MODIS雪深反演数学模型验证及分析

在MODIS卫星遥感积雪监测的基础上,利用雪深反演数学模型、积雪指数NDSI和多光谱阈值等相结合的方法,对2004年以来新疆北疆地区的积雪分布状况进行了反演和计算,并利用2004年11月～2005年3月冬季北疆地区气象台站雪深数据和2004年12月～2006年1月加密野外实测雪深数据,对反演雪深数据进行了验证及分析,北疆各地除塔城地区反演精度为83.2%以外,其它地区反演精度达85.2%以上,平均反演精度达86.2%;野外实测数据验证反演精度达92%以上。     

乌鲁木齐河源雪密度观测研究

乌鲁木齐河源高山区积雪形成期(10月)积雪层的月平均密度为140kg/m~3,稳定积雪前期(11—2月)和稳定积雪后期(3—4月)雪层的月平均密度分别为190—210kg/m~3和175kg/m~3,非稳定积雪期(5—9月)的新雪密度介于90—125kg/m~3,平均值为112kg/m~3。统计分析表明,冬季积雪层的平均密度不随积雪深度而变化,但与5日平均气温和5日合计降水量呈反相关关系,夏季新雪的密度随雪深的增大而上升,风速对冬季积雪层平均密度和夏季新雪密度均无明显影响作用。     

基于MODIS数据的雪深反演--以天山北坡经济带为例

应用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）数据进行雪深遥感反演理论和方法的研究.利用全波 段地物光谱仪对不同深度的积雪进行反射光谱值野外量测且同步测定雪深,通过分析雪深和 反射光谱值的关系确定反演雪深的MODIS最佳观测通道,应用新疆地区冬季MODIS 1B数据, 以天山北坡经济带为实验区,结合该区域同期气象台地面雪深观测记录数据建立雪深遥感反 演数学公式.雪深反演结果与实测值对比表明,应用MODIS数据进行大区域雪深反演时 ,其结果具有分辨率高、监测范围广的特点,可以清楚反映积雪覆盖范围和雪深空间分布特征,对地表径流量计算、农业开发等具有应用价值.     

基于微波遥感数据的雪情参数反演方法

微波遥感传感器在36.5 GHz通道会因雪深超过其穿透深度而出现信号饱和,从而导致雪深被低估。针对该问题,首先建立了18.7 GHz与36.5 GHz通道亮温差和10.7 GHz与18.7 GHz通道亮温差相结合的积雪深度分层反演新方法,然后利用GCOM-W1星上搭载的AMSR2传感器数据估算了2012年12月至2013年2月新疆每日积雪深度,结合同期的气象站点观测数据与野外实测数据对遥感反演结果进行了评价。结果表明,所建立模型能够很好识别新疆地区积雪的空间分布状况,雪深的估算结果明显优于常用的Chang模型。     

基于HJ-1数据的木孜塔格峰地区雪深时空变化

以木孜塔格峰地区为研究区,从不同坡度、坡向的样方内测量雪深和采集光谱,通过分析归一化差分雪盖指数（Normalized Difference Snow Index,NDSI）、反照率、HJ-1卫星的红外波段反射率与雪深的相关关系,建立了适用于HJ-1星的积雪深度反演模型,估算出2012年4月14日-25日木孜塔格峰地区的雪深时空变化,并结合实测数据进行验证。结果表明:反照率反演模型的复相关系数为0.992;通过NDSI阈值区分混合雪盖像元和积雪像元,雪深估测精度可达92.78%。冰川区的反照率、NDSI与海拔的相关系数分别为0.626和0.733,且高海拔带反照率值明显高于低海拔带的反照率值。受西风带降雪的影响,非冰川区的北坡雪深值较大;西坡、南坡次之;东坡最小,且雪深最大值出现在坡度约等于10°处。雪深估测的相对误差随着样地的坡度增大而增加,坡度为15°时相对误差较大。     

北极中心海域海冰特征,积雪及变质过程

根据我国首次北极地区的考察观察观测资料，分析了北冰洋８８°Ｎ￣９０°Ｎ考察路段上海冰形态和雪层剖面特征，划分出３种冰形态类型和相应的积雪分布形式，指出了不同积雪分布形式下雪深测量、雪层剖面观测以及雪坑采样的适宜性。海冰上覆积雪的积消过程表现为缓慢的积累和快速的消融，雪深空间分布与降水来源有极大的关系。遥感监测和雪层剖面观证明北冰海洋冰上覆积雪无明显“年积累”大于“年消融”的区域，属于季节性积雪。     

