多拷贝毕赤酵母重组菌表达GCL摇瓶优化和高密度发酵

目的:构建高效表达白地霉脂肪酶的毕赤酵母重组菌株,并对筛选得到的菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化和分批补料高密度发酵工艺研究。方法:将诱导型表达载体pPIC9K-gcl电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。通过橄榄油-罗丹明B平板和摇瓶发酵筛选高脂肪酶活力的重组菌株,运用基于TaqMan探针的实时荧光定量PCR 法确定其拷贝数,并对菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化。在此基础上,研究重组菌在3L 发酵罐中的高密度发酵工艺。结果:筛选得到一株具有3 个白地霉脂肪酶基因拷贝的菌株GS115/pPIC9K-gcl 78#,初始酶活力为220 U/ml。当摇瓶发酵条件为甲醇诱导96 h,每24 h甲醇添加量1 %,接种量2 %,培养基初始pH 7.0,500 ml摇瓶装液量50 ml,甲醇诱导温度25℃ 时酶活力达735 U/ml。3L 发酵罐高密度发酵176.5 h,酶活力达到3360 U/ml,总蛋白含量达到4.30 g/L,且发酵过程中细胞活性一直保持在96 % 以上。结论:基因拷贝数与重组菌株的产酶水平呈正相关,摇瓶优化可显著提高重组菌株的产酶能力,为白地霉脂肪酶的工业化生产奠定了技术基础。     

毕赤酵母高密度发酵表达血管紧张素转化酶C-结构域

血管紧张素转化酶（ACE, EC3.4.15.1）在调节血压方面具有重要作用。研究证实,ACE的C结构域（ACE-C）是使血管紧张素I (AngI)分解的主要活性位点。在5 L 发酵罐中, 对重组毕赤酵母表达ACE C-结构域的发酵工艺进行优化,探讨温度、pH、甲醇浓度等主要因素对重组蛋白表达量和酶活力的影响。结果表明,当工业培养基添加2%蛋白胨为氮源时, ACE C-结构域的降解现象得到了有效控制;采用诱导温度为26℃,pH5.5,甲醇含量为1.5%的表达条件,ACE C-结构域表达量和酶活力分别达到446 mg/L和38.2U/ml,比活力达到86U/mg,是Sigma公司ACE标准品比活力的2倍,为大规模制备ACE C-结构域蛋白,筛选专一性更强的ACE C-结构域抑制剂奠定了基础。     

人三叶因子3在毕赤酵母中表达条件的研究

为提高人三叶因子 3 (HumanTrefoilfactor 3 ,hTFF3 )在毕赤酵母中的表达量 ,研究了转化子生长的培养条件 ,包括不同碳源对转化子生长的影响和接种量、甲醇浓度、pH值、摇瓶转速及不同诱导时间对人三叶因子 3表达的影响。结果表明转化子在生长阶段加入葡萄糖生长旺盛 ,培养 14h后OD₆₀₀ 就可达到 50。在 100mL生长培养基上的菌液以 1∶1接入诱导培养基时蛋白表达量最高 ;转化子在 1%的甲醇、pH60、摇瓶转速240r/min的条件下诱导4 8h ,菌体密度OD₆₀₀为 15 ,目的蛋白表达量达到 20mg L。用 5L发酵罐进行了高密度发酵 ,经2%甲醇32h诱导 ,最终菌体密度OD₆₀₀ 达到 120 ,每升发酵液中含目的蛋白100mg。     

重组巴斯德毕赤酵母发酵生产几丁质酶的条件优化研究

研究了利用重组巴斯德毕赤酵母诱导表达重组几丁质酶的条件。在摇瓶水平上研究了诱导时间、pH、甲醇流加量、油酸等因素对重组几丁质酶表达的影响。结果发现诱导108h蛋白表达量最高;偏酸性环境不利于蛋白表达,维持在pH5.5～6.0最佳;甲醇最佳诱导浓度为1%;添加0.05%的油酸有助于提高蛋白表达量。在此基础上通过正交试验设计优化了培养基配方,在优化条件下,蛋白表达量达171.99mg/L,酶活达49.58U/mL。     

