2009柏林世锦赛马拉松冠军白雪赛前训练研究简

马拉松是一项以有氧耐力为主的长时间耐力性项目,运动员的有氧耐力的好坏,直接影响成绩。耐力是基础中的基础,直接反映出一个运动员能源物质储备的大小,有氧代谢能力的高低及运动器官组织的抗疲劳能力的强弱。运动生理学分析：马枉松的供能形式是98％的有氧,无氧供能仅占2％。它的训练负荷应保持较高的耗氧水平,目的是打破摄氧量与需氧量之间的稳定状态,进一步提高有氧能力,在训练中需要进行高水平的耗氧训练以提高运动员的有氧代谢供能能力。在实际训练中无氧代谢练习仅占5％,有氧无氧混合练习占17％,而有氧代谢练习要占80％。科学地提高马拉松运动员的有氧耐力是目前亟待解决的问题。     

2009柏林世锦赛马拉松冠军白雪赛前训练研究

正马拉松是一项以有氧耐力为主的长时间耐力性项目,运动员的有氧耐力的好坏,直接影响成绩。耐力是基础中的基础,直接反映出一个运动员能源物质储备的大小,有氧代谢能力的高低及运动器官组织的抗疲劳能力的强弱。运动生理学分析:马拉松的供能形式是98%的有氧,无氧供能仅占2%。它的训练负荷应保持较高的耗氧水平,目的是打破摄氧量与需氧量之间的稳定状态,进一步提高有氧能力,在训练中需要进行高水平的耗氧训练以提高运动员的有氧代谢供能能力。在实际训练中无氧代谢练习仅占3%,有氧无氧混合练习占1 7%,而有氧代谢练习要占80%。科学地提高马拉松运动员的有氧耐力是目前亟待解决的问题。     

如何提高足球青少年运动员耐力水平

耐力是人体长时间进行活动和对抗疲劳的能力。耐力素质在各个运动项目中都是一个重要的基本素质，但是不同的运动项目需要的耐力各有其特点。耐力素质的训练应注意年龄与性别特征等因素，对于青少年耐力的训练更要注意结合其自身特点。主要以一般耐力性练习为主，也就是耐力基础训练。训练中以有氧代谢为主，同时结合有氧和无氧混合性代谢训练，方法和手段体现出多样性和趣味性。     

如何尽快提高青少年的耐力素质

耐力是人体长时间进行活动和对抗疲劳的能力。耐力素质在各个运动项目中都是一个重要的基本素质,但是不同的运动项目需要的耐力各有其特点。耐力训练中 (有些运动项目称为体能训练),耐力素质的训练应注意年龄与性别特征等因素,对于青少年耐力的训练更要注意结合其自身特点。主要以一般耐力性练习为主,也就是耐力基础训练。训练中以有氧代谢为主,同时结合有氧和无氧混合性代谢训练,方法和手段体现出多样性和趣味性。     

无氧阈的简易测定法

运动时刚引起体内乳酸堆积的最大摄氧量利用率称为无氧阈(Anaerobic Thresbold,简称AT),AT在运动实践中有着十分重要的意义和作用。首先,由于AT是有氧代谢向无氧代谢过渡的转换点,故在运动训练中,可针对不同运动项目的有氧和无氧代谢的比例特点,根据AT理论来选择最佳训练强度,从而获得最佳训练效果。特别是在发展有氧耐力时,若以AT强度进行训练,既能使呼吸、循环系统和心输出量达到或接近其极限水平,又能在能量代谢上使无氧代谢比例减小到最低程度,保证了训练效应的最优化。其次,由于AT是有氧耐力效率的标志,代表长时间运动的吸氧水平,与运动员的耐力水平和耐力运动成绩密切相关,所以,迄今为止,它被认为是评定运动员的耐力运动水平和预测耐力运动成绩的最好指标。     

