Research and utilization progress in banana germplasm resources in China北大核心CSCD

Banana is one of the main fruit crops and important food crops in the world, and it is also an important economic fruit in southern China. China is the border area of the origin of modern bananas, and one of the secondary origin centers as well. China has a history of banana cultivation for more than 2000 years and is the second largest country in banana production and consumption. Banana producing areas in China are mainly concentrated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian and Taiwan, with a small amount of cultivation in the south of Sichuan, Guizhou and Tibet. Most cultivated bananas are evolved from two wild species, Musa acuminate and Musa balbisiana, and their interspecific hybridization. The genome of Musa acuminata is called“genome A”, while the genome of Musa balbisiana is called“genome B”. According to the classification value of characteristics, banana cultivars can be divided into genotypes such as AA, AAA, AB, AAB, ABB, AAAA, AAAB, AABB, BB and BBB. Bananas cultivated in China are simply divided into four categories: Cavendish (AAA), Pisang Awak (ABB), Silk (AAB) and Dajiao (ABB). Cavendish banana is planted mostly in China (more than 80%), followed by Pisang Awak (more than 10%). Notably, in China, few people plant and consume Plantain (AAB), which is an important staple food in some area. Banana breeding mainly includes introduction (like Brazil and Williams banana), vegetative line selection (like GCTCV bananas), artificial mutation breeding (like Jiali banana), cross breeding (like Fenza No. 1 and Zhongjiao No. 9 banana), chromosome ploidy breeding, transgenic breeding and gene editing breeding. The introduction method is simple and direct. Our group took the lead in establishing the National Banana Germplasm Resource Garden in 1989. In the future, we should introduce not only high-quality varieties, but also multifunctional and diverse banana varieties to enrich China’s banana market. After introduction, people often get better lines that adapt to Chinese geographical and climatic conditions and planting habits, and then popularize them. Mutation breeding is easy, but the ideal excellent lines can only be obtained through a large number of screening and evaluation. The female flowers of some bananas, like Dajiao and Pisang Awak, have strong fertility, so they are often used as female parents to cross with wild bananas or cultivated varieties with certain fertility. Although sexual hybridization of banana needs a long period and is easy to fail, this method can often create new germplasm with diverse genetic background and relatively controllable traits, which is the most potential and promising method in traditional banana breeding at present. In recent years, researchers in China have created many new hybrid banana germplasm, and it can be predicted that a large number of new hybrid banana varieties will emerge in China in the near future. Banana transgenic and gene editing breeding have strong pertinence. China has made good achievements in the fields of banana transgenic and gene editing. However, as in many other parts of the world, these methods cannot be applied to business at present. At last, other breeding methods like somatic hybridization, rapid breeding and molecular-assisted breeding are rarely used at present. Banana Fusarium wilt and other diseases seriously threaten banana industry in China. At the same time, frequent typhoons and floods, severe frost and poor soil in the main banana producing areas in China also limit the further development of banana industry. Breeding new banana varieties with high yield, high quality and high stress resistance and adaptability is the key to break the bottleneck of banana industry development in China, and it is also a challenge for banana breeders in China. In addition, it is also an important direction to cultivate bananas with high nutrition and health care function, which are suitable for industrial processing or feed. During the last decades, China has made great achievements in banana breeding, but there are still many problems. First of all, banana biodiversity is relatively lacking, with few wild banana resources. Moreover, the careful evaluation of banana germplasm resources is not enough, limiting the utilization of them. Secondly, the main banana varieties in China were bred by introduction and mutation breeding, and only a few were bred by hybridization or other means. Moreover, due to many reasons, there is a lack of varieties with good comprehensive characteristics. Finally, it is difficult to study genes in banana through the forward or reverse genetic means, limiting the molecular research on banana. In the future, we should: (1) Continue to strengthen the collection, evaluation and utilization of global banana germplasm resources, and especially promote banana cross breeding vigorously; (2) Pay attention to the basic research on banana, dig out the key genes related to important economic traits, and analyze their regulatory networks, so as to lay the foundation for creating new banana varieties without transgene through gene editing technology in the future; (3) Continuously develop and upgrade new breeding techniques, promote the integration of various means, and breed efficiently and scientificly; (4) Breed new varieties that are resistant to various diseases and have good comprehensive properties, so as to win the banana defense war. In a word, we have summarized the research results of banana breeding in China in recent years, discussed the methods of banana breeding, the direction of new variety breeding and the main problems, in order to provide reference for banana breeding in China. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

Cross-breeding and Selection of Flammulina velutipes Hybrid Strains for Industrial Cultivation

White Flammulina velutipes strains FM0 F21,F10 and F3-W were selected as the parental strains in a single-spore cross-breeding experiment.Thirty basidiospore-derived monokaryons were selected randomly from each parental strain,and mating was carried out according to the mating groups:FM×F21,FM×F3-W and F3-W×F10.Integrative analysis revealed that hybrid progenies from the FM×F21 mating group exhibited the highest mating rate (79%).However,only 59.2% of these hybrids produced measurable fruit body yields c...     