响应面法优化重组大肠杆菌产蔗糖异构酶发酵培养基

通过碳氮源的不同浓度对重组大肠杆菌E.coil BL21(DE3)发酵产蔗糖异构酶(SIase)的影响,并借助于数学分析软件Design Expert,结合Plackett-Burman试验设计和中心复合试验设计分析法,对蔗糖异构酶的产生菌进行了发酵培养基的优化研究。实验表明,最佳培养基组分为甘蔗糖蜜10.65 g/L,玉米浆22.22 g/L,NaCl 7.57 g/L ,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.52 g/L, KH₂PO₄ 4.46g/L,优化后的蔗糖异构酶活力达到29.1U/ml,比LB培养基培养重组大肠杆菌(15U/ml),蔗糖异构酶活力提高了94%,与原始菌大黄欧文菌NX-5相比提高了21.4倍(1.3U/ml)。     

深海低温脂肪酶基因工程菌LIP001发酵条件的优化

对从深海沉积物宏基因组文库中获得的产低温脂肪酶基因工程菌LIP001进行了发酵条件优化。通过单因素试验对LIP001产脂肪酶的主要影响条件进行了探讨,确定了培养条件为30℃、pH7.0、接种量5%、装液量50ml。在单因素的基础上通过正交试验优化了影响重组菌LIP001产酶主要因素:橄榄油、酵母粉、磷酸盐、MgSO₄,确定了培养基为橄榄油1%、酵母粉0.5%、蛋白胨1%、硫酸铵0.5%、磷酸盐0.5%、MgSO₄为0.2%、氯霉素12.5μg/ml,优化后的脂肪酶活为1980U/ml,比优化前提高了54.7%,为大规模发酵奠定了基础。采用5升发酵罐方法试验,酶活达到2420U/ml。     

SARS冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白在酵母中的表达与活性检测

用PCR扩增SARS冠状病毒N蛋白全长cDNA,克隆到酵母表达载体pPIC3.5K,构建pPIC3.5K-SCoVN酵母表达质粒。表达质粒线性化后电转化到毕赤酵母GS115中,经G418-RDB, MM/MD平板与PCR扩增筛选获得His⁺ Mut⁺ 重组菌株。比较研究了不同的培养基、溶解氧以及甲醇浓度对菌株生长与重组蛋白表达的影响。结果表明：FBS培养基最适宜重组菌的生长与表达,溶氧对菌体的生长与表达有显著的影响,甲醇诱导最佳终浓度为1％（V/V）,SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白的表达量,发现重组N 蛋白表达量占细胞总蛋白的6％,每升培养基可以生产410mg重组N蛋白,生物量达45OD600。Western　blotting结果表明,重组N 蛋白对鼠源单克隆抗体以及SARS病人恢复期血清具有较强的特异性反应。对摇瓶培养条件进行了发酵罐放大实验,结果生物量达到348OD600,表达量达到 2.5g/L,分别为摇瓶表达的7.7倍和6.1倍,为SARS早期血清学诊断研究以及为N蛋白在病毒复制以及致病机理的研究奠定了一定的基础。     

重组大肠杆菌产角质酶-CBM摇瓶发酵优化及分泌表达研究

在TB培养基的基础上,通过单因素分析和正交设计对重组大肠杆菌产角质酶-CBM发酵进行优化,得到最适培养基的组分为:甘油5 g/L,蛋白胨 16 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 2.5 mmol/L,K₂HPO₄ 13.7 g/L,KH₂PO₄ 1.53 g/L,菌体生长至对数前中期时添加终浓度为1 g/L乳糖 和0.75 g/L 甘氨酸,30℃发酵48 h,角质酶-CBM产量可达63 U/ml,较TB培养(20 U/ml)提高了近3倍。考察了热激作用、渗透调节物质及温度两控制对角质酶-CBM分泌表达的影响,在添加Lactose和Glycine后,发现在添加终浓度为75 mmol/L的L-脯氨酸,37℃热激1 h或47℃热激0.5 h,变温至25℃发酵,角质酶-CBM产量可达90 U/ml,较TB恒温培养提高了近四倍。     

