丹麦的森林可持续经营策略

丹麦的森林可持续经营策略王琦，徐斌森林可持续经营是指以一定的方式管理森林和林地，并以一定速率利用森林和林地。一方面，维持森林现有的和未来的生物多样性、生产力、更新能力、生命力和它们所拥有的一切潜力，并在地区、国家和全球水平上维持与其相关的生态、经济和...     

森林可持续经营背景下的森林经营管理原则

根据我国森林经营管理原则的历史和现状，明确了可持续发展背景下森林可持续经营是森林经营管理的总目标，指出森林经营管理原则应当既明确具体，有一定的可操作性，又不是具体的标准和指标而不失原则性，是为实现总体目标而进行规划和决策必须遵循的基本约束条件。阐述了实现森林可持续经营的基本要求和现实森林可持续性下降的表现。在此基础上，应用可持续发展理论和森林等级结构原理，提出了森林经营管理应遵循的6项基本原则：系统整体性原则、生态可持续性原因、公益性和社会参与原则、可持续利用原则、经济合理性原则和谨慎性原则。     

森林可持续经营的生态学原理和景观规划的实现途径

本文分析了可持续经营的生态学特征和要求，详细介绍了森林可持续经营的生态学原理，并对景观生态规划设计方法在森林经营中的应用前景进行了探讨。     

中国森林景观生态研究的进展与展望*

回顾了中国景观生态学从学习引进阶段到逐步进入发展阶段的过程和特点，总结了森林景观生态研究领域的发展现状，明确了其中在中国有一定优势的研究领域和方向．根据我国实际，介绍了森林景观生态的研究对象和主要内容。从促进森林可持续经营的高度．分析了当前中国森林景观生态研究领域存在的主要问题和制约因素，提出了今后一定时期内中国森林景观生态研究面临的主要挑战和应重点开展的研究工作。     

论森林工程与森林可持续经营

从森林工程与森林可持续经营关系入手，分析了森工作业对森林生态系统中生产者、消费者、分解者、非生物环境等因素的影响，提出了保证森林可持续经营的“生态森林工程”概念、模式和技术体系。     

浅谈森林可持续经营

森林可持续经营是人类对森林资源利用的里程碑阶段,是生态文明建设的保障,在应对全球气候变化、保护物种多样性、防治荒漠化等重大环境问题中起着举足轻重的作用。随着社会的不断发展,文章提出了林业科研在全球范围内开展广泛合作交流、确保人工林的多样性以及重视森林经营人才的培养等三方面工作,来顺应确保森林可持续经营的长久发展。     

国际化森林和林产品认证行动正在兴起

近十多年来,随着森林可持续经营的发展,世界自然基金会等国际组织和英国、荷兰、瑞典、德国、美国、加拿大、巴西、印度尼西亚、马来西亚等国家相继成立了森林和林产品认证机构,国际化的森林和林产品认证行动正在兴起。 森林和林产品认证就是由一个独立的第三者来证明生产木材的森林所在地和经营状况。其目的是向消费者传递有关生产的木材是否来自可持续经营的森林的消息,增强合理利用森林资源的意识,提高森林可持续经营的水平。认证属于“绿色标签”、“环境标签”或“生态标签”的范畴。     

森林生态采伐理论

系统论述森林生态采伐的概念、原则和森林生态采伐理论的内涵.森林生态采伐是在森林生态理论指导下进行森林采伐作业,使采伐和更新达到既高效利用森林又促进森林生态系统的健康与稳定,达到森林可持续利用的目的.森林生态采伐的内涵涉及3个层次:林分、景观和模仿自然干扰.在林分水平上,要系统地考虑林木及其产量、树种、树种组成和搭配、树木径级、生物多样性的最佳组合、林地生产力、物质和能量交换过程,使采伐后仍能维持森林生态系统的结构和功能,确保生态系统的稳定性和可持续性.在景观水平上,要考虑原生植被和顶级群落,进行景观规划设计,实现不同森林景观类型的合理配置.模仿自然干扰就是模仿自然选择采伐木、培养木和其他保留木;同时,在采伐作业过程中保留一定的枯立木、倒木和枯枝落叶等,以满足野生动物和微生物生存的需要.文章指出,森林生态采伐是对近代森林经营理论的继承和发展,是实现森林可持续经营的一个重要途径,在森林保护和合理利用中,必将扮演一个重要角色.最后,提出了今后森林生态采伐研究的主要方向.     

森林景观恢复在密云水库流域的实践与启示

森林景观恢复在促进生态完整性的同时,改善当地社区的生计,推动了林业社区的可持续发展。这一理念得到了世界各国的重视,并进行了广泛的推广。在密云水库流域,由于山区居民薪柴需求和农牧业生产的需要,常常会对一些村庄周围的森林造成一定程度的破坏。在"密云水库流域森林景观恢复和生计改善项目"中,通过开展近自然森林经营,修建卫生节能吊炕,培训薪柴可持续利用技术,建立了林务员队伍,不仅改善了项目村的森林景观,推动了社区经济发展方式转变,还提高了村民生计。     

21世纪森林工程专业本科人才培养模式研究

２１世纪森林工程学科发展趋势１森林作业环境的生态化森林的培育和开发直接与环境生态紧密相连，由于过度采伐森林，环境恶化问题日益严重，土地碱化沙漠化速度加快，水质空气污染严重，酸雨也较多出现。这些情况使人类意识到森林生态效益的重要性，在开采森林的过程中...     

