高稀释倍数碱性铜精抛液在Cu CMP中的应用

采用自制的不含常用的腐蚀抑制剂(BTA)碱性铜精抛液对铜和钽进行了化学机械抛光。研究了高稀释倍数(50倍)的精抛液对铜膜的静态腐蚀速率和抛光速率以及钽抛光速率的影响,并对65 nm技术节点的300 mm单层铜布线片进行了平坦化研究。结果表明,铜膜的静态腐蚀速率为1.5 nm/min,动态抛光速率为206.9 nm/min,阻挡层Ta/TaN抛光速率仅为0.4 nm/min,Cu/Ta选择比高。此精抛液能够有效去除残余铜,进一步过抛完全去除残余铜时,对阻挡层的去除速率趋于0,而沟槽里的铜布线去除量低,碟形坑和蚀坑大小满足实际平坦化要求。此精抛液可满足65 nm技术节点平坦化的要求。     

铜化学机械抛光工艺中碟形缺陷的优化

铜化学机械抛光是近些年发展最快的一种工艺,铜碟形是铜化学机械抛光工艺中的主要问题之一。严重的碟形缺陷会造成产品良率的缺失,使得利润下降。碟形是由于在抛光过程中铜线与介质层不同的抛光速率所导致。文章详细地介绍了铜化学机械抛光的基本步骤和不同作用,然后指出了在抛光过程中碟形产生的基本原理,最后对抛光过程中最重要的抛光液及其成份对碟形的影响进行了分析。通过试验各种成分的剂量组成不同配方的抛光液,最终给出了减少碟形的具体改进方案。     

硅通孔抛光液的研究进展

硅通孔(TSV)技术是一种先进的封装技术,化学机械抛光(CMP)是集成电路TSV制作过程中的重要步骤之一,是可兼顾材料表面局部和全局平坦化的技术。抛光液是影响抛光表面质量和加工效率的关键因素,是CMP工艺中消耗品成本最大的部分。TSV抛光液主要包括铜膜抛光液和阻挡层抛光液,依据抛光速率和抛光质量(表面粗糙度、碟形坑修正等)的要求对其进行了分类讨论,概述了近年来TSV抛光液的研究进展,对其今后的研究重点和发展趋势进行了分析和预测,认为TSV抛光液应朝着抛光速率和抛光质量的优化、低成本、环境友好的方向发展。     

稀释倍数对弱碱性铜粗抛液性能的影响

研究了三种不同稀释倍数的弱碱性铜粗抛液,原液采用商用FA/O型铜抛光液,稀释倍数分别为1倍、3倍和5倍。基于化学机械抛光(CMP)作用机理,在相同工艺条件下分析了三种粗抛液对铜膜的平均去除速率、片内非均匀性(WIWNU)和平坦化性能等指标的影响。铜膜的抛光实验结果表明:稀释3倍的弱碱性铜粗抛液对铜膜平均去除速率高达869.76 nm/min,片内非均匀性仅为2.32%。四层图形片的平坦化测试结果显示,图形片初始高低差为312.5 nm,采用稀释3倍的粗抛液抛光20 s后,有效消除高低差261.5 nm,基本实现了全局平坦化,满足45 nm技术节点的要求。     

铜抛光液对片内非均匀性影响的研究

对于低介电常数材料和铜互连结构在低压化学机械抛光中,研发新的抛光液和调整工艺参数是非常必要的。抛光液的研发是减少抛光表面划伤和解决磨料剩余的关键。抛光液组成由片内非均匀性和铜抛光去除速率特性来优化。氧化剂浓度1Vol%;磨料浓度0.8Vol%;螯合剂浓度2Vol%。工作压力1kPa。抛光后表面缺陷减小并且表面干净无污染。去除速率289nm/min,片内非均匀性0.065。化学机械抛光后用原子力测量粗糙度为0.22 nm。     