假丝酵母99-125脂肪酶的发酵工艺研究

对假丝酵母99-125脂肪酶的发酵工艺条件进行了一系列研究。选择了合适的培养基成分并进行优化 ,获得了最优的摇瓶培养基配方 (% ,W/V) :豆油 4.0 ,全脂豆粉 4.0 ,K₂HPO₄0.1,KH₂PO₄ 0.1。产酶水平能达到 5000IU/mL。在 30L发酵罐上进行初步放大实验 ,其产酶水平能达到 8100IU/mL。在1m³发酵罐上进行中试放大 ,产酶水平可达到 8000IU/mL。     

枯草芽胞杆菌甘露聚糖酶发酵条件优化

旨在以枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis J为生产菌株,发酵生产β-甘露聚糖酶,通过优化产酶条件,以达到提高β-甘露聚糖酶产量的目的。利用DNS比色法检测β-甘露聚糖酶活力,采用单因素试验,研究碳氮源种类及碳氮源浓度、温度、pH、接种量和装液量对菌株Bacillus subtilis J发酵产β-甘露聚糖酶的影响,结合响应面试验设计确定菌株Bacillus subtilis J发酵产甘露聚糖酶的最优发酵培养条件。单因素试验和响应面试验得到最优的发酵条件为魔芋粉28 g/L,胰蛋白胨21 g/L,K₂HPO₄ 6 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 g/L,温度31 ℃,pH值 8.5,接种量1%（体积分数）,装液量50 mL/250 mL,发酵周期24 h。利用优化后的培养基生产β-甘露聚糖酶,其酶活力达到84.38 U/mL,是初始发酵培养基产酶活力的3.36倍。通过对发酵条件的优化,大幅度提高了β-甘露聚糖酶的产量,为其工业生产提供数据参考。     

Expression in Pichia pastoris X33 of His-tagged lipase from a novel strain of Rhizopus oryzae and its mutant Asn 134 His: purification and characterization

The sequence corresponding to the mature lipase of Rhizopus oryzae WPG (ROLw) was subcloned in the pPIC9K expression vector, with a strong AOX₁ promoter, to construct a recombinant lipase protein containing six histidine residues at the N-terminal. The His-tagged lipase was expressed in Pichia Pastoris X₃₃ and purified to homogeneity by a simple, one-step purification protocol using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ni-NTA resin). High level expression of the lipase by Pichia Pastoris X₃₃ cells harbouring the lipase gene containing expression vector was observed upon induction with 2.5 g/l methanol at 28°C; the specific activity of the purified His₆-ROLw was 1,500 or 760 U/mg using olive oil emulsion or tributyrin as substrates, respectively. To check the importance of Asn 134 His substitution in the affinity and substrate selectivity of ROLw, the mutant His₆-ROLw-N134H was overexpressed in Pichia Pastoris X33 and purified with the same nickel metal affinity column. The specific activity of the purified His-tagged ROLw-N134H was 5,900 and 35 U/mg using olive oil emulsion or tributyrin as substrate. A comparative study of the wild type (His₆-ROLw) and the mutant (His₆-ROLw-N134H) proteins was carried out. A 3D structure model of ROLw was built using the RNL structure as template. We have concluded that a slight increase in the exposed hydrophilic residues on the surface of ROLw as compared to RNL (ROLwN134H) could be responsible for a higher selectivity of ROlw for long and short chain triacylglycerols at the lipid/water interface and then explaining the importance of Asn 134 for the chain length specificity of ROLw. This property is quite rare among Rhizopus lipases and gives this new lipase great potential for use in the field of biocatalysis.     

High-level heterologous expression of an alkaline lipase gene from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium cyclopium</Emphasis> PG37 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

A 777-bp cDNA fragment encoding a mature alkaline lipase (LipI) from Penicillium cyclopium PG37 was amplified by RT–PCR, and inserted into the expression plasmid pPIC9 K. The recombinant plasmid, designated as pPIC9 K-lipI, was linearized with SalI and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 (his4, Mut⁺) by electroporation. MD plate and YPD plates containing G418 were used for screening of the multi-copy P. pastoris transformants (His⁺, Mut⁺). One transformant resistant to 4.0 mg/ml of G418, numbered as P. pastoris GSL4-7, expressing the highest recombinant LipI (rLipI) activity was chosen for optimizing expression conditions. The integration of the gene LipI into the P. pastoris GS115 genome was confirmed by PCR analysis using 5′- and 3′-AOX1 primers. SDS–PAGE and lipase activity assays demonstrated that the rLipI, a glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of about 31.5 kDa, was extracellularly expressed in P. pastoris. When the P. pastoris GSL4-7 was cultured under the optimized conditions, the expressed rLipI activity was up to 407 U/ml, much higher than that (10.5 U/ml) expressed with standard protocol. The rLipI showed the highest activity at pH 10.5 and 25°C, and was stable at a broad pH range of 7.0–10.5 and at a temperature of 30°C or below.     

