还原     

红旗东方豚肉的急性毒性

[目的 ]为了解红旗东方豚肉食用的安全性 ,对红旗东方豚肉进行了急性毒性试验。 [方法 ]先将河豚鱼去皮取 10g肉剪碎 ,置高速组织分散器中加少量蒸馏水匀浆 ( 80 0 0r/min) 1min ,重复 3次 ,加蒸馏水至 2 0ml,供试验用 ;选用健康昆明种小鼠 2 0只 ,雌雄各 10只 ,体重为 18～ 2 2g。以 10g/kg体重的剂量进行灌胃 ,灌胃量为 0 2ml/10g。连续观察 14d。记录中毒表现及死亡情况 ;同时选用健康Wistar大鼠 2 0只 ,雌雄各 10只 ,体重为 18 0～ 2 2 0g。灌胃量为 10ml/kg体重 ,剂量相当于 10g/kg ,连续观察 14d。记录中毒表现及死亡情况。 [结果 ]在本实验室条件下 ,以 10g/kg体重的剂量灌胃 ,两种性别的大鼠、小鼠、14d观察期间 ,未见明显中毒症状 ,也无死亡 ,尸检未见各脏器有明显病理改变。 [结论 ]在本实验条件下 ,受试的河豚肉对两种性别的大鼠、小鼠经口LD50 均大于 10g/kg。     

雷公藤红素体内与体外急性毒性试验结果的比较

[目的]研究雷公藤红素对3T3细胞的毒性作用,获得的细胞毒性结果预测急性毒性半数致死量(LD50),并与采用小鼠上下法(UDP)和Bliss法测定的急性毒性数值进行比较. [方法]以已验证的3T3细胞中性红摄取为细胞毒性模型,以0.01～2.05 mg/L的8个浓度(剂间比为2.15)的雷公藤红素进行处理,分别于处理后48h进行中性红摄取试验,计算半数抑制浓度(IC50).以RC数学模型预测其全身急性毒性LD50.参考此LD50值设定起始剂量进行小鼠上下法实验.取70只ICR小鼠,雌雄各半,以3、4、5、6、7、8mg/kg的雷公藤红素溶液和0mg/kg[4％二甲亚砜(DMSO)氯化钠注射液]静脉给药,观察14d,根据动物死亡率采用Bliss法计算LD50. [结果]雷公藤红素3T3细胞中性红摄取试验的IC50值为(0.1197 ±0.0187)mg/L(n=2),决定系数R2＞ 0.96,预测其全身急性毒性LDs0为5.375 mg/kg.上下法起始剂量设为3.3 mg/kg,测得雷公藤红素在ICR小鼠的LD50值为3.157 mg/kg,95％可信区间为3.1～5.5 mg/kg.小鼠Bliss法测定急性毒性LD50为4.899mg/kg,95％可信区间为4.483～5.354 mg/kg. [结论]雷公藤红素的体外3T3细胞毒性预测急性毒性与体内方法所得数值一致.     

γ-羟基丁酸与二巯丙磺酸钠对急性毒鼠强中毒小鼠的治疗作用

目的 探讨γ-羟基丁酸与二巯丙磺酸钠对急性毒鼠强中毒小鼠的疗效.方法 对小鼠用一次性口服毒鼠强染毒(每10 g体重0.025 mg毒鼠强)后将60只小鼠分为对照组、治疗1组、治疗2组和治疗3组,每组15只.治疗1组给予二巯丙磺酸钠(每10 g体重注射2.5 mg剂量)、治疗2组给予γ-羟基丁酸(每10 g体重注射1.25 mg剂量)、治疗3组的γ-羟基丁酸+二巯丙磺酸钠腹腔注射,观察各组小鼠发生中毒惊厥潜伏期、1 h内抽搐间隔时间、平均死亡时间、死亡小鼠数和死亡率.结果 治疗1组1 h死亡率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗2组和治疗3组1、24 h死亡率明显低于对照组及治疗1组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗2组和治疗3组中毒惊厥潜伏期分别为(9.6±3.5)、(10.7±3.9)min,1 h内抽搐间隔时间分别为(11.8±4.0)、(12.1±5.1)min,平均死亡时间分别为(58.7±17.6)、(67.7±18.6)min,比对照组和治疗1组延长,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而治疗1组中毒惊厥潜伏期、1 h内抽搐间隔时间及平均死亡时间与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 二巯丙磺酸钠对急性毒鼠强中毒小鼠无肯定的治疗作用,γ-羟基丁酸能明显延缓小鼠中毒后的惊厥、抽搐发作,降低死亡率.     

