山西地区震源机制一致性参数时空特征分析

利用山西数字地震台网记录到的中小地震波形资料,采用层状介质中点源位错模型的广义透射系数的快速算法和理论地震图拟合直达波最大振幅比来求取小震震源机制解的方法,计算了2001年—2012年山西地区281个中小地震震源机制解,根据优势分布得到山西地区现今平均构造应力场分布,计算震源机制解应力主轴与相应的区域构造应力场主轴之间的震源机制一致性参数,分析一致性参数时空分布与中等地震活动的关系。结果显示,2001年以来山西5次ML≥5.0地震前均有震源机制趋于一致性现象,震中分布在一致性参数低值附近或高低值过渡区域。     

豫北及邻区中小地震震源机制解及应力场反演

利用区域地震台网的数字地震波记录资料,由垂直向记录Pg和Sg振幅比值,结合部分清晰的P波初动记录资料,计算得到了1985～2008年在豫北及邻区发生的145个中小地震的震源机制解。通过统计方法、系统聚类分析方法及采用格点尝试法,分析了震源机制解参数并求取了区域平均应力场。结果表明:研究区震源机制解以走滑型为主,应力轴比较接近水平,区域构造应力场以水平挤压为主要特征;震源机制解除走滑型外,还有一定数量的正断型和逆断型。整体显示中小地震震源机制解种类较多,分布散乱,表明小地震发生具有随机性,华北构造应力场整体的控制作用较弱。     

安徽地区应力场分区特征及中强震前震源机制的一致性研究

利用近震直达Pg波和Sg波垂直向最大振幅比方法,求出安徽及周边地区1974年以来246次ML2.0级以上地震的震源机制解。采用系统聚类方法,得到安徽不同分区不同时段的震源机制优势综合解,分析不同分区构造应力场的特点。对安徽地区中小震震源机制解中应力轴参数进行统计分析表明,其优势方向与华东地区构造应力场方向基本相同。研究安徽地区震源机制一致性参数特征发现,在中强震发生前,一致性参数均出现显著下降。     

涿鹿4.3级地震前后应力场变化特征

采用目前普遍接受的基于初动符号和振幅比的HASH方法,计算了2008年10月至2018年10月张渤带西段中小地震震源机制解;在获得震源机制解的基础上,进一步利用震源机制解一致性参数研究了涿鹿4.3级地震前后的应力场变化特征。结果表明:该区域震源机制解以正断型和走滑型为主,逆冲型次之,涿鹿4.3级地震后走滑型地震较震前略有上升,表明该区域的剪切作用增强;主压应力轴方位大致为NEE-SWW,主张应力轴为SSENNW向;涿鹿4.3级地震发生在震源机制一致性参数的低值边缘附近,发震时间也在一致性参数的低值时段。     

大震前显示的地震震源机制趋于一致的变化

在构造应力场的制约下强震孕育过程中特定阶段, 震源区中小地震震源机制与构造应力场的方向大体一致, 根据这一特点, 定义各个震源机制解的P轴, B轴, T轴和构造应力场的3个应力主轴在3维空间的夹角之和为一致性参数a, 研究强震前应力场变化特征。 对2006年11月15日千岛岛弧M_W8.3地震和2001年6月23日秘鲁M_W8.4地震研究表明, 大震发生前孕震区一致性参数a比较低, 震源机制与构造应力场的差异较小, 说明这些前震受到了震源区应力场的统一作用, 而主震发生之后震源机制解的一致性参数比较高, 说明后续发生的地震的震源机制散乱, 表明背景应力场的控制作用开始减弱。     