有氧耐力训练对大鼠心脏机能和心肌脂肪酸氧化酶基因表达的影响

目的:观察有氧耐力训练后SD大鼠心脏形态、机能和心肌脂肪酸氧化酶基因表达的变化,探讨运动性心脏肥大的生理特征;方法:40只SD大鼠随机分成安静对照组、运动2周组、运动4周组、运动6周组和运动8周组,检测形态、机能指标及肌型肉碱棕榈酰转移酶与中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶表达的变化;结果:长期有氧耐力训练后肌型肉碱棕榈酰转移酶与中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶表达上调(P<0.05),±dp/dtmax升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);结论:有氧耐力训练后的心肌肥大是一种生理性现象。     

长时间不同模式低氧训练对男子赛艇运动员有氧代谢能力影响的比较

赛艇运动是典型的有氧耐力运动项目,有氧代谢可直接影响运动员专项能力的发挥及运动成绩的提高,运动过程中气体代谢的变化又能反映运动员能量代谢的状态,8周HiHLo、HiLo和LoLo训练后,通过对运动员VO2max、VO2max／kg等有氧代谢主要评价指标的综合分析可以看出,低氧训练组运动员有氧代谢能力均有所增长,由于训练模式的不同增长幅度各异,总体表现为HiHiLo组提高幅度大于HiLo组;LoLo组有氧代谢能力没有明显变化。从研究结果不难看出,不同模式低氧训练对运动员有氧运动能力的提高幅度不一,这与训练量、训练强度的安排与控制密切相关,且应考虑运动员的个体差异,因此在今后的训练中应按照运动员个体情况合理安排训练模式、训练量及训练强度,以期获得较好训练效果。     

有氧耐力的测试指标和训练方法研究新进展

有氧耐力是人体从事耐力性运动的重要能力一，最大摄氧量是客观评价人体心肺功能的一项综合生理指标。本文对有氧耐力的重要测试指标最大摄氧量和无氧阈在有氧耐力评价中的作用及其影响因素进行了综合分析，并梳理了有氧耐力训练的新方法。耐力性项目的连动成绩与最大摄氧量关系紧密，而无氧阀在评定有氧耐力水平、制订有氧耐力训练强度等许多方面亦具有较强的指导意义。有氧耐力训练在很多项目训练中占有重要地位，掌握科学的有氧耐力训练方法对提高运动员的专项竞技水平起着关键性作用。     

青少年短跑教学与训练

一、青少年注意发展耐力基础的全面身体训练人体运动时的能量来源,主要有两条途径:一是有氧代谢(耐力练习)。二是无氧代谢(速度耐力的练习)。耐力性的全面身体训练,就是要通过长时间用力不大的有氧活动来加强最大吸氧的能力,为今后提高无氧代谢的训练打下良好的基础。     

冬训期间中长跑运动员生化指标的监测和运动营养补剂的使用

冬训是打基础的重要阶段,对于提高心血管等内脏机能,提高基础运动素质,有非常重要的作用,冬训质量的好坏决定着明年运动员的运动状态。但是冬训气候条件差,大运动量的训练也会导致运动疲劳的积累,严重影响训练状态,所以冬训期间的生化指标监测和特殊的营养补充就显得非常必要了。 小长跑运动是长距离的周期性耐力项目,主要以有氧代谢和糖酵解供能为主,随着项目距离和时间的增加而逐渐从无氧代谢为主的混合代谢过程向以有氧代谢为主的混合代谢过程过渡。耐力素质尼其是有氧耐力对于中长跑项目十分重要。为保证运动员完成大负荷的训练,仅靠膳食补充营养是远远不够的,还需要科学地补充特殊的强力营养物质。 本研究以血红蛋白、血尿素作为生化监控的指标,同时针对性的补充运动营养补剂,观察对运动能力的影响。     

Nutritional strategies for promoting fat utilization and delaying the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise

Carbohydrate ingestion before and during endurance exercise delays the onset of fatigue (reduced power output). Therefore, endurance athletes are recommended to ingest diets high in carbohydrate (70% of total energy) during competition and training. However, increasing the availability of plasma free fatty acids has been shown to slow the rate of muscle and liver glycogen depletion by promoting the utilization of fat. Ingested fat, in the form of long-chain (C 16-22 ) triacylglycerols, is largely unavailable during acute exercise, but medium-chain (C 8-10 ) triacylglycerols are rapidly absorbed and oxidized. We have shown that the ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerols in combination with carbohydrate spares muscle carbohydrate stores during 2 h of submaximal (< 70% VO 2 peak) cycling exercise, and improves 40 km time-trial performance. These data suggest that by combining carbohydrate and medium-chain triacylglycerols as a pre-exercise supplement and as a nutritional supplement during exercise, fat oxidation will be enhanced, and endogenous carbohydrate will be spared. We have also examined the chronic metabolic adaptations and effects on substrate utilization and endurance performance when athletes ingest a diet that is high in fat (> 70% by energy). Dietary fat adaptation for a period of at least 2-4 weeks has resulted in a nearly two-fold increase in resistance to fatigue during prolonged, low- to moderate-intensity cycling (< 70% VO 2 peak). Moreover, preliminary studies suggest that mean cycling 20 km time-trial performance following prolonged submaximal exercise is enhanced by 80 s after dietary fat adaptation and 3 days of carbohydrate loading. Thus the relative contribution of fuel substrate to prolonged endurance activity may be modified by training, pre-exercise feeding, habitual diet, or by artificially altering the hormonal milieu or the availability of circulating fuels. The time course and dose-response of these effects on maximizing the oxidative contribution of fat for exercise metabolism and in exercise performance have not been systematically studied during moderate- to high-intensity exercise in humans.     

运动和MicroRNAs

运动通过增加机械负荷或代谢应激可诱导不同的适应,从而调节生理系统的功能,如骨骼肌、心血管和神经系统.MicroRNAs（miRNA）是非编码、小分子mRNA,作为基因转录后的阻遏物.MicroRNAs通过直接阻遏或降解mRNA,沉默mRNA转录,最终影响蛋白的丰度.实验研究业已发现耐力和力量练习,骨骼肌特异miRNA的表达变化.在运动方面研究MicroRNAs分子行为可助于认识运动治疗的作用.     

One-arm maximal strength training improves work economy and endurance capacity but not skeletal muscle blood flow

Maximal strength training with a focus on maximal mobilization of force in the concentric phase improves endurance performance that employs a large muscle mass. However, this has not been studied during work with a small muscle mass, which does not challenge convective oxygen supply. We therefore randomized 23 adult females with no arm-training history to either one-arm maximal strength training or a control group. The training group performed five sets of five repetitions of dynamic arm curls against a near-maximal load, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. This training increased maximal strength by 75% and improved rate of force development during both strength and endurance exercise, suggesting that each arm curl became more efficient. This coincided with a 17-18% reduction in oxygen cost at standardized submaximal workloads (work economy), and a 21% higher peak oxygen uptake and 30% higher peak load during maximal arm endurance exercise. Blood flow assessed by Doppler ultrasound in the axillary artery supplying the working biceps brachii and brachialis muscles could not explain the training-induced adaptations. These data suggest that maximal strength training improved work economy and endurance performance in the skeletal muscle, and that these effects are independent of convective oxygen supply.     

Influence of single-leg training on muscle metabolism and endurance during exercise with the trained limb and the untrained limb

We have previously shown that single-leg training results in improved endurance for exercise with the untrained leg (UTL) as well as for exercise with the trained leg (TL). The purpose of this study was to see whether the improved endurance of the untrained leg could be explained on the basis of changes in muscle metabolism. Exercise time to exhaustion at 80% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was determined for each leg separately, pre- and post-training. Muscle metabolite concentrations were measured pre- and post-training in biopsy samples obtained immediately before this endurance test and at the pre-training point of exhaustion (END1). After six weeks of single-leg training endurance time was increased for both the UTL and the TL (UTL 34.0 +/- 16.4 min vs 97.9 +/- 26.3 min, P less than 0.01; TL 28.3 +/- 10.1 min vs 169.0 +/- 32.6 min, P less than 0.01). No changes in muscle metabolite concentrations were found in resting muscle. Training increased muscle ATP (P less than 0.05) and glycogen (P less than 0.01) concentrations and decreased muscle lactate concentration (P less than 0.05) in the TL at END1. No significant changes in muscle metabolite concentrations were found for the UTL. The improved endurance of the contralateral limb after single-leg training could not be explained on the basis of changes in muscle metabolism.     

Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: The role of the gut microbiota,short-chain fatty acids,and “biotics” in exercise

The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology. Recently, a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise. Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota, with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exercise-associated states, and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa. More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship: the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance. Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism. Further, short-chain fatty acids—which modulate metabolism at various organ sites, including within skeletal muscle—have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice. This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise, with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.     

槲皮素对运动训练大鼠骨骼肌组织自由基代谢及运动能力影响的实验研究

通过建立耐力训练大鼠跑台运动模型,测试了大鼠骨骼肌组织总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。旨在研究槲皮素对运动训练大鼠骨骼肌组织自由基代谢及对运动能力的影响。结果表明,灌服槲皮素运动训练组及运动力竭组大鼠骨骼肌组织的T-SOD、CuZn-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性高于其相应对照组;MDA含量低于其相应对照组。结论:槲皮素是一种有效的自由基清除剂,可显著提高运动大鼠抗自由基氧化的功能,能使大鼠运动能力明显提高。     

从有氧运动对人体的影响谈有氧健身运动处方的设计

通过对有氧运动的特点和有氧运动对人体物质能量代谢、心血管系统、肌肉耐力及体力三方面影响的分析，从运动生理学的角度阐述了有氧运动的原理，并进一步从运动形态、运动强度、运动持续时间、运动频度4个方面指出了设计有氧健身运动处方应符合的条件。     

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶与运动的研究进展

1973年,Berg和Carlson等分别报道了一个与3羟基3甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(3-hydr-oxy 3 methylglutaryl-CoA,HMG-CoA)还原酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxy-lase)相关的蛋白激酶,随后的研究表明,其活性受AMP的调节,故称为AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK     

达玛烷皂苷在运动耐力与运动疲劳中的作用

研究发现，人参的主要药理活性成分为人参皂苷及其代谢产物。大量的研究发现人生皂苷能够增加肌肉中氧气供应和弥散的能力、并增加葡萄糖和脂肪的有氧代谢，从而明显增加人体的运动耐力。同时，人参皂苷能促进运动后肌肉能量储备的恢复、减少乳酸产生和降低肌肉氧化应激和炎症反应，从而减轻运动疲劳。     

Influence of single‐leg training on muscle metabolism and endurance during exercise with the trained limb and the untrained limb

We have previously shown that single‐leg training results in improved endurance for exercise with the untrained leg (UTL) as well as for exercise with the trained leg (TL). The purpose of this study was to see whether the improved endurance of the untrained leg could be explained on the basis of changes in muscle metabolism. Exercise time to exhaustion at 80% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) was determined for each leg separately, pre‐ and post‐training. Muscle metabolite concentrations were measured pre‐ and post‐training in biopsy samples obtained immediately before this endurance test and at the pre‐training point of exhaustion (END1). After six weeks of single‐leg training endurance time was increased for both the UTL and the TL (UTL 34.0+16.4 min vs 97.9±26.3 min, P<0.01; TL 28.3 + 10.1 min vs 169.0 + 32.6 min, P < 0.01). No changes in muscle metabolite concentrations were found in resting muscle. Training increased muscle ATP (P <0.05) and glycogen (P <0.01) concentrations and decreased muscle lactate concentration (P<0.05) in the TL at END1. No significant changes in muscle metabolite concentrations were found for the UTL. The improved endurance of the contralateral limb after single‐leg training could not be explained on the basis of changes in muscle metabolism.