北极多源积雪深度数据对比评估及其对海冰厚度估算的影响

积雪深度是估算海冰厚度重要的参数之一,目前对不同积雪深度产品精度及其可适用范围的评估研究较少,也缺乏系统性的认知。本研究选取了11种北极积雪深度产品,根据产品的不同时间范围,分为2013—2018年和2018—2019年2个评估时间段。根据上述时间段,对比分析了各产品之间的差异性,然后将这些产品与“冰桥行动”和海冰质量平衡浮标的现场观测结果进行了评估。所有产品都显示格陵兰岛和加拿大北极群岛的北部积雪深度较厚,而在东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海、喀拉海、巴伦支海沿线区域的积雪深度较薄,不过,部分产品在时空变化上仍存在较大差异。与“冰桥行动”的观测数据对比发现,大部分产品数据雪深都较厚, AMSR2B和IS2/CS2分别在2013—2018年和2018—2019年的评估时间段内差异较小,拟合度较好。与海冰质量平衡浮标的对比结果显示,绝大部分产品数据雪深都较薄,并且差异性较大,其中NESOSIM在整个时期拟合度较好。利用不同产品的积雪深度反演海冰厚度的结果差异显著,与“冰桥行动”观测的海冰厚度对比发现, FY3B/MWRI和IS2/CS2分别在2013—2018年和2018—2019年的评估时间段...     

基于GNSS-R技术的阿拉斯加州积雪深度反演及其应用

利用GNSS-R(全球导航卫星系统反射测量)技术进行准确的雪深监测已成为传统雪深测量的重要补充手段。本文使用GNSS-R技术反演了2012—2018年美国阿拉斯加州4个GPS观测站附近的雪深结果,结合加拿大气象中心(Canadian Meteorological Centre, CMC)提供的雪深模型数据产品,以PBO(Plate Boundary Observatory)H2O项目组提供的雪深资料为参考值,分析了不同手段获取的雪深值在不同时间尺度上的变化特征,同时评估了GNSS-R反演雪深结果作为独立数据集验证CMC模型数据的能力。结果表明:GNSS-R、CMC和PBO得到的长时间序列雪深结果均具有较为一致的明显周期性变化,整体上GNSS-R反演结果比CMC数据精度更高,更能反映雪深的年际变化情况。GNSS-R反演值和CMC模拟值均能够反映各测站PBO雪深值的逐月变化规律,但GNSS-R反演值的精度和稳定性总体上优于CMC模拟值。GNSS-R反演结果比CMC模拟值与PBO雪深值的季节性变化更具一致性,且对于本文研究的4个测站,GNSS-R反演雪深的精度和稳定性在雪深值较大的春季和冬季...     

青藏高原积雪对全球变暖的响应

根据６０个地面基本气象台站１９５７－１９９２年逐日雪深观测记录，用统计模式检验了青藏高原积雪变化趋势，证明近３６年来高原积雪变化呈普遍增加趋势，并且与北球冬季气温呈正相关，高原积雪的增加与北半球温带低地春季积雪面积自８０年代后期的减少形成了鲜明的对比，与两个大陆冰盖雪积累率的增加相一致。     

基于GF-1的青藏高原东南部积雪分布及MODIS积雪产品适用性研究

青藏高原东南部海拔高,地形复杂,云量大,准确掌握该地区的积雪分布特征对于积雪灾害防治非常重要。论文以2013—2019年冬季积雪积累期云量符合要求的35景高分一号(GF-1)影像为基础,将全色影像和多光谱影像融合为2 m分辨率影像,通过目视解译获取了研究区积雪的空间分布特征,结合改进后的30 m分辨率SRTM DEM,探讨了地形对积雪分布的影响。结果表明：积雪像元在研究区范围内占比为33.1%。积雪的垂直分布特征明显：积雪在高程带4000~5000 m(高海拔)处分布较集中,积雪面积占比为18.1%;在高程带0~2000 m、2000~3000 m和6000~7000 m处积雪面积占比均不到0.1%。积雪在北坡、东北坡的分布比例较高,均为15%以上;在南坡、西坡、西南坡、东南坡分布比例较低,均为10%左右。将基于GF-1影像获取的积雪分布分别与同日获取的根据MODIS V6积雪产品计算的积雪比例(MODIS FSC)和积雪分布的对比表明,64.4%的MODIS FSC像元绝对误差不超过10%,MODIS积雪分布产品对含雪像元的漏分率和误分率平均为33.8%和32.7%,说明MODIS积雪产品在研究区的精度还具有较高的不确定性,其对低覆盖积雪反演的精度较差。这表明利用MODIS积雪产品研究青藏高原东南部积雪的时空变化特征时还需要对其积雪反演算法进行改进,同时亟需加强地面观测和基于多源遥感数据的积雪研究。研究结果可为青藏高原东南部雪冰灾害防治提供支撑。     