抛光工艺对硅基Pb_(1-x)Ge_xTe薄膜性能的影响

研究了不同的抛光方法(机械抛光、化学腐蚀及化学机械抛光)对硅基板上沉积的Pb_(1-x)Ge_xTe薄膜性能的影响.研究表明,经化学机械抛光(SiO_2胶体或Cr~+)的硅基板上所沉积的Pb_(1-x)Ge_xTe薄膜具有致密的结构及平直的界面,其沉积速率也比在化学腐蚀抛光表面的沉积速率大7%或18%(分别对应<111>和<100>晶向);薄膜具有明显高于化学腐蚀抛光基板沉积薄膜的折射率,且折射率随温度的降低而增加,而低温下折射率随波长的增加而增加;化学腐蚀抛光基板沉积薄膜的折射率的增加量明显大于化学机械抛光基板沉积薄膜的增加量;薄膜层经机械抛光后,其膜层结构、组分及其深度分布均未改变,但透射率增加,消光系数有所改善,折射率有所降低.     

TSV铜抛光液的研究进展

对硅通孔技术(TSV)在3D堆叠封装领域的优势进行了简单阐述,同时指出化学机械抛光(CMP)技术作为具有高质量和高精度的全局平坦化工艺,是TSV制备过程中最重要的步骤之一。影响化学机械抛光质量以及效率的因素有很多,其中比较关键的是化学机械抛光液的组成成分及其性能。重点从抛光速率、抛光质量(抑制碟形坑、表面粗糙度等)和绿色环保几个方面对抛光液性能的影响进行了讨论,概述了近年来国内外铜抛光液的研究进展。最后,通过对比总结目前铜抛光液的研究成果,对TSV铜抛光液今后的研究重点和发展趋势进行了分析和预测,其应朝着抛光速率和抛光质量的优化、低成本及环境友好的方向发展。     

铜在苯并三唑抛光液中的抛光速率及其影响因素

研究了铜在抛光液中的电化学行为.结果表明,抛光液化学组成为1%HN O3+1%B TA+0.2%H2O2较适宜.研究了腐蚀介质硝酸、成膜剂苯并三唑、H2O2、磨粒g-A12O3的浓度、抛光压力及抛光转速对铜化学-机械抛光速率的影响,解释了各种因素的影响机理.     

ULSI多层铜互连线的碟形坑问题研究

介绍了ULSI多层铜互连线中的碟形坑问题,对其产生的原因及影响因素进行了分析。针对影响因素中的工艺条件,分别进行了不同压力、温度、流量的试验,得到了上述各因素对抛光速率的影响。基于上述试验结果,确定了铜互连线化学机械抛光(CMP)的工艺条件,并进行了不同抛光液配比的试验,从而找出一种合适的方法,使不同材料的抛光速率达到一致,有效降低了碟形坑出现的几率。     

W-Mo合金CMP工艺参数的影响与优化研究

简述了金属化学机械抛光的机理。将半导体制造工艺中的化学机械抛光技术拓展并应用到W-Mo合金表面加工中,在实现W-Mo合金材料表面高平坦度、低粗糙度的前提下,提高W-Mo合金去除速率。针对W-Mo合金的性质,选用碱性抛光液,并采用田口方法对抛光液pH值、抛光压力和抛光盘转速三个重要因素进行了优化设计,得到以去除速率为评价条件的综合最优抛光参数。实验分析表明,当抛光液pH值为11,抛光压力为80 kPa,抛光盘转速60 r/min时,可以获得较高的去除速率。     

新型碱性抛光液各组分对铜化学机械平坦化性能的影响

随着集成电路特征尺寸的减小、晶圆尺寸的增大以及布线层的逐渐增多,加工晶圆过程中实现较高的材料去除速率、较小的片内非一致性(WIWNU)及较小的表面粗糙度已经成为铜化学机械抛光工艺的几大难点.采用正交实验法选取5组抛光液进行Cu CMP实验,系统研究了含有双氧水、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO)、FA/O Ⅰ型螯合剂与苯骈三氮唑(BTA)的碱性抛光液化学组分对铜去除速率、WIWNU的影响,并对铜CMP的各种变化规律做出机理分析.结果表明:采用pH值约为8.6,体积分数为3％的H202,质量分数为0.08％的非离子表面活性剂AEO与体积分数为1.5％的螯合剂的碱性抛光液,在12英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)铜镀膜片抛光后有助于去除速率达到629.1 nm/min,片内非一致性达到4.7％,粗糙度达到1.88 nm.     