利用小震震源机制解研究宁夏南部及邻区构造应力场

利用垂直向Pg和Sg波振幅比方法计算了2003年1月至2009年10月间宁夏南部及邻区的40个中小地震的震源机制解,然后对计算所得的40个地震的震源机制解进行系统聚类及应力场分析,利用格点尝试法研究灵武—吴忠地区(I区)和宁夏南部地区(II区)的平均震源机制解。结果表明:该区域主要受北东东向压应力作用而形成右旋走滑型断层,同时又带有张性分量;I区域构造应力场主压应力方向以水平作用为主,地震产生的震源区构造变形是北东向发生压缩,北西向发生相对扩张;II区域构造应力场主压应力方向以水平作用为主,地震产生的震源区构造变形是北东东向发生压缩,北北西向发生相对扩张。     

2008年盈江地震序列的震源参数和震源机制相关系数研究

基于云南数字地震台网记录的2008年盈江地震序列的数字波形资料,采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型,得到盈江地震序列的震源参数。利用两次地震事件的相同台站的震源谱参数（零频振幅）计算谱振幅相关系数,据此对地震的震源机制进行聚类分组,并收集和对比地震序列已知的震源机制解结果,发现每组内震源机制解P轴的相关性较好,且相关系数越大,P轴的方位角就越接近。将盈江地区划分为三个研究区,联合震源参数的应力降和聚类分组中每组的平均震源机制解结果研究地震序列发生过程中应力的释放水平和应力场方向变化特征。结果表明：不同阶段震源机制解类型的变化和转化特征一定程度上反映了孕震过程中区域应力场随时间的变化特征,并且地震震源机制解类型在时间段上的集中并向区域构造应力场方向转换的现象可能是发生强震的标志。震源机制解分组类型和对应类型的地震的应力降有一定依赖关系,震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场接近的地震应力降高,震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场差距较大的地震应力降普遍较低。     

濮阳小震集中区应力场跟踪分析

利用垂直向Pg和Sg波的最大振幅比法求解方法,计算濮阳小震集中区2002—2014年9月以来的45个ML≥2.0中小地震的震源机制解,结果表明,研究区地震震源类型以小水平力的推扭。进一步跟踪分析该区地震震源应力场最大主压应力轴的时序变化特征、震源机制一致性参数时空分布与地震的关系,以期寻找与该区地震有关的应力场时空变化信息。     

大同晚期强余震前震源机制解的一致性特征

取层状介质中一点源位错模型，由计算综合地震图得到P、S各自最大振幅，通过其最大振幅比值与观测资料拟合的方式来确定震源机制。大同遥测地震台网较好地记录了大同地震序列的大量小震。经系统地查阅台网和周围其他台站1990-2002年的全部记录，读取垂直向的P、S最大振幅数据，反演计算得到620个小地震的震源机制解。这些解的优势取向和华北构造应力场的方向相同。定义各个震源机制解的P、N、T轴和构造应力场的3个应力主轴在3维空间的夹角之和为一致性参数，发现在1991年和1999年发生的晚期强余震前2-8个月，一致性参数出现显著的下降。我们认为，这是具有短期预测意义的现象。     

2008年盈江地震序列的震源参数和震源机制相关系数研究

基于云南数字地震台网记录的2008年盈江地震序列的数字波形资料, 采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型, 得到盈江地震序列的震源参数。 利用两次地震事件的相同台站的震源谱参数(零频振幅)计算谱振幅相关系数, 据此对地震的震源机制进行聚类分组, 并收集和对比地震序列已知的震源机制解结果, 发现每组内震源机制解P轴的相关性较好, 且相关系数越大, P轴的方位角就越接近。 将盈江地区划分为三个研究区, 联合震源参数的应力降和聚类分组中每组的平均震源机制解结果研究地震序列发生过程中应力的释放水平和应力场方向变化特征。 结果表明: 不同阶段震源机制解类型的变化和转化特征一定程度上反映了孕震过程中区域应力场随时间的变化特征, 并且地震震源机制解类型在时间段上的集中并向区域构造应力场方向转换的现象可能是发生强震的标志。 震源机制解分组类型和对应类型的地震的应力降有一定依赖关系, 震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场接近的地震应力降高, 震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场差距较大的地震应力降普遍较低。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

---

---

Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

---

Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.