中国区域降雪量和降雪频率对沙尘天气的影响作用分析

1970—2000年间气象台站降雪量和沙尘天气统计结果显示,在中国冬春季主要积雪覆盖区域,沙尘天气发生频次相对较低,各类沙尘天气基本发生在积雪覆盖率低、年降雪量少的区域。时间序列分析结果进一步显示,年降雪量和沙尘天气之间存在显著的负相关,降雪量的增多对沙尘天气的年发生次数具有明显的抑制作用。同时,年降雪频率也是影响沙尘天气爆发频次的重要因素之一。对于中国西北干旱少雪的地区,尤其体现在新疆北部地区,年降雪频率的增加能够显著地减少各类沙尘天气的发生次数。     

Sub-regional snow cover distribution across the southern Appalachian Mountains

Abstract

Snowfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountain region of the eastern US is characterized by much spatiotemporal variability. Annual snowfall totals vary by up to 75 cm, and variations in snowfall intensity can lead to large differences in the local snowfall distribution. Research has shown that the synoptic pattern associated with the snowfall strongly influences the regional-scale distribution of snow cover. However, topographic variability results in locally complex snow cover patterns that are not well understood or documented. In this study, we characterize the snow covered area (SCA) and fractional snow cover associated with different synoptic patterns in 14 individual sub-regions. We analyze 63 snow events using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer standard snow cover products to ascertain both qualitative and quantitative differences in snow cover across sub-regions. Among sub-regions, there is significant variation in the snow cover pattern from individual synoptic classes. Furthermore, the percent SCA follows the regional snowfall climatology, and sub-regions with the highest elevations and northerly latitudes exhibit the greatest variability. Results of the sub-regional analysis provide valuable guidance to forecasters by contributing a deeper understanding of local snow cover patterns and their relationship to synoptic-scale circulation features.     

中尼公路雪害及防灾对策

本文在大量野外实地调查基础上，通过对中尼公路沿线吹雪、积雪和雪崩成因背景的分析，揭示了中尼公路雪灾的分布规律和形成机制，并提出各类雪灾的防治对策。对康山桥特大雪崩灾害进行了深入研究，提出了可供实施的整治方案及进一步工作的建议，对中尼公路整治必建工程具有重要的指导意义。     

Downstream geomorphic impacts of large dams: the case of Glenbawn Dam,NSW

Downstream hydrologic effects since the closure of Glenbawn Dam, a large dual-purpose storage for water conservation and flood mitigation, include: (i) a reduction in mean annual runoff of about 21 × 10⁶ m³; (ii) a change in the probability distribution of mean daily flows involving a truncation of flows >;8 × 10⁶ m³ d^?1, a much reduced frequency of flows >7 × 10⁵ m³ d^?1 and an increased frequency of flows <7 × 10⁵ m³ d^?1; and (iii) a reduction in flood magnitude of at least 80 per cent for all probabilities of exceedance. From suspended sediment samples collected before and after dam closure, sediment trap efficiency has been estimated at 99 per cent.An accommodation adjustment of the channel has occurred upstream of the first unregulated tributary because the bed is armoured, the banks are well vegetated, some bedrock and concrete controls are present and all regulated releases are incompetent to transport the bed material. Immediately downstream of the first unregulated tributary, the channel has contracted by up to 45 per cent and degraded by up to 69 per cent during lateral migration. Further downstream no channel changes were recorded although the bed material has progressively coarsened over time.     