Identification of resistance to anthracnose in leaves of grape resources and QTL localization of disease resistance genes北大核心CSCD

【Objective】 Grape anthracnose is one of the main diseases of grape, which mainly infects the fruits, young leaves and new branches of grape, causing fruit rot, shedding, or water loss and shrinkage into stiff fruits. Breeding disease-resistant grape varieties is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly long-term control strategy for the prevention of the anthracnose disease. There have been a few studies on the identification of the resistance to anthracnose and the QTL localization of relative disease resistant genes so far. The study aimed to identify the resistance to the anthracnose disease of different grape germplasms and seek for new QTL locus for the resistance and provide germplasm materials and basis for the breeding and research on the disease resistance mechanism. 【Methods】 The indoor ex vivo leaf inoculation method was used to identify and evaluate the resistance to anthracnose in 60 strains of Chinese wild grapes, 122 accessions of V. vinifera and 76 accessions of V. vinifera-V. labrusca, and the hybrid offsprings of Manicure Finger (susceptible)×Ciputao0940 (resistant), and the QTL localization of grape anthracnose resistance was carried out using the genetic map constructed by SNP markers.【Results】 A total of 1 germplasm with high resistance, 43 germplasms with resistance and 75 germplasms with medium resistance were screened out, accounting for 0.39%, 16.67% and 29.07% of the total identified accessions, respectively. There were great differences in the resistance to anthracnose in different germplasm populations. 63.34% of the East Asian population 56.57% of the V. vinifera-V. labrusca population, and 31.15% of the Eurasian population had the resistance to anthracnose. In the identification of anthracnose resistance in Chinese wild grape germplasms, it was found that the resistance of different strains in the same population varied greatly, and the species with strong resistance on the whole included V. davidii, V. pseudoreticulata, V. amurensis, and V. piasezkii. The strong resistance of the strains include Shanputao &, Longyuwanfuye1 &, Duolieye-yingyu, Shanputao- shanyang1807, Mianmaoputao-chayu1955, and Ciputao0940. The resistance of the hybrid offsprings of Manicure Finger (susceptible)×Ciputao0940 (resistant) were distributed in five grades. According to the normality test and single-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test based on the resistance level distribution of the F1 population, it was found that the hybrid offsprings of Finger (susceptible) × Ciputao0940 (resistant) showed continuous variation in anthracnose resistance, which was a typical quantitative trait controlled by polygens, and the phenotypic distribution of disease resistance identification results showed a trend of partial normal distribution, which could be analyzed by QTL localization. In the positioning of QTL related to grape resistance to anthracnose, the interval or site of LOD≥3.0 was used as the threshold value for QTL, and when the above conditions were met, the site corresponding to the highest LOD value in the interval was considered to be one QTL of grape anti-anthracnose. In this experiment, a QTL interval associated with grape anthracnose resistance was detected on the 8th linkage group, and the locus with the highest LOD value in this interval was located at 140.682 cM, and the tightly linked label was Maker1675910, which could explain the 14.7% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the gene annotation results of the QTL locus interval, 15 resistance- related genes were screened out, and they were hypothesized to play a role in grape anthracnose resistance. 【Conclusion】 The resistance level of different grape germplasms to anthracnose was clarified, one QTL site against anthracnose was located and 15 resistant-related genes were screened. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

草菇冷诱导Cor3基因实时荧光定量PCR标准品质粒和标准曲线的构建

A plasmid containing target DNA and a standard curve for real-time quantitative PCR of the cold-induced Cor3 gene of Volvariella volvacea were constructed. These will provide the basis for further research on Cor3 gene expression at low temperature, and ultimately for assigning a role for the gene in the low temperature autolysis of V. volvacea.     