黑曲霉果胶裂解酶基因毕赤酵母在Pichia pastoris GS115中的表达

利用RT-PCR技术从黑曲霉(EIM-6)中扩增得到去除信号肽的果胶裂解酶基因A,将其插入到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9k上,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K-pelA,电击转化毕赤酵母GS115,得到了表达成功的工程菌株。用终浓度为1.5%的甲醇对其进行诱导,将发酵上清液浓缩后,用盐酸法测定其酶活可以达到2.3U/mL。通过对重组毕赤酵母诱导表达产物进行SDS-PAGE鉴定,发现重组毕赤酵母分泌了1个约38kD的蛋白,与该酶基因产物的理论值相符,并通过水解圈法测定验证,均说明果胶裂解酶得到正确的分泌表达.     

Enhancing expression level of an acidophilic β-mannanase in Pichia pastoris by double vector system

An acidophilic β-mannanase-encoding gene (Auman5A) from Aspergillus usamii YL-01-78 was amplified and inserted into pPIC9K and pPICZαA vectors. The resulting recombinant vector, pPIC9K-Auman5A, was transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115. One strain having the highest recombinant β-mannanase activity of 54.6 U/ml, labeled GSKM4-8, was chosen from the first-batch P. pastoris transformants. Then, the pPICZαA-Auman5A was transformed into GSKM4-8 again. From the second-batch transformants, one strain (GSKZαM4-2) with the highest β-mannanase activity of 78.1 U/ml was obtained, and used to optimize expression conditions. As GSKZαM4-2 was induced under the optimized conditions (initial pH value 6.5, induction period 120 h, methanol concentration 1.5 %, and induction temperature 32 °C), β-mannanase activity reached 162.8 U/ml. Protein and carbohydrate assays showed that the β-mannanase, a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 49.8 kDa and a carbohydrate content of 21.3 %, was extracellularly expressed. It displayed the maximum activity at pH 3.0 and 70 °C, and was stable at a pH range of 3.0–7.0 and at 60 °C. Its activity was not significantly affected by metal ions tested and EDTA, but inhibited by Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺. Its most favorable substrate was locust bean gum, followed by konjac flour and guar gum. The K _m and V _max towards locust bean gum were 1.36 mg/ml and 415.8 U/mg, respectively. These results suggested that the β-mannanase can be expressed with higher level and possesses superior enzymatic properties, making it a good candidate in industrial processes.     

Enhancement of lipase production from hydrocarbons by mutation of Trichosporon fermentans

Lipase high-producing mutants with petroleum products as carbon sources were successfully induced from Trichosporon fermentans WU-C12 by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. In the first mutation step, one mutant strain, PU-30, derived from strain WU-C12 was selected. The productivity of extracellular lipase of PU-30 reached 58 units (U)/ml in the medium containing kerosene, being approximately twice the productivity of the parental strain WU-C12. In the second mutation step, the mutant strain 2PU-18 was induced from strain PU-30. In medium containing kerosene, gas oil and liquid paraffin, the 2PU-18 produced 70 U/ml, 62 U/ml and 60 U/ml of extracellular lipase, respectively. When various n-alkanes (C₈-C₁₈) were used as carbon sources, the parental strain WU-C12 produced more than 20 U/ml of lipase only from C₉-C₁₂ alkanes, but 2PU-18 could produce more than 50 U/ml of lipase from C₈-C₁₈ alkanes. When cultivated for 3 days in medium containing liquid paraffin, the activity ratios of extracellular lipase to total lipase and the values of extracellular lipase activity per dry-cell weight were 0.44 and 0.65 U/mg for WU-C12, and 0.62 and 1.82 U/mg for 2PU-18, respectively. These results indicate that the mutant strain 2PU-18 is superior in both total lipase productivity and permeability of lipase to the parental strain WU-C12 when petroleum products are used as carbon sources. Correspondence to: S. Usami     

