晚上新世以来南海北部深部水团演化

对南海北部大洋钻探184航次1146站晚上新世以来底栖有孔虫属种组合的Q型因子分析, 发现底栖有孔虫组合以2.1Ma, 1.5Ma和0.7Ma为界, 分为Stilostomella-Globocassidulina subglobosa-Nodogenerina, Bulimina alazanensis, Uvigerina perigrina和Melonis barleeanus-Globobulimina affinis-Bulimina aculeata4个组合.结合底层水溶解氧含量和浮游、底栖有孔虫碳同位素分析, 认为底栖有孔虫组合的变化是南海底层水影响所致, 以及南海北部表层和底层海水营养盐含量变化的共同结果.      

南海北部天然气水合物远景区末次冰期以来底栖有孔虫稳定同位素特征及其影响因素

底栖有孔虫碳同位素负偏移是地质记录中天然气水合物释放的重要证据之一.对南海北部西沙海槽和东沙陆坡等天然气水合物远景区XH-27PC和DS-4PC柱状样分别进行顶空气甲烷含量分析、有机碳含量分析、粒度分析和有孔虫氧碳同位素分析.结合碳酸盐含量及AMS 14C测年,揭示研究区末次冰期以来底栖有孔虫的稳定同位素特征.结果显示:西沙海槽BSR区沉积物中甲烷含量较低;底栖有孔虫碳同位素负偏不明显,与顶空气甲烷含量呈弱正相关(R=0.32),与有机碳含量有强负相关(R=-0.82),说明低通量甲烷不足以引起底栖有孔虫碳同位素显著偏移,在无甲烷或甲烷轻微渗漏的环境中有机碳的厌氧氧化是影响底栖有孔虫碳同位素组成的主要因素.东沙陆坡BSR区沉积物中含有大量的甲烷气体;底栖有孔虫氧同位素记录在末次冰期异常偏重,可能与天然气水合物的分解释放有关;同时可识别出多期碳同位素快速负偏事件,其成因很可能是末次冰期海平面下降导致海底沉积物的温度、压力条件发生变化,从而引发水合物甲烷失稳分解,底栖有孔虫吸收富12C的甲烷源碳致使壳体碳同位素负偏移.     

中更新世转型时期南海北部上层水体结构演化特征——ODP1146站浮游有孔虫稳定同位素记录

文章以南海北部ODP1146站沉积物岩芯为研究材料,利用浮游有孔虫次表层水种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata壳体的氧、碳稳定同位素,结合该站位浮游及底栖有孔虫氧碳同位素数据,分析中更新世以来南海北部上层水体结构的演化。1.2 Ma以来ODP1146站P.obliquiloculata壳体δ^18O的变化可分3个阶段:1)1.2~0.9 Ma,冰期-间冰期变化幅度较小、主导周期为41 ka斜率周期;2)0.9~0.6 Ma,冰期旋回变化幅度逐渐增强、100 ka偏心率周期开始强化;3)0.6 Ma以来,冰期旋回呈现稳定且幅度较大的100 ka周期变化。0.9 Ma以来南海北部上层海水δ^18O的冰期旋回变幅增强,可能反映东亚冬季风在0.9 Ma之后显著强化。其中,表层水体δ^18O只在冰期变幅增强,P.obliquiloculata所反映的次表层水体δ^18O的变化幅度在冰期和间冰期都显著增强。约0.9 Ma浮游和底栖有孔虫δ^18O的100 ka周期几乎同时显现;但在0.9~0.6 Ma时期P.obliquiloculata的δ^18O偏心率周期更为显著、斜率周期的强度也更高。因此,冰期旋回周期转型及幅度变化两方面的证据共同反映温跃层结构演化在南海北部中更新世转型(MPT)气候转变过程中的特殊性。1.2 Ma以来ODP1146站P.obliquiloculata的δ^13C在0.02 Ma、0.49 Ma和0.99 Ma左右呈明显的碳重值,同时表层种-次表层种之间的δ^13C差值减小到近于0,可以解读为碳重值事件期间南海北部生产力相对减弱。     

