经皮微创接骨板内固定术治疗四肢骨折的方法和临床效果

目的探讨经皮微创接骨板内固定术治疗四肢骨折的方法和临床效果。方法随机选取2015年5月至2017年5月本院收治的四肢骨折患者60例,依据手术术式将这些患者分为经皮微创接骨板内固定术组(经皮微创组,n=30)和开放复位接骨板内固定术组(开放复位组,n=30)两组,对两组患者的临床疗效、手术相关指标、术后并发症发生情况进行统计分析。结果经皮微创组患者治疗的优良率90.0%(27/30)显著高于开放复位组63.3%(19/30)(P0.05),手术时间、下地时间、骨折愈合时间均显著短于开放复位组(P0.05),术中出血量显著少于开放复位组(P0.05),切口长度显著短于开放复位组(P0.05),术后并发症发生率6.7%(2/30)显著低于开放复位组16.7%(5/30)(P0.05)。结论经皮微创接骨板内固定术治疗四肢骨折的临床效果较开放复位接骨板内固定术好。     

锁定接骨板治疗外侧壁粉碎的股骨转子间骨折

目的完整的外侧壁对股骨转子间骨折内固定术后的稳定性有着重要意义。本文旨在探讨采用锁定接骨板治疗外侧壁粉碎的股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法回顾2009年12月至2013年6月以来南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院收治的股骨转子间骨折患者,术前CT证实为外侧壁粉碎的AO/ASIF A3型骨折、接受锁定接骨板内固定手术治疗且随访超过18个月者共24例,其中男15例,女9例;年龄48~79岁(平均63.5岁)。术中在牵引床辅助下行骨折复位内固定手术治疗,14例采用对侧股骨远端外侧锁定加压接骨板倒置固定,10例采用股骨近端外侧锁定加压接骨板固定。术后定期随访并行髋关节功能评分。结果 24例患者中,手术骨折复位优良率为91.7%。术后3个月时骨折全部愈合。平均随访时间26.4个月(18~44个月),末次随访时髋关节功能评分(harris hip score,HHS)62~86分,平均71.4分。无复位丢失、内固定失败等。结论采用锁定接骨板治疗外侧壁粉碎的股骨转子间骨折,可获得满意的临床疗效。     

数字骨科技术在复杂关节内骨折手术中的应用

目的探讨数字骨科技术在复杂关节内骨折手术中的应用价值。方法对2013年12月至2017年1月中山火炬开发区医院收治的14例关节内骨折患者采用数字骨科辅助手术治疗。行双侧肢体CT扫描,利用数字骨科软件重建患者骨骼模型,术前通过计算机分析、模拟手术复位制定三维设计手术方案,术中将3D打印个性化模板用于辅助骨折复位、截骨和内固定手术的精确实施。结果按照术前三维设计方案完成手术,术程顺利,患者均获解剖复位。术后肢体外形对称、轴线恢复良好,接骨板、螺钉的位置、方向与模拟手术完全一致;无一例患者出现皮肤坏死、切口感染、神经血管损伤并发症。随访时间12～18个月,平均随访时间(13±4)个月。患者骨折均获愈合,骨折愈合时间(6±2)个月。末次随访时所有患者关节活动功能恢复良好。结论数字骨科技术辅助复杂关节内骨折手术,可通过术前三维设计完善和优化手术方案,借助术中个性化模板引导实施精准手术操作,提高了手术的精确性和安全性。     

弹性髓内钉与接骨板固定治疗儿童股骨骨折疗效分析

目的比较弹性髓内钉与钛合金接骨板内固定治疗儿童股骨干骨折的疗效。方法将58例股骨干骨折患儿分为2组,观察组28例采用闭合复位弹性髓内钉内固定,对于难以闭合复位和插钉困难的骨折采用小切口辅助复位和插钉;对照组30例采用切开复位接骨板内固定。结果观察组平均手术时间及术中出血量均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。58例患儿均获12~24个月随访,骨折全部愈合。未发生切口感染、骨髓炎、骨折不愈合。按照Flynn评价标准,观察组优良率96.4%,对照组为96.7%,2组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论弹性髓内钉闭合复位内固定和接骨板切开复位内固定治疗儿童股骨干骨折,效果均较为满意。但弹性髓内钉闭合复位内固定创伤小,可根据具体病情加以选择。     

