烟台沿海地区土地利用景观格局演变研究

基于地理信息技术、景观格局分析理论和马尔可夫模型，利用1986、1992、2000和2004年4期影像，分析了烟台沿海地区土地利用类型变化及其景观格局动态特征。结果显示，近20年来，烟台沿海地区各种土地类型变化及其相互转化频繁。水域、果园和建设用地分别增加335.61%、70.43%和134.48%，而耕地、林地分别减少18.63%和20.75%。各种土地利用类型空间格局变化显著，耕地、果园破碎度增加，连通性降低，水域、林地和建设用地则趋于集中，连通性增强，景观类型有向多元化方向发展的趋势。马尔可夫模型预测表明，从2022年至平稳期，耕地、林地和果园面积将持续减少，水域和建设用地将逐年增加，耕地保护与建设用地扩张之间的矛盾将更加突出。     

GIS和RS支持下的土地利用格局变化分析

基于GIS和RS技术生成土地利用变化图谱,对图谱单元分析,更为简单直观地显示分析土地利用格局变化。以2000年和2005年重庆市长寿区TM遥感数据为基础数据,对遥感数据进行预处理,并对其进行遥感解译,最终利用解译结果合成土地利用变化图谱,通过分析图谱单元得到重庆市长寿地区的土地利用格局变化。研究表明:(1)耕地始终是主要土地利用类型,但由于城镇化建设,耕地面积有所减少;(2)居民点和交通用地面积增加明显,人多地少的问题愈加明显;(3)退耕还林工程的实施效果在靠近山区的部分比较显著,但仍然有少数天然林砍伐现象的存在。     

1985～2015年淮北市土地利用变化特征及其预测研究

以1985、1995、2005、2015年4期遥感影像为基础,应用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析了淮北市1985～2015年土地利用景观格局变化,并采用ANN-CA模型预测2025年淮北市土地利用数据。结果表明:1)淮北市土地利用类型以耕地为主,耕地面积占60%以上,建设用地次之;近30年,建设用地和林地面积呈增加趋势,耕地、水域和草地呈减小趋势;2005～2015年土地利用结构和景观格局变化显著,各类土地利用面积变化速率加快。2)1985～2015年土地利用类型的转移主要为耕地向建设用地转变、水域向耕地和建设用地转变。3)1985～2015年淮北市土地利用破碎化程度不断升高,景观格局趋向复杂化,景观异质性增强。4)2015～2025年,林地面积将保持不变,耕地、草地、水域面积减少,建设用地面积不断增加。     

近40年来五陵原土地利用变化研究

利用1964年、1988年、2005年和2010年4期遥感影像数据,对五陵原地区土地利用情况进行监测,并借助GIS的空间分析功能,从土地利用的数量变化、利用程度变化和土地类型的转移角度,对近40 a来五陵原土地利用变化进行定量分析.结果表明:在自然因素以及人类活动的影响下,五陵原土地利用结构发生了明显改变.研究时段内水体和荒地的面积正在逐渐减少,但其减少的速度较为缓慢;耕地由于受到城市经济发展的影响,面积大幅度减少;而果园、城乡建设用地、道路均有不同程度的增加,其中果园和城乡建设用地增加的速度最快;林地是近40 a来该区最为稳定的土地利用类型,其面积基本不变.从土地利用类型的转移矩阵来看,五陵原地区各种土地类型之间存在着不同程度的转换,例如耕地主要的转出方向为果园和城乡建设用地,转入部分主要来自果园;耕地、果园和城乡建设用地之间的转换最为频繁;建设用地大量增加,主要通过侵占耕地实现.通过一系列的研究分析可以看出,研究区的土地利用正处于快速发展的时期,人类的生产生活方式对土地利用方式有着深刻的影响.     

基于CA-Markov模型的土地利用景观格局预测研究

土地利用景观格局分析及预测,对平衡经济发展和生态保护、实现土地可持续生态利用和保护管理具有重要意义。本文以江西省抚州市东乡县为例,利用2005年和2015年两期遥感影像,获取东乡县土地利用类型转化数据,结合景观生态学研究了东乡县近10年的土地利用景观格局变化特征;运用CA-Markov模型对土地利用变化过程进行模拟,预测和分析了东乡县未来10年土地利用景观格局特征。结果表明:东乡县在过去10年建设用地、耕地分别增加了71.82、10.76 km~2,水域、林地和未利用地相应减少,减少幅度顺序为未利用地水域林地;各景观斑块分布均匀,景观多样性增加;景观形状趋于简单,相互之间连通性降低、关系变弱。人类经济活动及土地利用政策对东乡县景观格局有显著影响。到2025年东乡县建设用地将增加68.72 km~2,水域、林地和未利用地仍将不断减少,但耕地有所增加;景观斑块数增加,形状略趋复杂;景观异质程度提高,有向多样化、均匀化发展的变化趋势。总体来说,东乡县景观格局正逐步朝着稳定、均匀和多样的方向发展,但仍需加大力度保护和增加耕地资源,控制和合理规划建设用地,维持生态环境平衡。     

2000-2010年皖江城市带土地利用/覆被变化对区域净初级生产力的影响

基于2000年、2005年、2010年3期Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像解译数据,定量分析了近11年来皖江城市带土地利用时空变化;利用MODIS/NDVI数据及气象数据,基于改进的CASA模型估算了同期植被NPP,分析、评估了地类转换对研究区植被NPP的影响程度.结果表明:2000-2010年,研究区的土地利用格局变化显著,主要表现为耕地、草地、未利用土地面积不断减少,建设用地、水域面积持续增加,林地面积先减后增;土地利用类型转换以耕地的显著减少和建设用地的快速增加为主要特点;近11年来,研究区植被NPP整体上呈增加趋势,且呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局;各用地类型的NPP均值都在增加,林地NPP增幅最大;长江以北地区植被NPP呈逐渐增加趋势,沿江和长江以南地区的植被NPP变化趋势反之;耕地转为建设用地造成的NPP损失量最大.     