晚上新世以来南海北部上部水体结构变化及东亚季风演化

文章通过对南海大洋钻探 1 1 4 6站有孔虫组合及其壳体氧、碳同位素的研究 ,探讨了南海北部上部水体结构对晚上新世 (3.2～ 2 .0MaB .P .)北极冰盖的形成、扩大的响应。浮游有孔虫混合层和温跃层属种相对百分含量的变化 ,Globigerinoidessacculifer,Pulleniatinaobliquiloculata和Cibicidoideswuellerstorfi种间碳同位素的差值 ,以及底栖有孔虫内生种含量的变化表明 :3.2～ 2 .0MaB .P .期间南海北部混合层、温跃层浮游有孔虫属种的百分含量主要受表层海水温度、生产力变化的控制 ;2 .7MaB .P .前后该区表层海水混合程度、生产力增加 ,上部海水垂直交换增强 ,反映了南海北部上部水体结构变化对北极冰盖的形成、扩张 ,以及东亚冬季风强化的响应     

南海北部有孔虫碳氧同位素特征与晚第四纪水合物分解的响应关系

为探寻晚第四纪以来水合物分解事件在南海北部甲烷渗漏环境下有孔虫中的记录,对南海北部陆坡2个区块的沉积柱状样有孔虫碳氧同位素组成和测年分析发现,底栖有孔虫Uvigerina spp.碳同位素值为-2.12‰～-0.21‰,浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber.氧同位素值为-3.11‰～-0.60‰,ZD3、ZS5 2个柱状样孔底年龄分别为26 616、64 090 a,对应了氧同位素Ⅲ、Ⅳ期末期,有孔虫碳同位素负偏的层位与氧同位素Ⅱ、Ⅳ期(冷期)层位相对应,负偏程度达到了-2‰,与布莱克海台和墨西哥湾等地区晚第四纪沉积层中有孔虫碳氧同位素组成相似。分析认为:研究区是典型的甲烷渗漏环境,该区在氧同位素Ⅱ、Ⅳ期,由于全球海平面下降,导致海底压力减小,天然气水合物分解释放,具轻碳同位素的大量甲烷释放进入海底溶解无机碳(DIC)池并记录在有孔虫壳体内,造成有孔虫碳同位素负偏;同时在有孔虫负偏层位黄铁矿和自生碳酸盐较发育,进一步证实了有孔虫碳同位素受甲烷影响较大,而海洋生产力的降低和早期成岩作用对有孔虫碳同位素负偏的影响较小。     

南中国海8KL岩芯氧同位素第6期以来的氧、碳稳定同位素记录与堆积速率研究

通过对南中国海重力活塞岩芯８ＫＬ的４个浮游有孔虫种和２个底栖有孔虫的δ１８Ｏ和δ１３Ｃ则定，发现浮游和底栖有孔虫种的氧同位素记录可清晰地划分出１８６Ｋａ以来的氧同位素的１-６期。浮游有孔虫的碳同位素记录了氧同位素１／２和５／６期界限处两个明显变轻的事件。反映了由冰期向间冰期过渡时存在着显著的中层水和底层水上涌现象。根据浮游有孔虫种的氧同位素组成判断，各浮游有孔虫种的生存深度由浅至深依次为，Ｇｌｏｂｉｄｅｒｉｎｏｉｄｅｓｒｕｂｅｒ（ｐｉｎｋ），Ｇ·ｒｕｂｅｒ和Ｇ．ｓａｃｃｕｌｉｆｅｒ。氧同位素地层学研究表明，南中国海冰期时的沉积速率和沉积通量要明显大于间冰期。     