Ecological and economical sustainability assessment of community forest management in Nepal: A reality check

This study analyzes the sustainability of community forest management, representing four forest types of two physiographic region Hills and Terai of Nepal. We assess the sustainability based on species composition, stand density, growing stock volume, and growth-to-removal ratio using inventory data of 109 permanent forest plots from four consecutive intervals of three to five years. In addition, forest users, forest committee members, and forest officials were consulted. We observed increment on the representation of economically valuable tree species in all forest types of both regions. The pole-size tree dominates in all forest types with declining number of trees and regeneration. In case of Hills forests, they were over-harvested until 2013 but were under-harvested in the recent period. In contrary, forests were under-harvested in the Terai. We found that ecological objectives of sustainable management are fully achieved while economic benefits remained unharnessed where harvesting is far below the growth. We conclude that maintaining a large number of trees may contribute to ecological but not on economical sustainability. We argue to rationalize annual harvest in all categories of the forest to enhance resource conditions together with regular benefits to the local communities.     

Silviculture,Fire and Ecosystem Management

Fire and timber harvesting are two major factors affecting the development of forests in the Inland West. Prior to 1900, wildfires burned at various intervals and intensities, regenerating and tending forests creating a mosaic of conditions. After 1900, fire exclusion and timber harvesting created forests that are overstocked with trees and prone to epidemics of insects and diseases and forest replacing fires. The tools and methods developed by silviculturists for producing high value timber products can be used to manage forests for sustainability. If forests of the Inland West are going to be sustained, some type of active management other than fire exclusion is going to be needed. These management activities can best be determined by analyzing large tracts of forests in both temporal and spatial scales. These ecosystem analyses can guide the development of silvicultural systems for the long-term maintenance of ecosystems.     

Analysis of the changes in forest ecosystem functions,structure and composition in the Black Sea region of Turkey

We used geographical information system to analyze changes in forest ecosystem functions, structure and composition in a typical department of forest management area consisting of four forest management planning units in Turkey. To assess these effects over a 25 year period we compiled data from three forest management plans that were made in 1986, 2001 and 2011. Temporal changes in forest ecosystem functions were estimated based on the three pillars of forest sustainability: economics, ecology and socio-culture. We assessed a few indicators such as land-use and forest cover, forest types, tree species, development stage, stand age classes, crown closure, growing stock and its increment, and timber biomass. The results of the case study suggested a shift in forest values away from economic values toward ecological and socio-cultural values over last two planning periods. Forest ecosystem structure improved, due mainly to increasing forest area, decreasing non-forest areas (especially in settlement and agricultural areas), forestation on forest openings, rehabilitation of degraded forests, conversion of even-aged forests to uneven-aged forests and conversion of coppice forests to high forests with greater growing stock increments. There were also favorable changes in forest management planning approaches.     

浙江省竹林生态与竹材循环利用实践

竹林是浙江省主要森林资源,按照生态经济学原理,对竹林进行生态经营,能够更好地发挥竹林的生态效益和经济效益。文章论述了浙江省竹林生态经营的意义和现状,提出了竹林生态经营的优先研究领域。以竹资源开发为基础的竹产业经济是浙江经济迅速发展的重要引擎,而基于资源培育、产品开发和废弃物综合利用的竹业循环经济发展模式是提高资源利用效率的有效途径。     

Logging history (1820–2000) of a heavily exploited southern boreal forest landscape: Insights from sunken logs and forestry maps

Over the last two centuries, logging has caused major, but unquantified, compositional and structural changes in the southern portion of the North American boreal forest. In this study, we used a series of old forest inventory maps coupled with a new dendrochronological approach for analyzing timber floating histories in order to document the long-term transformation (1820–2000) of a southern boreal landscape (117 000 ha) in eastern Quebec, Canada, in response to logging practices. Landscape exploitation became increasingly severe throughout this time period. During the ninetieth century (1820–1900) of limited industrial capacity, selective logging targeted pine and spruce trees and excluded balsam fir, a much abundant species of the forest landscape. Logging intensity increased during the first half of the twentieth century, and targeted all conifer species including balsam fir. After 1975, dramatic changes occurred over the landscape in relation to clear-cutting practices, plantations, and salvage logging, which promoted the proliferation of regenerating areas and extensive plantations of the previously uncommon black spruce. Overall, logging disturbance resulted in an inversion in the forest matrix, from conifer to mixed and deciduous, and from old to regenerating stands, thus creating significant consequences on forest sustainability. If biodiversity conservation and sustainable forestry are to be management goals in such a heavily exploited forested landscape, then restoration strategies should be implemented in order to stop the divergence of the forests from their preindustrial conditions.     