2005-2010年河南省土地利用结构变化分析

土地利用结构变化是实施土地利用总体规划关注的核心内容。根据2005年和2010年的2期土地利用空间数据,运用GIS技术和土地利用转换矩阵等方法,分析了2005—2010年河南省土地利用结构的变化。从全省来看,土地利用结构的数量变化主要表现为:城乡工矿居民用地和未利用地增加(增幅分别为6.71%和16.97%),而耕地和水域减少(减幅分别为1.26%和0.98%)。空间变化主要表现为:耕地与林地、耕地与水域、耕地与城乡工矿居民用地之间的空间位置的变换,以及水域向未利用地的转变。从土地利用综合区来看,土地利用结构的数量变化主要表现为:各区城乡工矿居民用地增加(增幅为3.70%~16.71%),耕地减少(减幅为0.48%~2.15%)。此外,中原城市群区未利用地和林地的增加、水域的减少,豫北区林地和水域的减少,豫西南区水域的增加,以及黄淮四市区草地的增加也较显著。空间变化主要表现为:各区耕地和城乡工矿居民用地之间的空间位置的变换。此外,中原城市群区耕地和林地、耕地和水域之间的位置变换,豫北区林地和水域向耕地的转变,豫西南区耕地向水域的转变,以及黄淮四市区耕地和水域之间的位置变换、耕地向草地的转变也较显著。研究结果为河南省土地利用总体规划(2006—2020)的实施提供了科学依据。     

汉中市土地利用变化的动态变化研究

基于汉中市1996—2010年土地利用现状变更调查数据,运用土地利用动态度模型、土地利用程度模型、空间差异模型,对汉中市14 a间土地利用的时空变化进行了详尽的分析。研究表明:汉中市耕地、未利用地面积减少,林地、牧草地、居民及工矿用地、园地和交通用地增加;研究区土地利用变化速度较缓,年变化率为0.17%,其中牧草地年变化率（2.30%）最大,耕地的年变化率也较大;2010年土地利用综合指数为215.64,土地利用程度不太高,汉中市土地利用处于调整期;研究区土地利用的多样化指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈下降趋势,而优势度指数则呈上升趋势,说明人类活动对景观格局有较为明显的影响。     

1990年以来武汉城市圈土地利用变化时空特征研究

武汉城市圈是全国首批资源节约与环境友好型社会建设综合配套改革试验区之一,也是长江经济带发展战略和中部崛起战略的重点区域。科学认识武汉城市圈土地利用变化时空格局的历史特征,对区域土地利用政策的制定和实施具有重要的意义。对已有的土地利用分类编码方式进行改进,结合土地利用动态度模型,对武汉城市圈1990年、1995年、2000年和2005年4期土地利用数据进行分析,形成对武汉城市圈1990年以来土地利用变化的基本规律、阶段性趋势和空间差异的科学认识。结果表明:1990年以来,武汉城市圈耕地、林地和草地大面积减少,水域和建设用地面积有较大幅度的增加。在不同的发展阶段,武汉城市圈土地利用变化呈现出不同的规律:1990—1995年武汉城市圈的土地利用变化以耕地减少为主要特征;1995—2000年武汉城市圈土地利用变化以耕地和水域的相互转换为主要特征;2000—2005年武汉城市圈土地利用变化以耕地向水域和建设用地转换为主要特征。武汉城市圈土地利用变化表现出明显的空间差异性:土地利用动态度最大的区域集中在武汉市及其周边县域;从单一土地利用类型看,耕地、林地、建设用地动态度最大的区域也主要集中在武汉市及其周边县域,而水域动态度最大的区域集中在仙桃市和潜江市。     

秦淮河流域1980-2010年土地利用变化及驱动机制

[目的]研究近30a来秦淮河流域不同时期土地利用/覆被变化特征及驱动力,为秦淮河流域的生态经济系统可持续发展和流域管理提供科学依据。[方法]利用GIS功能对秦淮河地区1980,1995,2000,2005,2008,2010年土地利用现状图进行叠加转换,建立土地利用变化转移矩阵,在此基础上分析秦淮河地区近30a来的土地利用变化特征,并结合相应的社会统计资料分析土地利用变化的驱动力。[结果]流域内耕地面积逐年减少,建设用地面积逐年增加,林草覆盖面积略有减少;土地利用程度变化存在明显的时间差异性,2005—2008期间变化最大;建设用地的增加主要源于耕地的转入,其次是林地、水域;经济发展、人口增长和人民生活水平的提高是该区土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动力。[结论]城市化发展要素是推动该区建设用地增加、耕地面积减少这一现象的主要驱动力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.