冷泉区底栖有孔虫研究进展

海底冷泉区是海洋能源和生物资源同时富集的一类特殊区域。底栖有孔虫群落及其地球化学组成是海底冷泉区发育的重要指示标志之一。海底冷泉区的底栖有孔虫及其碳同位素研究,对于探讨冷泉演化、评估古冷泉甲烷排放对全球气候变化的影响有重要的研究意义。综述了全球一些主要冷泉区的底栖有孔虫研究方法及其进展,对比了各冷泉区底栖有孔虫群落结构的主要特征及地域差异,评述了冷泉区底栖有孔虫的碳同位素记录特征、影响因素及其对冷泉活动的潜在指示意义,最后提出了南海北部冷泉活动区底栖有孔虫方面的研究展望。     

新近纪南海深层水的增氧与分层

综合南海ODP1148站、1146站和1143站沉积物物性、底栖有孔虫、同位素等资料, 探讨早中新世以来南海深层水的演化特征.结果表明, 在21~17Ma、15~10Ma和1~5Ma3个时间段分别对应3个富含红褐色粘土的岩性单元, 其红色参数(a*) 增高指示南海深层水中溶解氧含量的增加.对比发现, 前两阶段的深层水增氧与南极底层水和北大西洋组合水增强有关, 说明10Ma前南海与外地的底层水基本是相互连通的.10Ma以后, 南海深层水溶解氧降低, 同时分别处于下深层水的1148站和上深层水的1146站之间的CaCO₃含量变化加大, 喜氧底栖有孔虫减少, 底栖δ13C在10Ma大幅度减轻, 说明南海当时的深层水受大洋深层水的控制减弱.推测主要是南海海盆自16~15Ma停止扩张以后, 南海逐渐关闭引起本地深层水开始形成的缘故.从6Ma左右开始出现大量的太平洋底层水和深层水的底栖有孔虫标志种, 1148站和1146站在5~3Ma期间的CaCO₃含量之差达到40%, 标志南海深层水最大分异期.除了全球气候变冷、北半球结冰引起太平洋深层水扩张的影响之外, 南海海盆由于更强烈向东俯冲而进一步下沉也可能是原因之一.3Ma以来南海深层水演化进入现代模式, 两站之间的CaCO₃含量之差稳定在10%左右, 厌氧底栖种丰度增加.太平洋底层水和深层水的标志种相继在1.2Ma和0.9Ma大量减少, 底栖δ13C也同时大幅度变轻到新近纪的最低值, 表明太平洋底层水的影响基本消失, 太平洋深层水的影响也大大减弱.因此, 标准现代模式的南海深层水, 推测主要由于“中更新世气候转型”时期巴士海峡下面的海槛抬升到接近目前~2600m的深度时, 才开始形成.      

南海北部ODP 1144站中更新世气候转型期有孔虫稳定同位素古气候意义

中更新世气候转型期是第四纪古气候研究的一个特殊时期。利用大洋钻探ODP 184航次在南海北部钻取的1144站时间分辨率高达约290年的沉积物样品，开展中更新世气候转型期古气候变化的研究。在中更新世距今80~100万年前，浮游和底栖有孔虫壳体的稳定氧碳同位素变化揭示出，中更新世气候转型中心，即中更新世革命0.9 Ma左右，南海北部表层海水温度的降低和降水量的增加指示东亚冬、夏季风增强。以中更新世革命为界，水体垂向结构上温跃层和营养跃层的深度从之前的间冰期较浅转变为之后的间冰期较深，底层水与表层水的垂直温度梯度从冰期时较大转变为冰期时较小。轨道尺度上，冰消期时南海北部的表层水、次表层水和底层水的变化几乎是同时发生的，不存在超前或滞后的相位差。千年尺度上，有孔虫的氧碳同位素变化都呈现出非常明显的约0.8 ka和约1.4 ka的气候波动周期。氧同位素0.8 ka滤波显示出：在中更新世气候转型期，较强的信号主要出现在间冰期，有时也出现在冰期，与晚第四纪千年尺度气候波动主要出现在冰期不同，说明中更新世的气候转型不仅表现在轨道尺度的气候周期变化上，同时也体现在千年尺度气候波动的特征变化中。      

