火灾下普通混凝土结构的挠度计算简化方法

挠度是考查火灾下结构性能的一个重要指标,目前都是采用有限元分析的方法或者根据弯矩-曲率关系编程计算火灾下结构的挠度反应,其过程十分烦杂,尚无简化的计算方法.为了减少计算工作量,且便于应用,有必要提出一种火灾下结构挠度的简化计算方法.提出了受火结构截面等效刚度和截面等效温度计算原则,推导了火灾下正截面极限承载力的实用计算法,给出了火灾下混凝土结构挠度的简化计算方法,经比较,计算值与实测值吻合得较好.     

高温后足尺有粘结预应力混凝土梁板力学性能研究

针对足尺有粘结预应力混凝土梁板高温后的抗弯承栽力开展了非线性计算分析。结果表明,综合配筋指标、有效预应力对高温后极限弯矩与常温下极限弯矩比值M_u~A/M_u的影响不大,预应力度和预应力筋的保护层厚度对M_u~A/M_u影响显著。高宽比近似相同的有粘结预应力混凝土梁,当第一排钢筋的保护层厚度相同时,受火时间为3 h,高度为700 mm的梁高温后截面承栽力下降幅度最大约为30%,高度为4500 mm的梁高温后截面承栽力下降幅度不到10%,高温后大尺度梁的力学性能优于小尺度梁。给出了考虑预应力筋保护层厚度和预应力度影响的有粘结预应力混凝土板M_u~A/M_u的计算公式,以及综合考虑预应力筋、非预应力筋合力点到梁底距离和预应力筋梁侧保护层厚度影响的有粘结预应力混凝土梁M_u~A/M_u的计算公式。     

相对两面受火下钢管混凝土叠合柱力学性能分析

为研究钢管混凝土叠合柱在偏心荷载和相对两面火灾共同作用下的耐火性能，文中基于ABAQUS有限元软件，采用热力顺序耦合的方法，分别建立了叠合柱温度场模型和力学分析模型，并用已有试验数据进行验证。利用数值模型对钢管混凝土叠合柱在相对两面火灾作用下的温度场变化、破坏形态和内力重分布等力学性能进行分析；基于参数分析结果，给出了钢管混凝土叠合柱在相对两面受火下耐火极限的简化计算公式。研究结果表明：叠合柱在相对两面受火下达到耐火极限时，叠合柱的破坏类型为整体弯曲破坏，温度场呈双轴对称分布；荷载比、长细比、核心面积比、含钢率、外围混凝土强度和截面尺寸是影响钢管混凝土叠合柱耐火极限的主要因素。     

智能组件技术在智能变电站中的应用

预应力混凝土板因具备自重轻、跨度大等特点,广泛应用于建筑结构和桥梁结构中。但是,当这种结构受到火灾荷载作用时,其承栽能力就会大幅下降。在高温下,混凝土和预应力筋的力学性能都会劣化,进而造成板的大挠度变形甚至破坏。本文对后张无粘结简支预应力板建立了数值分析模型,其中混凝土和预应力筋采用实体单元模拟,受力筋和分布钢筋采用桁架单元模拟。模型中材料的力学特性和热工特性参数取自文献[15]。采用文献中的试验结果验证了该数值模型的可靠性,并进一步研究了混凝土受热膨胀系数、板的不同区域受火和不同的火灾场景等因素对火灾荷载作用下后张无粘结预应力混凝土简支板的挠度以及预应力的影响,得出了初步结论。     

三面受火的方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限

编制了预测方钢管混凝土柱三面火灾作用下高温反应的数值分析程序,并将之用于不同荷载比、截面边长、长细比、荷载偏心率、钢材和混凝土强度及含钢率共480种工况下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限参数分析,得到了三面火灾作用下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的主要影响参数及其影响规律。基于参数分析结果,定量给出了该受火条件下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的简化计算方法。研究结果表明:荷载比、截面边长、长细比是三面火灾作用下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的主要影响参数,表现为截面边长越大,荷载比和长细比越小,构件的耐火极限越大。由于存在极强偏心,当荷载作用点偏于背火面时荷载偏心率亦有较大影响。     