硝化甘油毒性研究

本文报道了硝化甘油的急性和亚慢性毒性。主要急性毒作用是对循环、中枢神经及血液系统的作用。大鼠及小鼠经口的LD50分别为428.4mg/kg和390.4mg/kg,小鼠腹腔注射LD50为252.5mg/kg。亚慢性毒性:200mg/kg剂量组12/14动物死亡,80及40mg/kg组出现明显中毒,20mg/kg组出现轻度中毒,中毒主要表现为高铁血红蛋白血症、睾丸组织萎缩及大剂量影响心脏舒缩功能。     

香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠的急性毒性和骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率的影响

[目的]探讨香烟烟雾水溶物对雄性健康小鼠的急性毒性作用及其对骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率的影响。[方法]以香烟烟雾水溶物为试验材料,用Horn's法测其LD50,进行小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验。[结果]该香烟烟雾水溶物的LD50为56.2 mg/kg,95%可信区间为33.8~82.5 mg/kg,按毒性分级标准,该水溶性提取物的毒性为中等毒;其低、中、高(1/8 LD50、1/4 LD50、1/2 LD50)剂量组的微核率分别为4.0‰、6.2‰、10.2‰,明显高于阴性对照组的1.8‰,并在一定范围内呈现明显的剂量-反应关系。[结论]香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠有较强的急性毒性,属于中等毒,可引起小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率增高,有一定的致突变作用。     

氯敌鼠钠盐对长爪沙鼠急性毒力的研究

目的测定氯敌鼠钠盐对长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)的急性毒力。方法依据孙氏改良寇氏综合计算法,以测致死中量(LD50)的方式,配制5个浓度梯度的氯敌鼠钠盐药液供给试鼠;试验采用经口一次灌胃法。结果测得其LD50值为0.325mg/kg,标准误为0.058,其95%平均可信限为(0.325±0.085)mg/kg;试鼠性别、体重、死亡时间各项指标经方差检验差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论按毒力分级标准,氯敌鼠钠盐对长爪沙鼠急性毒力达到极毒水平,在实际鼠防工作中可作为慢性毒药的补充,也可独立使用。     

氯敌鼠钠盐对布氏田鼠的急性毒力研究

目的测定氯敌鼠钠盐对布氏田鼠的急性毒力.方法依据孙氏改良寇氏综合计算法,以测试致死中量(LD50)的方式,配制8个浓度梯度的氯敌鼠钠盐药液供给试鼠;试验采用经口一次灌胃法.结果根据各浓度结果测得其LD50值为5.913 mg/kg,s(x)为0.082 mg/kg,95%平均可信限为(5.913±2.172)mg/kg;该药对雌雄鼠的毒力差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论按毒力分级标准,该药达到剧毒水平,在实际鼠防工作中可作为慢性毒药的补充.     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠的急性毒性及蓄积毒性试验研究

目的:观察纳米氧化铜对小白鼠的急性毒性及蓄积毒性,为临床提供依据。方法:1.急性毒性试验:给试验小鼠灌服不同浓度的纳米氧化铜混悬液,观察14 d内小鼠的活动情况及死亡情况,测定小鼠灌胃的LD50,采用改良寇氏公式计算LD50及可信限;2.蓄积毒性试验:依据20 d蓄积毒性试验法设计,取20~22 g小白鼠,共设5组,每组10只,雌雄各半,第1组为空白对照组,给试验小鼠灌服不同浓度的纳米氧化铜混悬液分别为28.90(1/20LD50)、57.81(1/10LD50)、115.62(1/5LD50)和298.05(1/2LD50)mg/(kg.bw)剂量,每日灌胃1次,连续灌胃20 d,通过对小白鼠灌服纳米氧化铜进行了蓄积毒性试验。结果:1.急性毒性试验:纳米氧化铜对小白鼠的LD50为578.09 mg/(kg.bw),其95%可信限343.92~971.63 mg/(kg.bw)。2.蓄积毒性试验:试验结果表明0和1/20LD50剂量组小白鼠全部存活,1/2LD50剂量组10只小白鼠全部死亡;1/5LD50剂量组小白鼠死亡5只,存活5只;1/10LD50剂量组小白鼠死亡2只,存活8只。结论:高剂量纳米氧化铜可对小鼠的肾脏、小肠、肝脏等组织器官造成广泛性损伤,并引起严重的淤血、出血等病理变化。依据判定标准,证明纳米氧化铜对小白鼠有中等蓄积毒性作用。     