Assessing rates of forest change and fragmentation in Alabama,USA, using the vegetation change tracker model

Forest change is of great concern for land use decision makers and conservation communities. Quantitative and spatial forest change information is critical for addressing many pressing issues, including global climate change, carbon budgets, and sustainability. In this study, our analysis focuses on the differences in geospatial patterns and their changes between federal forests and nonfederal forests in Alabama over the time period 1987–2005, by interpreting 163 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes using a vegetation change tracker (VCT) model. Our analysis revealed that for the most part of 1990 s and between 2000 and 2005, Alabama lost about 2% of its forest on an annual basis due to disturbances, but much of the losses were balanced by forest regeneration from previous disturbances. The disturbance maps revealed that federal forests were reasonably well protected, with the fragmentation remaining relatively stable over time. In contrast, nonfederal forests, which are predominant in area share (about 95%), were heavily disturbed, clearly demonstrating decreasing levels of fragmentation during the time period 1987–1993 giving way to a subsequent accelerating fragmentation during the time period 1994–2005. Additionally, the identification of the statistical relationships between forest fragmentation status and forest loss rate and forest net change rate in relation to land ownership implied the distinct differences in forest cutting rate and cutting patterns between federal forests and nonfederal forests. The forest spatial change information derived from the model has provided valuable insights regarding regional forest management practices and disturbance regimes, which are closely associated with regional economics and environmental concerns.     

Benefits of forests in Cameroon. Global structure,issues involving access and decision-making hiccoughs

Among many other stakes, the economic stake derived from the exploitation of tropical forest resources is a burning issue. This is evidenced by insecurity in intergenerational access to forest resources and financial benefits relating to the latter, on the one hand, and by a deep iniquity at the intra-generational level, on the other hand. The following paper highlights, as a moral, social and policy dilemma, how stakeholders and generations, ‘self-interested’, mark out access to forest resources and to financial benefits relating to the latter. Through intensive participatory research, quantitative data collection, participant observation, future scenarios and some International Forestry Research's social science methods and interactive games (SSM & IG) based on the evaluation of the sustainability of forest management systems, field research conducted in the forest zone of Cameroon on access to forest resources has generated two central results. Firstly, future generations will be confronted—in a dramatic way—to quantitative and qualitative scarcity of forest resources, following their over exploitation by present generations. Secondly, as concerns the intra-generational access benefits generated by commercial exploitation of forests and the assessment of the circulation of forestry fees, there is much inequity, in as much as those benefits are more profitable to a ‘forestry elite’—‘a self-interested block’—than to local communities, who strongly claim to have historical rights over these forests. As a contribution of social science to public knowledge and to policy development, this article is nourishing ‘rational choice’ and ‘rational egoism’ theory and is targeting decision-making processes in the ever first attempt of forest management decentralization and ‘legal’ benefits sharing in Central Africa (the second largest forest of the World). The article recommends the shortening of the distance between decision-making and beneficiaries, downwardly accountability, ‘bottom-up’ mechanisms of public dialogue in forest management and a collaborative infrastructure in the circulation and the distribution of forest benefits.     

Efficient and equitable forest rent capture in three pacific island nations: Opportunities and impediments in forest policy reform

Various contrasts may be observed in the way three Pacific island countries — Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands and Vanuatu — exploit their natural forest endowments. The modes of exploitation, the efficiency of forest revenue systems and the sustainability of forest allocation mechanisms are analysed. It is argued that equity issues are also important in forest policy given that forests in all three countries are under customary tenure. The forest revenue system in PNG is criticised for being inefficient and inequitable. In the Solomons the rate of logging is found to be unsustainable, being linked to the country’s economic crisis. In Vanuatu a logging ban has stimulated timber processing, but probably at a cost to the economy, and has failed to confer sustainability on the industry. Changes to forest revenue systems and forest allocation procedures that would enhance efficiency, equity, sustainability and conservation are identified, along with impediments to these changes.     

Property Taxes and Forests in West Virginia: A Historical Review

Managed Timberland Tax Incentive Program (Managed Timberland), the program which authorizes preferential property taxation of forest land in West Virginia, was created in anticipation of expected drastic changes in property assessment values when the state ordered a reassessment to correct a long-standing underassessment problem. Since the enactment of Managed Timberland no detailed research has been conducted to determine the benefits of the policy to the state or to private forest landowners. Managed Timberland has low enrollment rates and may be an unfair shift of the tax burden to non-forest owners. A detailed study of Managed Timberland was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the policy. This study employs a historical review to examine the implication of past tax policies and provide a context and direction for future research and policy recommendations. The historical review reveals that in West Virginia, a preferential tax program for forests is desirable, but requires changes due to a history of inefficient and unfairly distributed property taxes and inadequate benefits from Managed Timberland to forest landowners. Simplification of forest tax policies would make these policies more transparent and understandable to landowners and easier for local tax authorities to administer. In addition, landowners may be more inclined to participate in preferential forest tax programs if program outreach and reward systems were more in keeping with known landowner values and beliefs.