三面受火型钢混凝土柱耐火极限试验研究

在实际火灾中,结构中的柱子有可能处于三面受火的状态。由于受火边界的差异,其耐火性能与四面受火的情况有所不同。为认识三面受火型钢混凝土(SRC)柱的耐火性能,进行了两根ISO-834标准火灾作用下三面受火(受拉侧不受火)SRC柱在偏心荷载作用下的耐火极限试验,观察了试件的破坏过程,取得了截面温度场分布、变形-时间关系曲线等数据,并分析了有关规律及机理。试验结果表明:达到耐火极限状态时,型钢的温度较低;混凝土爆裂对截面温度场及构件耐火极限均有影响;荷载比和偏心率是影响高温下SRC偏压构件变形特征及耐火极限的重要因素。试验结果可供三面受火SRC柱耐火设计参考。     

三面受火的方钢管混凝土柱火灾全过程力学性能分析北大核心CSCD

为系统研究非均匀受火时钢管混凝土结构的抗火性能,在合理选取不同阶段钢材和混凝土的热力本构模型的前提下,基于ABAQUS有限元平台,建立方形截面钢管混凝土柱三面受火数值模型。对经历常温加载、升温、降温以及火灾后等不同阶段的钢管混凝土柱力学性能进行初步分析,并与已有的试验进行对比验证;同时,分析了升温时间比t0、保护层厚度a、火灾荷载比n及长细比λ等参数对构件受火性能的影响。结果表明,三面受火时,钢管混凝土柱的破坏形式与均匀受火时有明显差异,因为柱截面温度的不均匀分布会使其产生附加偏心距,发生失稳破坏;三面受火后,钢管混凝土柱的极限承载力和延性均有不同程度的降低;长细比及升温时间比对三面受火时的方钢管混凝土柱力学性能影响较为明显,承载力和延性有明显的下降。     

火灾下钢管混凝土柱与钢梁外伸端板连接的力学性能

为了研究钢管混凝土框架梁柱半刚性连接的抗火性能,利用ABAQUS软件进行了火灾作用下钢管混凝土柱与钢梁外伸端板连接节点的热力耦合性能的数值模拟。确定了高温下钢材和核心混凝土的材料本构关系模型,建立了考虑楼板影响的钢管混凝土框架外伸端板连接节点的有限元计算模型,对三面受火和外荷载共同作用下节点的受力全过程进行了分析。详细分析了荷载比、螺栓预紧力、防火保护层厚度、材料特性、构件几何尺寸等参数对节点耐火极限的影响。结果表明,荷载比、螺栓预紧力、防火保护层厚度和钢梁截面高度对组合节点耐火极限的影响较显著。该研究结果将为火灾下半刚性钢管混凝土框架的设计理论提供科学依据。     

轴心受压钢筋混凝土柱等效火灾荷载的计算

迄今为止，国内外有关计算构件耐火极限的方法，是钢筋混凝土构件与防火研究的主要内容。而在结构设计中，由于直接考虑的是荷载作用，为此提出了一个新概念——等效火灾荷载，将火灾对结构的影响直接考虑成荷载作用。在确定了混凝土柱的截面温度场后，利用一种简化计算方法计算出钢筋混凝土柱的等效火灾荷载，进而计算出钢筋混凝土柱的耐火极限。在火灾中，作为结构最基本的构件柱可能受到单面或多面的火作用，这里仅介绍轴心受压钢筋混凝土柱等效火灾荷载的计算。     

三面受火的方钢管混凝土柱火灾全过程力学性能分析

为系统研究非均匀受火时钢管混凝土结构的抗火性能,在合理选取不同阶段钢材和混凝土的热力本构模型的前提下,基于ABAQUS有限元平台,建立方形截面钢管混凝土柱三面受火数值模型。对经历常温加载、升温、降温以及火灾后等不同阶段的钢管混凝土柱力学性能进行初步分析,并与已有的试验进行对比验证;同时,分析了升温时间比t0、保护层厚度a、火灾荷载比n及长细比λ等参数对构件受火性能的影响。结果表明,三面受火时,钢管混凝土柱的破坏形式与均匀受火时有明显差异,因为柱截面温度的不均匀分布会使其产生附加偏心距,发生失稳破坏;三面受火后,钢管混凝土柱的极限承载力和延性均有不同程度的降低;长细比及升温时间比对三面受火时的方钢管混凝土柱力学性能影响较为明显,承载力和延性有明显的下降。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.