血管性非痴呆认知功能障碍(V-CIND)

认知是人的心理活动中最主要和最活跃的一个要素,是指个体认识和理解事物的心理过程.认知功能是指人类在觉醒状态下始终存在的各种有意识的精神活动,包括从简单的对自己和环境的确定、感知、理解、判断到完成复杂的数学计算等.认知功能由多个认知域组成,包括记忆、计算、时空间定向、结构能力、执行能力、语言理解和表达及应用等方面.     

认知功能障碍相关基因的研究进展

<正>认知(cognize)是指人脑接受外界信息,经过加工处理,转换成内在的心理活动,从而获取知识或应用知识的过程。它包括记忆、语言、视空间、执行、计算和理解判断等方面。认知功能障碍(cognitive dysfunction)是指上述几项认知功能中的一项或多项受损,并影响个体的日常或社会能力,可表现为学习或记忆障碍、失语、失认、失用、痴呆、精神或神经活动改变等。认知功能障碍发生的影响因素有很多,如器质性     

高同型半胱氨酸血症对脑小血管病所致认知功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症对脑小血管病所致的认知功能障碍的影响.方法 选取符合脑小血管病诊断标准的病例,进行MoCA评分,分为有认知功能障碍组及无认知功能障碍组,测定同型半胱氨酸的水平,观察两组之间同型半胱氨酸水平的差异,并对不同认知功能受损方面进行评定.结果 有认知功能障碍组明显高于无认知功能障碍组,两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.认知功能障碍患者中在语言、视空间及执行功能上有障碍患者的Hyc水平高于无相应障碍者,Hyc水平差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑小血管病所致认知功能障碍的影响因素之一,而且对执行功能、视空间功能、语言功能的影响更明显.     

前额叶皮层损伤的执行功能研究进展

执行功能（executive function）这一概念来自于有关前额叶皮层损伤的研究。 执行功能常常被看作主要是由前额叶调节的一种复杂的认知功能，是指个体的许多认知加工过程的协同操作；是在实现某一特定目标时，个体所使用的灵活而优化的认知和神经机制，包括计划、     

糖尿病与认知功能障碍

1认知是指个体认识和理解事物的心理过程认知功能由多个认知域组成,包括记忆、计算、时空间定向、结构能力、执行能力、语言理解和表达及应用等方面。认知功能障碍又称认知功能衰退、认知功能缺损或认知残疾,泛     

认知功能改善方法的研究进展

认知功能是指个体认识和获取知识的智能加工过程,它包括了学习、记忆、语言、思维、精神、情感等一系列随意、心理和社会行为.目前多从注意、记忆、计算、推理、判断、常识等多个维度来评定认知功能.认知功能障碍是指与上述学习记忆以及思维判断有关的大脑高级智能加工过程出现异常,从而影响了个体认知和获取知识的能力,它包括了多个认知域的损害.若只有其中一项认知域障碍,则称之为该认知域的障碍,如注意障碍、记忆障碍等.     

精神分裂症、抑郁症的认知功能障碍研究进展

认知功能是指大脑对信息加工处理的能力,即中枢神经系统分辨、整合信息并解决问题和完成任务的综合能力。通过威斯康星卡片分类测验等评估工具评估及SPECT等影像学研究,发现精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍以工作记忆为核心,伴有执行功能等障碍和影像学改变,抑郁症患者则以执行功能障碍为主,且和老年痴呆及血管性痴呆有着机制上的区别。     

执行功能与注意缺陷多动障碍

执行功能是指个体在实现某一特定目标时 ,以灵活、优化的方式控制多种认知加工过程协同操作的认知神经机制[1 ] 。对执行功能的研究是当前认知神经科学研究的前沿问题之一。近年来 ,不断有来自临床观察和试验研究的证据 ,支持注意缺陷多动障碍 (ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｄｅｆｉｃｉｔｈｙｐｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ,ＡＤＨＤ)患者在执行功能方面存在某些障碍。 1 997年美国学者Ｂａｒｋｌｅｙ提出了解释ＡＤＨＤ执行功能的神经心理模型 ,使研究者们进一步关注执行功能与ＡＤＨＤ之间的关系。现就执行功能的类型、相应的行为研究范…     

双相情感障碍缓解期患者认知功能的研究

既往研究认为,双相情感障碍急性期患者存在认知功能损害,其中执行功能受损较重[1-2].为了解双相情感障碍缓解期患者是否也存在执行功能、智能和记忆等认知功能损害,我们对缓解期患者的认知功能进行初步探讨.     

双相情感障碍缓解期患者认知功能的研究

既往研究认为,双相情感障碍急性期患者存在认知功能损害,其中执行功能受损较重[1-2].为了解双相情感障碍缓解期患者是否也存在执行功能、智能和记忆等认知功能损害,我们对缓解期患者的认知功能进行初步探讨.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.