用去透明带仓鼠卵穿透试验检测牛冷冻精子的受精能力

研究了用去透明带仓鼠卵穿透试验检测牛冷冻精子的受精能力。对36头西门塔尔、23头夏洛来和12头利木赞牛冷冻精子的实验结果表明：三个品种的牛冻精均能穿入去透明带仓鼠卵，并形成发育良好的雄原核。穿透率在70％－80％左右，有原核卵百分率在30％左右。去透明带 鼠卵穿透试验是检测牛冻精受精能力的有效方法。     

用滴压制片法检查公牛的精子顶体

在人工授精或公牛不育的检查中,常忽略精子顶体的检查。实践证明,仅凭常规的精子活力检查不能完全反映公牛的健康状态和生殖能力。国外有人试验认为“公牛生殖力的降低与精子的形态学缺陷有关:精子顶体形态异常与不育有关”。由于精子顶体在精子与卵子的受精过程极端重要,其内含有崩解卵丘细胞和使精子穿过卵子透明带的物质。精子顶体异常,除了公畜异常的生理情况以外,也常发生在制作精液过程和冷冻保存的损伤,而且还发生于因检查精子顶体在操作中的理、化学损伤。后一种损伤影响了检查精子顶体完整率的准确性。故此,在检查技术上如何减少顶体的损伤,这是值得研究的问题。近年,我们试用滴压精液制片法检查公牛的精子顶体,并用一般的精液涂片染色法作对照,相比,滴压法顶     

冷冻保存能降低绵羊卵母细胞受精能力

本实验研究了体外成熟绵羊卵母细胞在舍抗冻保护荆DMS()和EG的冷冻液中暴露和OPS法玻璃化冷冻保存后对体外受精卵裂率、精子入卵率、皮质颗粒分布、酶溶解透明带时间及雌原核形成的影响.将体外成熟24 h的绵羊卵母细胞分为3组:(1)对照组,卵母细胞不进行处理;(2)毒性组,卵母细胞在冷冻液中进行暴露但不投入液氮中冷冻;(3)冷冻组,卵母细胞利用OPS法进行玻璃化冷冻.处理组卵母细胞在浓度递减的蔗糖溶液中脱除抗冻保护剂.结果,卵母细胞体外受精的卵裂率和单精子入卵率,毒性组(62.3%和29.3%)和冷冻组(67.6%和28.2%)显著低于对照组(78.4%和45.0%)(P＜0.05),毒性组和冷冻组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).为了研究冷冻保存导致卵母细胞受精能力降低的机制,处理组及对照组一部份卵母细胞分别于处理后0 h(IVM24 h)、2 h(IVM26 h)和体外受精后12 h(IVFl2 h)测定皮质颗粒分布和用0.1%链霉蛋白酶溶解透明带时间,另一部份卵母细胞则在不含有精子的受精液中孵育12 h后测定雌原核形成率.结果,在IVM24 h和IVM26 h,皮质颗粒呈完全释放的比例,毒性组(41.2%和40.8%)和冷冻组(41.7%和51.8%)显著性高于对照组(7.1%和18.4%)(P＜0.05);IVM26 h酶溶解透明带时间,毒性组(435.6±16.6)s和冷冻组(422.3±14.6)s显著长于对照组(381.6±15.3) s(P＜0.05);雌原核形成率,毒性组(58.7%)和冷冻组(63.9%)组显著高于对照组(8.2%)(P＜0.05).上述结果表明,舍DMS()和EG的冷冻液对体外成熟绵羊卵母细胞具有孤雌激活作用,引起皮质颗粒的提前释放,导致透明带变硬,降低卵母细胞的受精能力.     

米非司酮对小鼠精子穿透卵丘细胞层的影响

本研究旨在探讨米非司酮（mifepristone,RU486）对小鼠精子穿透卵丘细胞层的影响。分别添加20 μg/mL RU486到精子获能液或穿卵培养液,检测小鼠精子顶体反应发生比率和穿透卵丘细胞层能力。结果显示,添加RU486能够极显著抑制孕酮（P₄,5 μg/mL）诱导的精子顶体反应（P ＜0.01）;并极显著减少穿透卵丘细胞层到达卵子透明带的精子数量及在卵子-卵丘细胞复合体（OCC）中精子发生顶体反应的比率（P＜0.01）;同时添加P₄和RU486情况下,相比单独添加RU486,虽然P₄能够极显著地促进精子穿透卵丘细胞层到达透明带,但对OCC中的精子顶体反应没有明显作用。综上表明,RU486能够抑制P₄诱导的顶体反应并影响小鼠精子穿透卵丘细胞层过程,揭示P₄/孕酮受体（PGR）通路在小鼠精子穿卵过程中具有重要作用。     

肝素和钙离子载体诱导猪射出精子体外获能的研究

本文采用肝素和钙离子载体诱导猪射出精子体外获能,根据对去透明带仓鼠卵的穿透情况评价获能效果,并用台盼兰·姬姆萨染色观察精子的死活及顶体状态。结果表明,未经获能处理的猪精子不能穿透仓鼠卵,肝素和I-A均能诱导猪精子体外获能并引起顶体反应。经获能处理的精子,在授精后2小时穿透卵子,4小时开始形成雄原核,6小时形成发育良好的雄原核。肝素处理以100μg效果最好,穿透率达77.8%,有原核卵百分率达47.2%;I-A处理以0.3uM为宜,穿透率达66.7%,有原核卵百分率达42.4%。咖啡因与肝素和I-A具有协同作用,能提高精子的穿透能力。有顶体反应的活精子百分率与穿透率呈强正相关(肝素组:r=0.97,P<0.01;I-A组:r=0.94,P<0.01)。     