冲绳海槽MIS6期以来底栖有孔虫碳氧同位素特征及其古海洋指示意义

基于AMS ¹⁴C年龄和底栖有孔虫氧同位素建立的地层年代框架,重点探讨了冲绳海槽中北部CSHC-15孔MIS6期以来(约200 ka)底栖有孔虫δ¹³C特征及其古海洋指示意义。结果显示,冰期-间冰期表层初级生产力和有机质通量的变化是导致底栖有孔虫δ¹³C值在MIS4和MIS6期负偏而在MIS1、MIS3和MIS5期正偏的主要原因。MIS2期的底栖有孔虫δ¹³C正偏,指示了NPIW侵入冲绳海槽,导致通风性加强,底层水呈弱氧化状态。甲烷渗漏引发的甲烷厌氧氧化作用(AOM)是导致CSHC-15孔底栖有孔虫在MIS4期碳同位素大幅负偏的原因。     

Hydrothermal alteration and K–Ar ages of Neogene‐Quaternary magmatic‐hydrothermal systems at Toyoha‐Muine area in southwest Hokkaido,Japan

This paper presents a review of hydrothermal alteration and K–Ar age data from the Toyoha‐Muine area (TMA), where the Toyoha polymetallic (Ag–Pb–Zn–Cu–In) deposit is located near the Pliocene andesitic volcano that formed Mt Muine. Systematic prospect‐scale mapping, sampling, X‐ray analysis and microscopic observation show that hydrothermal alteration is divided into two groups: acid‐pH and neutral‐pH alteration types. The former is further divided into mineral assemblages I, II and III, while the latter into mineral assemblages IV and V. Different mineralogical features in five mineral assemblages are summarized as follows: (I) Quartz (silicified rock); (II) Pyrophyllite or dickite; (III) Kaolinite or halloysite ± alunite; (IV) Sericite or K‐feldspar; and (V) Interstratified minerals (illite/smectite and chlorite/smectite) and/or smectite. K–Ar radiometric ages determined on twenty‐eight K‐bearing samples (whole volcanic rocks and separated hydrothermal minerals) mainly fall into one of three periods: Early Miocene (24.6–21.4 Ma), Middle–Late Miocene (12.5–8.4 Ma) and Pliocene–Pleistocene (3.2–0 Ma). These three periods are characterized as follows. Early Miocene: A minor hydrothermal activity, which might be genetically related to the intermediate or felsic magmatic activities, formed mineral assemblage IV at 24.6 Ma in the northern part of the TMA. Middle to Late Miocene: The basaltic intrusion, andesitic eruption, and granodiorite intrusions induced hydrothermal activities between 12.5 and 8.4 Ma, resulting in the formation of a mineral assemblage IV with some base metal mineralization. Pliocene–Pleistocene: An andesitic eruption formed Mt Muine between 3.2 and 2.9 Ma. The andesitic activity was associated with acid‐pH mineral assemblages I, II and III locally around the volcano. Latent magmatic intrusions subsequent to the andesitic eruption generated hydrothermal activities that formed mineral assemblages IV and V between 1.9 and 0 Ma in the southern and southeastern parts of Toyoha deposit at depth, overprinting the Middle to Late Miocene alteration. The hydrothermal activities also formed mineral assemblages I, II and III along the Yunosawa fault (east of the Toyoha deposit) and assemblage III in the south and southeast of the Toyoha deposit near the surface.     

Neogene deep sea benthic foraminiferal diversity in the Indian Ocean: Paleoceanographic implications

The species diversity indices, as defined by the number of species,S; Shannon-Wiener index,H(S) and Buzas-Gibson index,É, of DSDP sites 219, 220, 237 and 238 were measured to determine the benthic foraminiferal diversity patterns in the Indian Ocean deep sea sequences during the Neogene. The Time-Stability hypothesis could satisfactorily explain the observed diversity patterns. The general patterns of diversity suggest environmental stability during the Neogene. However, few small fluctuations in diversity during the Middle Miocene (c.14·8 Ma), Late Miocene (c.6·0 Ma) and Late Pliocene (c.2·0 Ma) may possibly be the effects of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) activity in this region. The benthic foraminiferal diversity in the tropical Indian Ocean is more than the high latitudinal areas with comparable depths.     