氟乙酰胺对大鼠心肌细胞的影响及乙酰胺解毒效果观察

目的　观察氟乙酰胺对大鼠心肌细胞的影响及乙酰胺解毒效果。方法　将 4组SD大鼠分别给予不同剂量的氟乙酰胺 (经口灌胃 ) ,其中 2组给予治疗剂量的乙酰胺 (腹腔注射 )。观察各组中毒后不同阶段心肌细胞和心肌酶 [天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)、磷酸肌酸激酶同功酶 (CK MB)、α 羟丁酸脱氢酶 (HBDH) ]的变化。结果　氟乙酰胺高剂量组 (8mg/kg)染毒后 2 4h ,AST、CK、HBDH升高 ,分别为 (5 89.5 8± 82 1.72 )、(916 .78± 343.5 5 )、(5 0 4 .4 7±14 8.88)U/L ,与对照组 [分别为 (187.70± 4 6 .87)、(75 5 .6 5± 4 98.90 )、(347.2 5± 2 2 8.4 0 )U/L]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;心肌细胞变性、溶解坏死和炎症细胞浸润 ,雄性大鼠 3d内全部死亡。染毒后 5d ,氟乙酰胺低剂量组 (4mg/kg)的LDH[(14 86 .5 8± 6 2 9.80 )U/L]、HBDH[(5 14 .83± 2 0 1.78)U/L]明显升高 ,与对照组 [分别为 (84 1.17± 2 18.86 )、(337.2 5± 6 2 .0 7)U/L]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。染毒后 10d各实验组心肌酶的差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;病理检查仍可见一定程度的间质纤维细胞增生。给予乙酰胺 (10 0mg/kg)后可减轻病理改变的程度。结论　急性氟乙酰胺中毒可引起心肌细胞可逆     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

骨钙素与儿童生长发育

骨钙素是成骨细胞分泌的骨蛋白 ,骨钙素水平与成骨细胞活性成正相关 ,是一项很好的反映骨形成与骨转化的生化指标。小儿骨生长发育有自身特点 ,骨钙素水平的改变类似儿童身高生长曲线 ,可以很好地应用于评价儿童生长发育及监测生长障碍患儿对治疗的反应     

Cholesterol and Egg Intakes with Cardiometabolic and All-Cause Mortality among Chinese and Low-Income Black and White Americans

We examined the associations of dietary cholesterol and egg intakes with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality among Chinese and low-income Black and White Americans. Included were 47,789 Blacks, 20,360 Whites, and 134,280 Chinese aged 40–79 years at enrollment. Multivariable Cox models with restricted cubic splines were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality outcomes using intakes of 150 mg cholesterol/day and 1 egg/week as the references. Cholesterol intake showed a nonlinear association with increased all-cause mortality and a linear association with increased cardiometabolic mortality among Black Americans: HRs (95% CIs) associated with 300 and 600 mg/day vs. 150 mg/day were 1.07 (1.03–1.11) and 1.13 (1.05–1.21) for all-cause mortality (P-linearity = 0.04, P-nonlinearity = 0.002, and P-overall < 0.001) and 1.10 (1.03–1.16) and 1.21 (1.08–1.36) for cardiometabolic mortality (P-linearity = 0.007, P-nonlinearity = 0.07, and P-overall = 0.005). Null associations with all-cause or cardiometabolic mortality were noted for White Americans (P-linearity ≥ 0.13, P-nonlinearity ≥ 0.06, and P-overall ≥ 0.05 for both). Nonlinear inverse associations were observed among Chinese: HR (95% CI) for 300 vs. 150 mg/day was 0.94 (0.92–0.97) for all-cause mortality and 0.91 (0.87–0.95) for cardiometabolic mortality, but the inverse associations disappeared with cholesterol intake > 500 mg/day (P-linearity ≥ 0.12; P-nonlinearity ≤ 0.001; P-overall < 0.001 for both). Similarly, we observed a positive association of egg intake with all-cause mortality in Black Americans, but a null association in White Americans and a nonlinear inverse association in Chinese. In conclusion, the associations of cholesterol and egg intakes with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality may differ across ethnicities who have different dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk profiles. However, residual confounding remains possible.