猪精子α-L-岩藻糖苷酶活性定位及其在精-卵结合及受精中的作用

本试验旨在证明猪精子中α-L-岩藻糖苷酶的存在及其在受精中的作用.猪精子α-L-岩藻糖苷酶活性用分光光度计405nm波长测定,并在受精液中添加α-L-岩藻糖苷酶特异抑制因子(deoxyfuconojirimycin hydrochloride,DFM-H)或特异单糖(L-岩藻糖)来检测时该酶活性的影响.结果显示,猪精子含有明显的α-L-岩藻糖苷酶活性.当精子用10μmol/L钙离子载体A23187处理1h后,有70%精子发生顶体反应和72%的酶活性被释放.体外受精液中添加250μmol/L DFM-H或30mmol/L,L-岩藻糖,可分别抑制66%或63%的精子α-L-岩藻糖苷酶活性,并相应抑制37%或36%的透明带表面精子结合数及56%或67%的精子侵入卵数.这些结果证明,猪精子α-L-岩藻糖苷酶主要分布于精子顶体中,特异地作用于透明带寡糖链中的α-L-岩藻糖残基,而参与精子穿入透明带的过程.     

哺乳动物精了入卵的分子机制

过去 2 0年内 ,哺乳动物受精分子机制的研究取得了较大进展 ,有关精子入卵的“分子途径”也越来越被人们所认识。本文将就精子入卵机制方面的研究进展作一简要概述。1　精子穿透卵丘细胞层哺乳动物排出的卵子包裹在 30 0 0个左右的卵丘细胞中。这些卵丘细胞在排卵前细胞间间隙增大 ,透明质酸等细胞外基质成分的合成增加。获能精子要与卵子结合 ,首先必须穿过卵丘细胞层。大量研究表明 ,精子头后部具有透明质酸酶活性的膜蛋白ｐＨ - 2 0协助精子穿透卵丘细胞层[1、2、3] 。ｐＨ - 2 0是一种单链蛋白质 ,通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇 (ＧＰＩ)固定在精…     

去掉卵丘细胞或切开卵透明带对小鼠体外受精的影响

探讨了去掉小鼠卵子的卵丘细胞和人工切开透明带对小鼠体外受精的影响，结果表明，与卵丘卵母细胞复合体相比，用透明质酸酶去掉卵子的卵丘细胞后的体外受精率显著降低（分别为56％和12％－23％）；当人工切部分透明带后，卵子的体外受精率增至56％－875（P＜0．01）；与细胞质均质的卵子相比，细胞质不均卵子即使切开透明带也仅有19％－22％的卵子受精。结果表明，用透明质酸酶去掉小鼠卵子的卵丘细胞后，选择细胞均质的卵子并人工切开透明带，可提高小鼠的体外受精率。     

昆明小鼠与西门塔尔牛异种体外受精初步研究

卵母细胞胞质能否支持异种动物体外受精及受精卵能否发育可为揭示受精本质提供理论参考。为研究异种动物体外受精影响因素，本实验利用昆明小鼠卵母细胞为受体，进行西门塔尔牛冷冻精子体外受精，并从受精液组成、受精条件和有无透明带3个方面考察雄原核的形成及受精卵发育情况。结果显示：在西门塔尔牛冷冻精子的受精液和受精条件下，雄原核形成率高于小鼠试验组（11.7%vs2%）(P<0.05)；且在无透明带条件下，其雄原核的形成率（17.8%vs 12.79%）和卵裂率（27.27%vs 5.2%）均高于有透明带组（P<0.05）。以上结果初步表明，模拟精子源体外受精所需的“原生境”条件可提高异种动物体外受精的成功率。     

小鼠精子透明质酸酶SPAM1在受精过程中的功能研究

旨在研究小鼠精子透明质酸酶SPAM1(Sperm adhesion molecule 1)对受精过程中精子/卵丘互作的影响,并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。本研究抽提小鼠尾尖基因组,利用PCR法检测小鼠Spam基因型;筛选的野生型(WT)和Spam1敲除(KO)小鼠,提取附睾尾部精子蛋白进行Western blot和酶活性检测;经TYH培养液2h获能后,分别对精子的运动性、穿透和分散卵丘细胞能力及体外受精(IVF)进行统计分析。结果表明,KO小鼠精子中未检测到SPAM1蛋白,透明质酸酶活性也极显著低于WT小鼠(P0.01);而获能后精子运动性,在KO和WT小鼠之间差异不显著(P0.05);与WT相比,KO小鼠精子缺失Spam1后,极显著地影响卵丘细胞层基质中精子顶体反应的发生比率(P0.01),导致精子穿透卵丘细胞层的能力极显著降低(P0.01),仅有少数精子能够到达卵子透明带表面,大量精子极易黏附于卵丘细胞层表面或外部边缘(P0.01);此外,KO小鼠精子IVF 2h的卵丘细胞分散和受精率均呈现显著延迟(P0.05)。综上表明,小鼠精子透明质酸酶SPAM1与顶体反应相关联并影响精子/卵丘互作。揭示SPAM1在穿卵过程中除了具有降解透明质酸的作用外,还存在其他的非酶活性功能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.