Pleistocene oceanographie changes indicated by deep sea benthic foraminifera in the northern Indian Ocean

An attempt has been made to understand the Pleistocene bottom water history in response to the paleoclimatic changes in the northern Indian Ocean employing quantitative analyses of deep sea benthic foraminifera at the DSDP sites 219 and 238. Among the 150 benthic foraminifera recorded a few species show dominance with changing percent frequencies during most of the sequence. The dominant benthic foraminiferal assemblages suggest that most of the Pleistocene bottom waters at site 219 and Early Pleistocene bottom waters at site 238 are of North Indian Deep Water (NIDW) origin. However, Late Pleistocene assemblage at site 238 appears to be closely associated with a water mass intermediate between North Indian Deep Water (NIDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Uvigerina proboscidea is the most dominant benthic foraminiferal species present during the Pleistocene at both the sites. A marked increase in the relative abundance ofU. proboscidea along with less diverse and equitable fauna during Early Pleistocene suggests a relative cooling, an intensified oceanic circulation and upwelling of nutrient rich bottom waters resulting in high surface productivity. At the same time, low sediment accumulation rate during Early Pleistocene reveals increased winnowing of the sediments possibly due to more corrosive and cold bottom waters. The Late Pleistocene in general, is marked by relatively warm and stable bottom waters as reflected by low abundance ofU. proboscidea and more diverse and equitable benthic fauna. The lower depth range for the occurrence ofBulimina aculeate in the Indian Ocean is around 2300 m, similar to that of many other areas.B. aculeata also shows marked increase in its abundance near the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary while a sudden decrease in the relative abundance ofStilostomella lepidula occurs close to the Early/Late Pleistocene boundary.     

Central Paratethys paleoenvironment during the Badenian (Middle Miocene): evidence from foraminifera and stable isotope (δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C and δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O) study in the Vienna Basin (Slovakia)

Stable isotope data of the foraminiferal carbonate shells and bulk sediment samples from the Central Paratethys were investigated to contribute to better knowledge of the paleoenvironmental changes in Badenian (Middle Miocene). Five benthic (Uvigerina semiornata, U. aculeata, Ammonia beccarii, Elphidium sp. and Heterolepa dutemplei) and three planktonic taxa (Globigerina bulloides, G. diplostoma and Globigerinoides trilobus), characterising the bottom, intermediate and superficial layers of the water column, were selected from the Vienna Basin (W Slovakia). The foraminiferal fauna and its isotope signal point out to temperature-stratified, nutrient-rich and consequently less-oxygenated marine water during the Middle/Late Badenian. Negative carbon isotope ratios indicate increased input of ¹²C-enriched organic matter to the bottom of the Vienna Basin. Positive benthic δ¹⁸O implies that the global cooling tendency recorded in the Middle Miocene has also affected the intramountain Vienna Basin. In this time, the Central Paratethys has been in the process of isolation. Our stable isotope trend suggests that the communication with Mediterranean Sea has been still more or less active on the south of Vienna Basin (Slovak part) in the Late Badenian, whereas the seawater exchange towards north was apparently reduced already during the Middle Badenian.     

