留守中小学生自我意识分析

目的 了解温州地区留守中小学生的自我意识特点.方法 采用儿童自我意识量表、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)评定温州地区的中小学生356例.其中留守学生共182例,非留守学生174例.结果 留守男学生焦虑自我意识评分显著高于非留守男学生(3.85±3.21 VS 2.09±1.76,P＜0.01).留守女学生的智力自我意识评分显著低于非留守女学生(7.46±3.43 VS 8.51±3.60,P＜0.01).留守对间长短与自我意识中的焦虑评分呈负相关(r==0.34,P＜0.01).留守与非留守学生儿童的自我意识评分与家庭环境量表评分的相关结果显示表现出不一样的特点.总体而言.非留守学生的自我意识评分与家庭环境评分有较强相关,而留守学生则不相关(例如非留守学生的智力自我意识与家庭的娱乐性、组织性相关,r=0.59,0.43.而留守学生不相关,r=0.11,0.07).结论 留守中小学生的自我意识与非留守中小学生存在不同,与留守时间长短有一定关联,其与家庭功能的关联不如非留守学生明确.     

儿童青少年孤独感及与家庭功能的关系

目的 了解儿童青少年孤独感的一般情况,观察儿童青少年孤独感与家庭功能的关系.方法 采用UCLA孤独感量表、家庭功能评定量表对190名学生及其父母一方进行测试,并分析儿童青少年孤独感情况,以及孤独感与家庭功能的关系.结果 (1)年龄越大,儿童孤独感越强(F=12.95,P＜0.01);独生子女孤独感小于非独生子女(t=2.39,P=0.018);父母受教育越高,儿童孤独感越低(F=7.38,10.05;P＜0.01);(2)家庭功能评分越差,儿童孤独感越高(r=0.576,P＜0.01);情感介入与儿童青少年孤独感呈负相关(t=-2.443,P=0.016).结论 儿童青少年孤独感在年龄、是否独生及父母受教育程度等因素上存在差异;儿童青少年孤独感与家庭功能关系密切,情感介入越高,越有利于降低儿童孤独感.     

品行障碍门诊病案分析及其家庭因素调查

目的 探讨家庭环境及其父母教养方式对品行障碍患者的影响,为实施有效的心理干预措施提供依据.方法 以2009年1月～2011年10月期间就诊的76例品行障碍者(年龄8～18岁)作为研究组,与不符合品行障碍的健康志愿者76例(对照组)做比较;采用家庭环境量表( FES- CV)及父母教养方式评价量表( EMBU)对所有受试者进行问卷调查.结果 在家庭环境中,研究组家庭亲密度、情感表达、成功性、知识性及控制性因子评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),而矛盾性因子评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);在教养方式上,研究组父母的情感温暖与理解因子评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),而惩罚严厉及拒绝、否认、父亲过分干涉因子评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 品行障碍患者家庭环境及父母的教养方式与正常者有明显不同,他们存在较多的心理问题,应及时地针对性的进行心理干预.     

农村特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识及家庭环境状况

目的 了解农村特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识和家庭环境状况及其关系.方法 采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(CSCS)、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)对用分层随机抽样方法抽取的南充市阆中金城中心小学校四到六年级的203名在校学生的自我意识水平和家庭环境状况进行调查.结果 ①特殊家庭留守儿童(A组)49人,一般家庭留守儿童(B组)79人,非留守儿童(C组)75人;②A组儿童的行为、合群、幸福满足感因子得分均低于非留守儿童(P＜0.05);③方差分析显示,除焦虑因子分外,六年级特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识总分、身体、幸福因子分均高于四、五年级(P＜0.05);A组儿童的亲密度、情感表达、独立性、娱乐性、文化性、道德宗教因子分均低于C组,而矛盾因子分高于B、C两组(P＜0.01);④相关分析显示,家庭环境亲密度、情感表达、文化性、娱乐性、道德宗教和组织性6个因子分与CSCS总分、行为、智力、躯体、焦虑、合群和幸福因子分呈正相关(r=0.11～0.40,P＜0.05),矛盾性因子分与CSCS所有因子得分呈负相关(r=-0.31～-0.18,P＜0.05),家庭环境独立性和控制性因子分与CSCS中的智力因子分呈正相关(r=0.09～0.11,P＜0.05).结论 特殊家庭留守儿童的心理健康状况及家庭环境状况均较差,家庭环境状况可能是其心理健康水平的重要影响因素之一.     

独生子女情感障碍患者人格与父母教养方式的相关性

目的:探讨独生子女情感障碍患者人格与父母教养方式的相关性. 方法:采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对情感障碍独生子女患者90例(研究组)和正常独生子女90名(正常对照组)进行测评,其中研究组患者在自知力恢复以后测评.结果:研究组EPQ评分精神质、神经质、内外倾性显著高于正常对照组(t=5.63,6.11,11.13;P均＜0.01).研究组人格障碍的阳性率(44.44％)高于正常对照组(28.89％)(x2=4.69,P＜0.05).研究组EMBU评分父母惩罚、父母拒绝、父亲保护、母亲干涉因子分高于正常对照组(t=3.03 ～8.20,P均＜0.01),而父亲温暖因子低于正常对照组(t=4.46,P＜0.01). 结论:不良的父母教养方式可能造成独生子女人格障碍,人格障碍与情感障碍的发病有关.     