Optimization of a Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) Amplification System for Lentinula edodes

Lentinula edodesis a large,edible wood-decaying fungus that is attractive to consumersdue to its delicious taste and medicinalproperties.One of the major cultivatedmushrooms,it is ranked second(marginallybehindAgaricus bisporus)in terms of worldproduction.L.edodeswas originally cultivatedinChina,whichis nowthelargest producer of themushroom and rich in germplas m resources.These resources form the basis ofL.edodesbreeding programs and product exploitation.However,research on the genetic rela…     

Inheritance Patterns of a Strain-specific Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Marker for Lentinula edodes Strain 135

PCR amplification employing a SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) primer pair, 135F/R,(amplifying a band of 601 bp) for identifying '135' strains of Lentinula dodes was used to establish the distribution of the specific SCAR marker among 58 protoplast monokaryons and 97 spore monokaryons isolated from a L.edodes 135 strain.Protoplast monok.aryons segregated into either A1B1 or A2B2 mating type,and the SCAR marker was detected only in the latter.The marker was also detected in four delineated m...     

Optimization of a Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) Reaction System for Lentinula edodes

Although China is now the largestproducer and exporter ofLentinula edodes,there is still considerable confusion in theChineseL.edodesindustry with regard to thedesignation of cultivatedstrains.Asingle strainis often named differently in differentcultivation areas,and different strains areoccasionally allotted the same strain desig-nation.However,various molecular markershave been developed in recent years and couldbe used to remove much of this confusion.Todate,the most widely used molecular…     

四个红菇科菌株的rDNA ITS序列分析和系统发育研究

Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of four edible and medicinal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, collected from the Lishui mountainous area of Zhejiang Province, were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons with sequence data in GenBank were undertaken using BLAST, and the four ITS sequences, together with 15 reference sequences obtained from GenBank, were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. rDNA ITS sequences of the four strains ranged from 673 to 766 bp in length and between 47.4% and 49.48% in GC content. Phylogenetic data indicated strain R57 to be Russula cyanoxantha. Differences in the size and GC content of ITS sequences from strains R32 and R57 (R. cyanoxantha) and strain L37 (Lactarius sanguifluus) were significant, whereas the corresponding differences between strains R32 and R57 were relatively small. A close kinship, with only small detectable differences in their respective ITS sequences, existed between R. mustelina, R. virescens and R. parazurea. A similar situation applied to strains of L. sanguifluus and L. salmonicolor.     

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ACTA EDULIS FUNGI, which commencedpublication from 1994 , is a quarterly, bilingualinternational journal licensed by the ChineseScience and Technology Commission. The Journalpublishes the results of the latest research relatingto edible mushrooms in areas that include geneticsand breeding, germplasm resources , cultivation,mushroom hothouse management , physiology,biochemistry,processing andstorage.It is directedat a readershipthat includes researchers ,teachers ,mushroom production uni…     

Cloning and Sequencing of a Putative Mitochondrial Intermediate Peptidase Gene Fragment from the Edible Fungus Lentinula edodes

A 531 bp fragment of a putative mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (mip) gene from Lentinula edodes was amplified by PCR using a pair of degenerate primers designed according to conserved sequences of mip genes reported in other Basidiomycetes. Alignment analysis revealed that this putative partial mip gene from L. edodes exhibited high homology with corresponding segments of mip genes from the other Basidiomycetes. Since the gene encoding MIP appears to be very closely linked with the A type mating gene of Basidiomycetes, identification of mip may prove a useful tool for locating and cloning the A type mating gene in L. edodes and other edible fungi.     

湖北省香菇自然种群交配型因子分析

以在湖北省无栽培菌株孢子传播的香菇自然发生地随机采集的３２个野生香菇菌株为材料，用原生质体单核体和孢子单核体配对相结合的方法分析鉴定样本中的交配型因子，并用统计学方法分析了菌丝原生质体单核体。     

葡萄无核性状遗传与胚挽救技术的研究及应用

葡萄无核性状遗传以及无核葡萄胚挽救技术是葡萄无核育种领域的研究热点之一,无核葡萄胚挽救技术已经成为葡萄无核育种主要手段,在无核葡萄育种中发挥了重要作用。胚挽救技术的发展和应用,突破了传统的无核葡萄育种方法,极大地拓宽了葡萄无核品种育种的范围和效率。综述了近年来关于无核葡萄的类型、无核性状的遗传以及现在生产上应用的无核葡萄无核性的来源,胚挽救技术在培育葡萄无核品种、克服远缘杂交不亲和性、缩短育种周期等方面的研究和应用。同时,对影响胚挽救成功的因素如品种、培养基类型及成分、接种时期及珠被处理等进行了探讨。最后对葡萄胚挽救技术目前存在的问题和今后该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