A model for wafer scale variation of material removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing based on viscoelastic pad deformation

It is well known that within-wafer nonuniformity (WIWNU) due to the variation in material removal rate (MRR) in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) significantly affects the yield of good dies. The process control for a batch CMP operation is further complicated by wafer-to-wafer nonuniformity (WTWNU) caused by MRR decay when a number of wafers are polished with the same unconditioned pad. Accordingly, the present work focuses on modeling the WIWNU and WTWNU in CMP processes. Various material removal models suggest that the MRR is strongly influenced by the interface pressure. It is also well known that the viscoelastic properties of the pad play an important role in CMP. In the present work, an analytical expression for pressure distribution (and its associated MRR) at the wafer-pad interface for a viscoelastic pad is developed. It is observed that under constant load, which is typical during main polishing in CMP, the spatial distribution of the interface pressure profile may change with time from edge-slow to edge-fast, depending on the combination of wafer curvature, down pressure, and pad properties. For constant displacement operations, the pressure profile retains its edge-slow or edge-fast characteristics over time. The analytical model predictions of MRR based on viscoelastic pad properties also correlate very well to existing experimental observations of MRR decay when an unconditioned pad is used to polish a number of wafers. Based on these observations, it may be conjectured that the viscoelastic material properties of the pad play a primary role in causing the observed MRR decay. The analytical results obtained in the present work can also provide an estimation of evolution of thickness removal distribution over the entire wafer. This may be used for determining the optimum thickness of the overburden material and its polishing time, and for effective control of CMP processes.     

Effect of copper slurry on polishing characteristics

The composition of the polishing solution is optimized by investigating the impact of the WIWNU (the so-called within-wafer-non-uniformity WIWNU) and the removal rate(RR) on the polishing characteristics of copper.The oxidizer concentration is 1 Vol%;the abrasive concentration is 0.8 Vol%;the chelating agent of the solution is 2 Vol%.The working pressure is 1 kPa.The defect on the surface is degraded and the surface is clean after polishing.The removal rate is 289 nm/min and the WIWNU is 0.065.The surface roughness measured by AFM after CMP(chemical mechanical planarization) is 0.22 nm.     

碱性条件下铝CMP的机理分析及实验优化

依据铝的电化学腐蚀特性,阐明了碱性条件下铝化学机械抛光(CMP)的机理。由于铝的硬度较低,在抛光过程中容易产生微划伤等缺陷,因此首先探索出适宜铝化学机械抛光的低压条件(4 psi,1 psi=6.895 kPa)。此外,提出两步抛光的方法,在抛光初期采用压力4 psi,抛光液由质量分数为40%的纳米级硅溶胶与去离子水(DIW)以体积比1∶1配制,氧化剂(H2O2)体积分数为1.5%,FA/O I型表面活性剂体积分数为1%,调节FA/OⅡ型螯合剂pH值为11.0,获得了较高的铝去除速率(341 nm/min)。在抛光后期采用低压1.45 psi,抛光液主要成分为体积分数5%的FA/O表面活性剂,并在较大体积流量(300 mL/min)的条件下进行抛光,充分利用表面活性剂的作用,对实验方案进行优化。采用优化后的实验方案,铝表面的划伤和缺陷显著减少。     

不同压力下螯合剂浓度在碱性Cu CMP中的影响

We propose the action mechanism of Cu chemical mechanical planarization(CMP) in an alkaline solution.Meanwhile,the effect of abrasive mass fraction on the copper removal rate and within wafer non-uniformity(WIWNU) have been researched.In addition,we have also investigated the synergistic effect between the applied pressure and the FA/O chelating agent on the copper removal rate and WIWNU in the CMP process.Based on the experimental results,we chose several concentrations of the FA/O chelating agent,which added in the slurry can obtain a relatively high removal rate and a low WIWNU after polishing,to investigate the planarization performance of the copper slurry under different applied pressure conditions.The results demonstrate that the copper removal rate can reach 6125 °/min when the abrasive concentration is 3 wt.%.From the planarization experimental results,we can see that the residual step height is 562 ° after excessive copper of the wafer surface is eliminated.It denotes that a good polishing result is acquired when the FA/O chelating agent concentration and applied pressure are fixed at 3 vol% and 1 psi,respectively.All the results set forth here are very valuable for the research and development of alkaline slurry.     