急性脑血管病并发多脏器功能衰竭临床分析

目的 研究313例急性脑血管病(ACVD)并发多脏器衰竭(MOF)死亡病例的临床特点和治疗对策.方法 313例患者按出血、梗死及不同年龄、既往合并慢性疾病情况及是否存在肺部感染分成不同组并对比研究.结果 脑出血组并发MOF的严重程度重于脑梗死组(P＜0.01),年龄60～70岁组发生MOF的数量较年龄＜60岁组的明显增多(P＜0.05).同时发现既往患两种及两种以上慢性疾病的患者发生MOF的机会明显多于慢性疾患少于两种的患者(P＜0.05).合并肺部感染组发生MOF的数量、严重程度评分均明显高于非感染组(P＜0.01),存活时间明显缩短(P＜0.05).通过相关分析发现,既往所患的慢性疾病数量与MOF的数量成正相关(r=0.375,P＜0.01),且MOF的数量、评分及存活时间成负相关(r=-0.378,P＜0.01;R=-0.503,P＜0.01).结论 肺部感染和既往慢性疾病是MOF发生的重要因素.     

温州留守中学生自我意识、应对方式与家庭环境状况调查

目的了解温州地区留守中学生的心理特点。方法对温州地区二所中学共196例初中学生的心理状况进行评定，其中留守中学生91例，非留守中学生105例。评定工具采用儿童自我意识量表（CSCS）、应付方式问卷（CPQ）和家庭环境量表（FES-CV）。结果留守中学生与非留守中学生相比，CSCS焦虑因子分较高（P〈0．01）、躯体外貌因子分较低（P〈0．01）。CPQ留守中学生的成熟应付方式因子分如解决问题、求助高于非留守中学生（P〈o．01），不成熟应付方式因子如退避也显著高于非留守中学生（P〈0．01），幻想因子分也较高（P〈0．05）。留守组中学生在FES-CV独立性因子评分显著低于非留守中学生（P〈0．01），控制性因子评分留守儿童组也较低（P〈0．05）。结论留守中学生更倾向焦虑、自信心不足，应付方式矛盾，家庭中可能会表现依赖与任性。     

精神分裂症患者直系子女早期人格特征及家庭环境的相关性研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者直系子女的人格特征、家庭环境模式以及家庭环境因素对其人格特征的影响.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(幼年版)(EPQ)及家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)评估35例精神分裂症患者直系子女(研究组)和35例正常对照(对照组)的人格特征及家庭环境模式.结果 (1)研究组的精神质、神经质两个维度评分显著高于对照组(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),内-外向维度评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).(2)研究组亲密度、成功性、娱乐性3个因子评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),矛盾性、独立性及控制性3个因子评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).(3)研究组精神质与亲密度、娱乐性呈显著负相关(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),与矛盾性、控制性呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);内外向与亲密度、成功性、娱乐性呈显著正相关(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01);神经质与亲密度、娱乐性呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),与控制性呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).结论 家庭环境对精神分裂症患者直系子女发育早期的人格特征可能产生不利影响.     

选修心理学的本科医学生人格特征与家庭环境的关系

目的了解选修心理学的本科医学生人格特征和家庭环境特征及其相关性。方法于2017年6月通过横断面调查法,以67名选修心理学课程的本科医学生为研究对象,采用明尼苏达多相人格测试(MMPI)和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)进行调查。将MMPI各因子原始分与FES-CV各因子评分进行Pearson相关分析。结果选修心理学课程的本科医学生MMPI的疑病、抑郁、癔症、心理变态、男性化-女性化、偏执、精神衰弱、精神分裂因子评分均高于全国常模,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.070～8.350,P0.05或0.01)。FES-CV亲密度、知识性、组织性、成功性因子评分均低于全国常模,矛盾性因子评分高于全国常模,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。相关分析显示,FES-CV亲密度与MMPI的校正、疑病、抑郁、癔症因子评分呈负相关(r=-0.410～-0.331,P均0.01);矛盾性与癔症、精神衰弱因子评分呈正相关(r=0.315、0.415,P均0.01);娱乐性与疑病因子评分呈负相关(r=-0.367,P0.01),与精神分裂因子评分呈正相关(r=0.346,P0.01);控制性与癔症因子评分呈正相关(r=0.366,P0.01)。结论选修心理学课程的本科医学生呈神经症型和偏执型人格特征,且人格特征与家庭环境相关。     

多胎家庭中儿童青少年情绪障碍患者家庭环境调查

目的调查多胎家庭中儿童青少年情绪障碍患者的家庭环境特征,为优化家庭环境、改善其情绪问题提供参考。方法选取2015年8月-2017年8月在武汉市精神卫生中心住院的、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)通常起病于童年与少年期的行为和情绪障碍诊断标准的36例患者为研究组,同时选取36例健康志愿者(研究组同一家庭内同父同母所生的健康同胞)为对照组。收集两组一般人口学资料,并采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)进行评定。结果研究组FES-CV中知识性因子[(3. 47±1. 36)分vs.(4. 69±2. 07)分,t=-2. 961,P=0. 004]、娱乐性因子[(2. 44±2. 03)分vs.(3. 83±2. 68)分,t=-2. 478,P=0. 016]和道德宗教观因子[(4. 22±1. 62)分vs.(5. 28±1. 78)分,t=-2. 627,P=0. 011]评分均低于对照组,而矛盾性因子评分高于对照组[(5. 25±1. 83)分vs.(3. 89±1. 69)分,t=3. 285,P=0. 002]。在有儿童青少年情绪障碍患者的多胎家庭中,家庭环境影响因素有:父母婚姻状况、家庭经济情况、母亲受教育程度、出生顺序、学历和年龄(P0. 05或0. 01)。结论在多胎家庭中,儿童青少年情绪障碍患者及其同胞所感受到的家庭环境各因素之间存在差异。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.