以交配型基因为主要标记的香菇菌种鉴定新方法

在香菇交配型基因研究的基础上,提出了以交配型基因为主要标记的香菇菌种鉴定新方法。这一方法以香菇性亲合性理论为基础,以交配型基因的等位性和多型性为依据,以标准菌株原生质体单核体的两种亲本交配型为遗传标记,以待测菌株的原生质体单核体为材料。该方法中使用的原生质体方法和交配型测定方法都是相当成熟的技术,操作方便可靠。     

结构植物学在茄子单性结实选育上的应用进展

茄子的单性结实品系和非单性结实品系的果实在形态结构方面存在着较大差异,从茄子在植物形态解剖学、植物细胞学和胚胎学现今研究成果出发,就结构植物学在茄子单性结实选育上的应用进行了阐述。     

外源营养元素对青海柴达木盆地野生大肥菇菌丝生长的影响

以青海柴达木盆地诺木洪当地野生大肥菇子实体为试材,研究了大肥菇菌丝在不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比以及不同pH条件对菌丝生长的影响.结果表明:大肥菇菌丝生长最适合的碳源和氮源分别是果糖和酵母膏;最适宜的碳氮比为35∶1;菌丝生长明显的pH范围是7.5～8.5,但以pH 7.5时最佳.     

香菇交配型基因的遗传研究 Ⅰ一种交配型基因测定的新方法

本文建立了一种香菇交配型基因测定的新方法——原生质单核体系本交配到极性标记法.用这一方法不仅成功地分离和鉴定出不同香菇菌株的四种标准交配型基因,还有效地区分出亲本型和重用型两种交配型基因类型。这一技术为深入开展异宗结合食用菌的遗传研究提供了一个重要的工具。     

辣(甜)椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)研究进展

黄瓜花叶病毒病(CMV)是为害辣(甜)椒的重要病毒,国内外对其研究较多。通过综述CMV的株系分化、抗性遗传、分子标记、抗CMV基因工程以及抗CMV育种等方面的研究结果和报道,旨在为辣(甜)椒抗CMV育种提供参考依据。     

中国主要香菇栽培菌种交配型基因的遗传分析

从我国使用的19个主要香菇栽培菌种中制备了25种原生质体单核体，以此为材料，以交配型基因为标记，在交配反应和RAPD两个水平上对这19个菌株进行了较为详细的遗传相似性分析。25种原生质体单核体两两配以地共300个组合，其中不亲和性反应为110对，占配对总数的36.7％。根据交配反应结果，25个单核体可分为三大类群、7个交配型组。这些结果从交配型角度证明，这19个菌株具有十分狭窄的以交配型基因为标记的遗传背景。RAPD反应和聚类分析中，这三大类群、7个交配型组基本上都能聚为一类，从而在分子水平上验证了交配型折结果，也为交配型基因在菌种鉴定中的作用 提供了依据。     

柑橘小实蝇生物学特性与温度的关系

为有效控制柑橘小实蝇的发生、蔓延和危害,通过对其2009～2010年室外饲养观察,结果表明:柑橘小实蝇生物学特性与温度有着十分密切的关系,温度不仅对雌虫产卵前期长短和产卵所需时间有明显影响,而且当平均温度在20.3～29.9℃之间时,成虫交配初见至终见期随温度升高而延长;在不同的温度时段成虫产卵期和每只产卵粒不同;幼虫历期随着温度升高而天数缩短;成虫对低温敏感度不高;在本市不能越冬;随着温度的升高羽化率降低等结论。这将对柑橘小实蝇防控技术研究、预测预报提供科学依据,从而确保衢州市柑橘安全生产和农村稳定。     

四孢蘑菇生长过程中四种胞外酶活性和木质纤维素降解的变化规律

本文研究了四孢蘑菇菌株JN-1和JN-2在菌丝生长和子实体发育阶段胞外羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸酶、淀粉酶和多酚氧化酶活性以及基质中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解的动态变化规律。结果表明,羧甲基纤维素酶和滤纸酶的活性峰值出现在子实体成熟期,而低谷出现在子实体采收间期,营养生长阶段酶活性水平较低。基质中以纤维素的变化最为明显,纤维素的降解和纤维素酶活性与子实体发育之间可能存在调控关系。