低磨料浓度的碱性铜抛光液平坦化性能的研究

A novel alkaline copper slurry that possesses a relatively high planarization performance is investigated under a low abrasive concentration.Based on the action mechanism of CMP,the feasibility of using one type of slurry in copper bulk elimination process and residual copper elimination process,with different process parameters,was analyzed.In addition,we investigated the regular change of abrasive concentration effect on copper and tantalum removal rate and within wafer non-uniformity(WIWNU) in CMP process.When the abrasive concentration is 3 wt%,in bulk elimination process,the copper removal rate achieves 6125 °/min,while WIWNU is 3.5%,simultaneously.In residual copper elimination process,the copper removal rate is approximately 2700°/min,while WIWNU is 2.8%.Nevertheless,the tantalum removal rate is 0 °/min,which indicates that barrier layer isn’t eliminated in residual copper elimination process.The planarization experimental results show that an excellent planarization performance is obtained with a relatively high copper removal rate in bulk elimination process.Meanwhile,after residual copper elimination process,the dishing value increased inconspicuously,in a controllable range,and the wafer surface roughness is only 0.326 nm(sq < 1 nm) after polishing.By comparison,the planarization performance and surface quality of alkaline slurry show almost no major differences with two kinds of commercial acid slurries after polishing.All experimental results are conducive to research and improvement of alkaline slurry in the future.     

有机胺碱对硅通孔铜膜化学机械抛光的影响

有机胺碱可与铜离子反应且产物在碱性条件下溶于水,这为硅通孔(TSV)铜膜的碱性化学机械抛光(CMP)提供了有利条件.研究了大分子有机胺碱对铜膜化学机械抛光的影响.首先测试了不同体积分数有机胺碱对碱性抛光液中磨料粒径和Zeta电位的影响,然后在直径3英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)铜片上模拟了不同体积分数有机胺碱对铜去除速率的影响.实验结果表明:有机胺碱对抛光液中磨料粒径和Zeta电位没有影响;随着有机胺碱体积分数的增加,铜的去除速率先快速增加,达到一峰值后趋于稳定,最后略有下降;当有机胺碱的体积分数为5％时,TSV图形片铜膜去除速率达到最高值2.1tμm/min,剩余铜膜总厚度差减小到1.321 76 nm,实现了纳米级的化学机械抛光.     

A model for wafer scale variation of removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing based on elastic pad deformation

It is well known that within wafer non-uniformity (WIWNU), due to the variation in material, removal rate (MRR) in the whole wafer plays an important role in determining the quality of a wafer planarized by CMP. Various material removal models also suggest that the MRR is strongly influenced by the interface pressure. In the present work, an analytical expression for pressure distribution at the wafer and pad interface is developed. It is observed that depending on the wafer curvature and polishing conditions, the interface pressure may exhibit significant variation. The analytical model predictions are first verified against finite element method (FEM) simulations. The predicted analytical pressure profiles are then utilized in Preston's equation to estimate the MRR, and these MRR predictions are also compared to experimental observations. The analytical results suggest, that for a specified wafer curvature there exists a certain polishing condition (and vice versa) that will enable holding the WIWNU within a specified tolerance band. The proposed model facilitates the design space exploration for such optimal polishing conditions.     

磨料对硒化锌雾化施液化学机械抛光的影响

采用雾化施液化学机械抛光（CMP）的方法,以材料去除速率和表面粗糙度为评价指标,选取最适合硒化锌抛光的磨料,通过单因素实验对比CeO2、SiO2和Al2O3三种磨料的抛光效果。结果显示:采用Al2O3抛光液可以获得最高的材料去除率,为615.19nm/min,而CeO2和SiO2磨料的材料去除率分别只有184.92和78.56nm/min。进一步分析磨料粒径对实验结果的影响规律,表明100nm Al2O3抛光后的表面质量最佳,粗糙度Ra仅为2.51nm,300nm Al2O3的去除速率最大,达到1 256.5nm/min,但表面存在严重缺陷,出现明显划痕和蚀坑。在相同工况条件下,与传统化学机械抛光相比,精细雾化抛光的去除速率和表面粗糙度与传统抛光相近,但所用抛光液量约为传统抛光的1/8,大大提高了抛光液的利用率。