碘元素概念发展史及其教育价值

通过对碘元素概念发展历程的考证可知,1813年,盖·吕萨克首次提出碘元素概念,但当时碘元素和碘单质概念界定不清。至道尔顿提出原子论,赋予碘元素新的含义,首次将碘原子和碘元素结合在一起。20世纪40年代,碘同位素的发现完善了碘元素概念,形成现代碘元素观念。在化学教育中,须让学生认识到碘元素概念的发展史不仅是元素概念的发展史,也是科学思想的演进史和科学方法的发展史。     

海带中碘元素的分离实验改进

碘离子的氧化与碘单质的分离是海带中碘元素分离的关键步骤。采用反加试剂法改进碘离子氧化步骤,采用水蒸气蒸馏法改进碘单质的分离,达到了实验现象明显,终点判断简单,分离度高,环境污染少的优点。     

对“验证提取海带中的碘元素”实验的改进与创新

将演示实验"验证提取海带中的碘元素"改为分组实验,采用灰化法用蒸馏水常温浸泡海带灰,使用废旧饮料瓶自制加压过滤器,利用棉签、点滴板(或瓶盖)、废旧眼药水瓶进行微型实验,并用反萃法对所得碘的有机溶液进行回收处理,所需仪器和药品主要来自于生活,在中学化学实验的家庭化、微型化与绿色化方面进行了有益的尝试。     

四甲基氢氧化铵提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定多种食品中的碘

建立了四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定多种食品中的碘.试样经5％的TMAH溶液于85℃恒温提取3h,离心过滤后的试液采用ICP-MS法测定,以碘元素特定质量数127(质荷比m/z)定性,以碘元素和185铼内标元素质谱信号的强度比值与碘元素的浓度成正比进行定量.结果 表明,碘在0...     

灰化法海带提碘实验中碘元素流失原因探析

理论推导结合正交实验发现,采用灰化法从海带中提取碘的实验中,以下不当操作会导致碘元素流失：用水洗涤海带样品;灰化时间过长;过滤时不用有机溶剂润洗;溶解海带灰时煮沸;溶液的pH控制不当;选用氧化性过强的氧化剂。基于上述结论,得出了灰化法海带提碘实验的改进方案。     

无机化学系列化实验的介绍

为综合培养学生能力和科学态度,增强学习积极性与主动性,提高无机实验教学质量,我们在更新实验内容、改革实验体系方面进行了探索,开发了一定数量的系列化实验,即在几个彼此独立的实验中,寻找它们之间的内在联系,插入新的内容,将它们串连起来,构成一个有机的整体。现简要介绍其中一个系列化实验,以示一斑。     

以含碘氨基酸类激素为例刍议微量非金属元素在生物体内的作用机制

选取第五周期元素碘,结合多学科的研究方法论对含碘氨基酸类激素在生物体内的合成和分解代谢进行系统性分析。通过解析碘元素本身性质及其各个氧化态之间的转化,探讨碘元素在生物体内的作用机制,揭示自然界对物质代谢的精细调控。这一教学模式探索性地融入无机化学、元素有机化学、分子生物学、生物化学、生物物理学、化学生物学等一系列学科内容,旨在让学生在领悟生命科学内在规律,从而激发其科研及学习热情,并训练学生的类比思维和思辨能力。期对培养21世纪跨学科综合型人才的培养有所助益。     

培养高阶思维和核心素养的高考有效复习——以“从海洋到餐桌上的碘”为例

选择学生比较熟悉的碘元素,结合海带提碘和精碘制碘酸钾工业生产情境展开复习教学,综合利用元素性质、反应原理探索含碘物质之间相互转化的最优路径,并对转化过程中的某些现象进行实验探究。通过设置有梯度的问题串引导学生在思考、分析、探究、归纳中完成综合型学习任务,实现知识规律化和体系化整合以及高阶思维培养。     

探究碘钟振荡实验的最佳条件及反应机理

利用SPSS25.0统计软件对碘钟振荡实验进行正交实验设计，通过统计学分析得出最佳实验条件为：温度30℃，硫酸浓度2 mol/L，加入反应物后搅拌8 s。利用氧化还原传感器（ORP）对碘钟振荡体系的电极电势变化曲线进行分析，结合文献及曲线从热力学和动力学视角阐述其反应机理。基于宏观、微观、符号和曲线进行四重表征分析，以期帮助学生深刻理解趣味实验现象背后的微观反应本质是碘元素不同价态之间的相互转化。     

“从海带中提取碘”最佳实验条件的探讨

采用正交试验设计法探讨教科书中“从海带中提取碘”实验的最佳条件,实验结果表明,在“玻璃棒引燃”的前提下,采用蒸发皿灰化、选用质量分数为10％的H2O2、滴加10滴稀硫酸,现象最明显,实验时间大大缩减.另外,探讨得出教材中“煮沸2～3 min”是导致实验失败的关键步骤,宜改为“加热2～3 min,至沸腾即停止”.这有利于直观地建构碘元素存在于海带中的事实性知识,有利于学生实验的开展.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。