Expression of a secretory β-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei in Pichia pastoris and its characterization

A β-glucosidase gene (bglI) from Trichoderma reesei was cloned into the pPIC9 vector and integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris GS115. Under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase (AOX) promoter and using Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretory signal peptide (α-factor), the recombinant β-glucosidase was expressed and secreted into the culture medium. The maximum recombinant β-glucosidase activity achieved was 60 U/ml, and β-glucosidase expression reached 0.3 mg/ml. The recombinant 76 kDa β-glucosidase was purified 1.8-fold with 26% yield and a specific activity of 197 U/mg. It was optimally active at 70°C and pH 5.0.     

mdlA基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及表达产物性质研究

将编码甘油单-二酰酯脂肪酶(MDGL)的基因mdlA插入到分泌表达质粒pPIC9K中,通过电激将线性化的重组质粒整合到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115中,筛选出H is Mut 表型菌株,进一步用G418筛选获得高拷贝转化子,并用PCR方法鉴定。诱导培养后,SDS-PAGE表明MDGL在毕赤酵母中得到有效表达。表达产物在温度40℃,pH7.5具有最高活性,其发酵液酶活可达到325U/mL,以橄榄油为底物时没有检测到活性。表达产物与甘油三酰酯脂肪酶共同作用时产生的脂肪酸量比甘油三酰酯脂肪酶单独作用提高了93.5%。     

de novo Design and Synthesis of Candida antarctica Lipase B Gene and α-Factor Leads to High-Level Expression in Pichia pastoris

Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is one of the most widely used and studied enzymes in the world. In order to achieve the high-level expression of CALB in Pichia, we optimized the codons of CALB gene and α-factor by using a de novo design and synthesis strategy. Through comparative analysis of a series of recombinants with different expression components, we found that the methanol-inducible expression recombinant carrying the codon-optimized α-factor and mature CALB gene (pPIC9KαM-CalBM) has the highest lipase production capacity. After fermentation parameters optimization, the lipase activity and protein content of the recombinant pPIC9KαM-CalBM reached 6,100 U/mL and 3.0 g/L, respectively, in a 5-L fermentor. We believe this strategy could be of special interest due to its capacity to improve the expression level of target gene, and the Pichia transformants carrying the codon-optimized gene had great potential for the industrial-scale production of CALB lipase.     

Gene cloning,expression and characterization of a cold-adapted lipase from a psychrophilic deep-sea bacterium Psychrobacter sp. C18

A psychrophilic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. C18 previously isolated from the Southern Okinawa Trough deep-sea sediments showed extracellular lipolytic activity towards tributyrin. A genomic DNA library was constructed and screened to obtain the corresponding lipase gene. The sequenced DNA fragment contains an open reading frame of 945 bp, which was denoted as the lipX gene, from which a protein sequence LipX was deduced of 315 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 35,028 Da. This protein contained the bacterial lipase GNSMG (GxSxG, x represents any amino acid residue) and HG consensus motifs. The recombinant pET28a(+)/lipX gene was overexpressed in heterologous host Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells to overproduce the lipase protein LipX_His with a 6× histidine tag at its C-terminus. Nickel affinity chromatography was used for purification of the expressed recombinant lipase. The maximum lipolytic activity of the purified recombinant lipase was obtained at temperature of 30°C and pH 8.0 with p-nitrophenyl myristate (C14) as a substrate. Thermostability assay indicated that the recombinant LipX_His is a cold-adapted lipase, which was active in 10% methanol, ethanol, acetone and 30% glycol, and inhibited partially by Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺ and EDTA. Most non-ionic detergents, such as DMSO, Triton X-100, Tween 60 and Tween 80 enhanced the lipase activity but 1% SDS completely inhibited the enzyme activity. Additionally, the highest lipolytic rate of the recombinant LipX_His lipase was achieved when p-nitrophenyl myristate was used as a substrate, among all the p-nitrophenyl esters tested.