低切迹腓骨远端后外侧接骨板治疗B型踝关节骨折的临床观察

[摘要]目的：探讨低切迹腓骨远端后外侧接骨板治疗B型踝关节骨折的方法及疗效。方法：2010年5月～2011年12月对58例B型踝关节骨折的患者使用低切迹腓骨远端后外侧接骨板对外踝骨折进行内固定治疗,手术采用踝关节后外侧入路,首先处理外踝骨折,复位骨折后,将低切迹腓骨远端后外侧接骨板置于腓骨后外方或后方,然后在同一入路内复位后踝骨折并固定,     

生物可吸收内固定材料及其在掌骨干骨折治疗中的应用

近年来,越来越多的可吸收内固定材料被发现并应用于骨科临床治疗中,其中生物可降解材料依靠其优越的生物相容性及降解速度的可调节性脱颖而出,生物可吸收接骨板已应用于掌骨干骨折治疗。该文对可吸收内固定材料及其在掌骨干骨折治疗中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

腓侧锁定接骨板桥接治疗胫骨下段骨折

目的探讨腓侧锁定接骨板桥接治疗胫骨下段骨折的临床疗效。方法对48例胫骨下段骨折患者采用腓侧锁定接骨板内固定。结果 48例均获得随访,时间8~25个月。患者骨折均愈合,其中骨折延迟愈合4例,未发生内固定断裂。创面皮肤浅表坏死2例,深部感染1例。骨折复位情况影像学评估：解剖复位38例,复位一般10例。按Mazur踝关节功能系统评分标准：优40例,良6例,可2例。结论合理评估软组织条件,掌握手术时机,关节面解剖复位,腓侧锁定接骨板治疗胫骨下段骨折可获得良好的疗效。     

胫骨下段骨折切开与闭合复位内固定术疗效比较

目的比较闭合性胫骨下段骨折切开复位与闭合复位内固定术的疗效,以期寻找更合适的治疗手段。方法对50例胫腓骨下段骨折行内固定术,随机分为2组:A组25例(闭合复位、经皮锁定加压接骨板内固定)、B组25例(切开复位、锁定加压接骨板内固定)。结果 A组平均手术时间较B组长、术中透视次数多、解剖复位率低,但平均术中出血量少、切口长度短、住院时间短、骨折临床愈合时间短、下地负重时间短、术后并发症发生率低、术后Johner-Wruhs评分优良率高,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于胫骨下段闭合性骨折,采用闭合复位、经皮胫骨内侧锁定加压接骨板内固定术总体疗效优于切开复位、胫骨内侧锁定加压接骨板内固定术,可以推广使用。     

锁定接骨板内固定治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折

目的 探讨锁定接骨板内固定治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折的效果。方法 对49例(58足)移位的跟骨关节内骨折(SandersⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型)采用切开复位锁定接骨板内固定术治疗,术中关节面复位后跟骨外侧放置跟骨锁定接骨板。手术前后测量Bhler角和Gissane角,评价跟骨骨折的复位情况。结果 患者均获随访,时间6~28个月。患者切口均无严重感染和广泛的皮肤坏死;骨折均愈合,时间3.5~4.5个月。术后6个月复查X线片显示Bhler角和Gissane角分别为28.3°±6.1°和125.7°±8.5°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后功能按Maryland足部评价系统评分:优40足,良14足,差4足,优良率93.1%。结论 切开复位锁定接骨板内固定术治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折手术方法简单,疗效满意。     

LISS接骨板固定治疗胫骨近端粉碎骨折

目的探讨使用微创固定系统接骨板内固定治疗胫骨近端骨折的方法和近期临床疗效。方法自2004年12月至2006年12月共收集胫骨近端骨折12例，所有骨折均采用LISS接骨板（瑞士A0／ASIF器械）固定。术后予以预防感染、抬高患肢、促进骨折愈合等治疗，术后均无需外固定。结果LISS接骨板内固定术后对线良好，全部骨折经术后4～13个月随访均无复位丢失、内固定松动及内固定失效等情况，骨折均达到临床愈合。结论应用LISS接骨板内固定治疗胫骨近端干骺端骨折具有手术简单、临床愈合时间短、骨折近期临床疗效较好及术后患肢功能恢复情况较好等优点，值得广泛推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.