Paleoenvironmental and biostratigraphic significance of uvigerinids and other foraminifera from the Bhuban Formation,Assam-Arakan Basin,Mizoram

Planktic and benthic foraminifera including uvigerinids are documented from the Upper Bhuban Formation, exposed at Thingdawl village, Kolasib district, Mizoram. The foraminiferal assemblage is poorly preserved and consists of index fossils useful for precise biochronology and interpretation of the depositional environment. A total of ten benthic and six planktic foraminiferal species are described. Six species belong to the genus Uvigerina, four to Ammonia, one species each of Globorotalia, Globigerinoides, Clavatorella, Praeorbulina and two species of the genus Orbulina. Based on lithological and foraminiferal assemblage, middle neritic to upper part of outer neritic paleobathymetry is inferred for the deposition of this part of the Upper Bhuban Formation. The foraminiferal assemblage suggests late Early Miocene to early Middle Miocene, (∼16 Ma) equivalent to planktic foraminiferal zones N8-N9 for the Upper Bhuban Formation.     

Paleoceanography and climate of the Badenian (Middle Miocene, 16.4–13.0 Ma) in the Central Paratethys based on foraminifera and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) evidence

Benthic foraminifera and stable isotopes analyses revealed changes emerging in the paleoceanographic scenery in the Paratethys. The percentage of inbenthic, oxyphylic taxa and diversity in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage showed increasing food supply (organic matter), decreasing oxygen level and growing stress on the sea floor. Oxygen isotopes measured in planktonic and benthic foraminifera pointed to strengthening stratification during the Badenian period. The carbon isotopes indicated intensified accumulation of light marine organic matter. This increasing stratification trend is especially pronounced by Late Badenian (13.5–13 Ma) when surface water oxygen isotope values are rather negative. A simple two-layer circulation model was worked out for the Badenian Paratethys explaining these characteristic environmental changes. An antiestuarine (lagoonal) circulation is assumed for the Central Paratethys during the Early (16.4–15 Ma) and mid Badenian (15–13.5 Ma). The mid Badenian period of time comprises the short episode of evaporite formation in the Carpathian Foredeep and the Transylvanian Basin. Evidence presented here supported a reversal of circulation to estuarine type after the deposition of salts by Late Badenian (13.5–13 Ma). The Early Badenian antiestuarine circulation is suggested to associate with the high temperatures of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, and the Late Badenian estuarine circulation with the cooler period following it.     

南海神狐海域水合物钻探区钙质超微化石生物地层与沉积速率

2007年我国首次在南海北部陆坡神狐海域实施了天然气水合物钻探, 并钻取水合物实物样品.为了解钻区地层、水合物产出带(the zone of gas hydrate occurrence)或水合物储层的地层时代以及沉积速率特征, 对其中4口钻孔(SH1B、SH2B、SH5C和SH7B)岩心沉积物进行钙质超微化石年代地层学和沉积速率变化的研究.本次工作识别出17个新近纪钙质超微化石事件, 确定了神狐钻探所钻达最老地层为新近系上中新统; 水合物产出带的地层为上中新统-上新统.这4个钻井地层沉积速率的变化特征因站位和时期而异.中新世以来各地质时期沉积速率差异较大, 全新世最高(20~34.16 cm/ka之间), 其次为更新世和晚中新世(3.14~5.74 cm/ka), 上新世最低(1.88~3.27 cm/ka).此外, 水合物产出带地层的沉积速率在各钻孔也有差异, SH2B孔为4.18 cm/ka, SH7B孔为1.88 m/ka.表明南海水合物产出层位沉积速率差异较大, 沉积速率与水合物成藏的关系可能比前期的认识更为复杂.      

南海北部上新世晚期东亚冬季风增强的同位素和有孔虫证据

对南海北部大洋钻探ODP1 1 48站进行稳定同位素和有孔虫分析 ,采用多种替代性指标 ,追溯上新世晚期以来东亚冬季风的演变。发现约 3 1～ 2 2MaB .P .之间 ,浮游有孔虫Globigerinoidesruber的δ13C值显著降低 ,而Neogloboquadrinadutertrei的相对丰度明显增大 ,指示冬季风急剧增强 ,并伴随表层海水温度的降低和古生产力的增高。此后 ,冬季风还有几次明显的增强 ,特别是在约 1 7MaB .P .,1 .3MaB .P .,0 .9MaB .P .,0 .6MaB .P .和0 2MaB .P .。