Groundwater Assessment for Current and Future Water Demand in the Daka Catchment,Northern Region,Ghana

The use of untreated surface water for domestic purposes has resulted in the infection of some people by guinea worm and other water borne diseases in the Northern Region of Ghana. The aim of this study is to assess the current groundwater quantity and quality conditions in the 7,820 km² Daka catchment and project the water demand in 2025. Results of groundwater analyses generally show good water quality for domestic use. Borehole analyses indicate that the catchment’s groundwater system can be characterized by a regolith aquifer underlain by a deeper fractured rock aquifer in some areas. The current per capita water demand is estimated at 40 l/day although 60 l/day is the desired amount, indicating that with the current population of 363,350, the projected water demand for the communities is 21,800 m³/day. With a projected population of 555,500 in 2025, an expected 33,300 m³/day of water is required. The estimated optimum potential groundwater available for use in the catchment is 154 × 10⁶ m³/year (4.24 × 10⁵ m³/day). However, the current total groundwater abstraction is only 8,876 m³/day or 2% of the optimum. In comparison, the projected total current and 2025 water demands are only 5 and 8%, respectively, of the optimum potential groundwater available for use in the catchment. In addition, only 1,780 m³/day (0.65 × 10⁶ m³/year) or 0.06% of the average annual flow of 1,016 × 10⁶ m³/year of the Daka River is treated for domestic use. These figures reveal that a significantly very large water resource potential exists for both surface and groundwater development in the Daka catchment. It is suggested that their development should proceed conjunctively.     

Decrease in snowfall/rainfall ratio in the Tibetan Plateau from 1961 to 2013

On the basis of two gridded datasets of daily precipitation and temperature with a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5°, and meteorological station data released by the National Meteorological Information Center (NMIC) during 1961–2013, the spatial and temporal variations of total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and snowfall/rainfall ratio (S/R) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed using Sen’s slope, the Mann–Kendall mutation test, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the Morlet wavelet. Total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall generally show statistically significant increasing trends of 0.6 mm·a^–1 and 1.3 mm·a^–1, respectively, while amount of snowfall and S/R have significant decreasing trends of–0.6 mm·a^–1 and–0.5% a^–1, respectively. In most regions, due to significant increasing trends in total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall, and significant decreasing trends in amount of snowfall, S/R shows a decreasing trend in the TP. Abrupt changes in total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and S/R are detected for 2005, 2004, 1996 and 1998, respectively. Total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and S/R are concentrated in cycles of approximately 5 years, 10 years, 16 years and 20 years, respectively. The trend magnitudes for total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall all show decreasing-to-increasing trends with elevation, while amount of snowfall and S/R show decreasing trends.     

RS与GIS支持下的草地雪灾监测试验研究

冬季降雪是影响我国北方草原牧区畜牧业发展的重要因子。在草地雪灾监测和危险性评价过程中，确定积雪区域和积雪深度与牧草高度之间的关系是关键步骤。通过在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原的试验研究，可以认为：应用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ气象卫星资料确定积雪分布范围、应用地面气象站观测的降雪量资料及由ＤＥＭ生成的地形参数确定积雪深 是在较大范围内进行雪灾监测的有效方法。     

南极长城站积雪及其消融过程

南极长城站区稳定积雪期始于4月中至6月初,8月中至10月达最大深度。1988年沿海地带一般积雪深度为0.6～0.8m,低洼处及建筑物附近可达1.2～1.6m,甚至超过1.8m;潮汐带雪盖下部温度受海冰影响普遍偏低;11月底至来年1月初的消融过程中,积雪表层常常处于相变区,雪层底部温度比冰点低0.02℃,融水下渗形成雪盖下部潜流;积雪相态及其温度变化与大气-雪感热通量的变化过程相对应,大气-雪感热交换是积雪消融的重要因子之一。     

中国西北水资源利用及生态环境安全

1 Introduction In the 21st century, water resources will become the international and strategic resource instead of petroleum (Kang et al., 1994a, b). At present, the freshwater resources crisis all over the world has made people aware that although water…     

近一千年来贺兰山积雪和气候变化

通过对历史文献中关于贺兰山积雪变化记录的研究,以及其他反映贺兰山气候变化的环境信息的分析,确认贺兰山地区西夏、元明时期为冷凉气候,积雪特征反映的气候变化与中国西部气候变化相一致。通过贺兰山与天山、太白山、点苍山积雪变化的比较,发现其时间变化过程和演化规律具有一致性,进而对12世纪寒冷期永久积雪下限进行推测。根据对一千年来贺兰山年日最低气温≤0℃日数的计算,认为12世纪寒冷期年平均气温较现代约低1.5²℃,推算当时贺兰山永久积雪下限为海拔3400³500m;以17世纪中叶为代表的小冰期年平均气温较现代约低1¹.5℃,推算当时贺兰山永久积雪下限为海拔3500³600m。