Analysis of resistivity data obtained from cone penetrometer in contaminated soil layers

In horizontally layered soils of different electrical properties, electrical potential distribution becomes complex and the obtained resistivity data may be limited in reflecting the actual soil profile. Thus the objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect resistivity measurement on the cone penetrometer and further investigate the sensitivity of measured resistivity to different types and concentrations of contaminants at the subsurface level. First, a theoretical resistivity equation was derived to provide a means of computing the geometric factor. The effective volume of measurement on the cone penetrometer was investigated and laboratory soil box tests verified the dominance of partially high resistivity regions within the effective volume of measurement over the apparent resistivity. Such effect was found to lead to possible discrepancies between the recorded resistivity data and the actual depth of measurement. Measurements on contaminated soil layers indicated that resistivity cones are efffective in delineating inorganic contaminants in soils of high water contents, and detecting NAPLs floating above the groundwater table provided that soils adjacent to the plume are not dry of water. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

非平衡吸附模型在研究渗滤液对土壤污染影响中的应用

分析了有机污染物在土壤中的迁移转化机理，建立了非平衡吸附作用下渗滤液中有机污染物在土壤中迁移转化的动力学模型，给出了模型的数值解法，模拟出渗滤液在非平衡吸附作用下的污染过程；同时还探讨了模型参数降雨量p，垃圾土土层的厚度h，含水率θ等对有机污染物运移的影响。结果表明：在总的污染源一定的情况下，降雨量的增大和污染土层厚度的增大会使得下层土壤中有机物的浓度降低，为定量研究有机污染物在土壤-水环境系统中分配与归宿提供理论依据，同时也可为监测、治理和恢复地下水污染提供一定的科学根据。     

基于电阻率的非饱和土基质吸力预测

针对非饱和土吸力测量与计算的困难,提出了一种利用土的电阻率结构参数预测基质吸力的方法。通过滤纸法测试重塑膨胀土的基质吸力,分析了非饱和土的基质吸力与体积含水率的关系,即土-水特征曲线的变化规律。在测试非饱和土横向与竖向电阻率的基础上,探讨了非饱和土的电阻率与其体积含水率的关系,并进一步研究了土的电阻率结构性参数 、 和 随体积含水率的变化规律。发现基质吸力与电阻率结构参数 之间存在良好的抛物线关系,利用这种关系可以准确预测非饱和土的基质吸力。利用土的电阻率结构参数预测吸力,避免了吸力量测与计算的困难,简单实用。     

Use of a resistivity cone for detecting contaminated soil layers

A cone-penetration technique was developed to detect contaminated soil layers with electrolytes and NAPLs. In this study, laboratory and field experiments were performed to apply the technique. In the laboratory, the change in resistivity was quantitatively examined by adding salt or oil to soil samples. The results showed that the resistivity measurement was varied with an order of ppm for the electrolyte concentration in soil. It was found that the resistivity of sand increased with increasing oil concentration. The effect of oil content was stronger for lower water content of sand.

The results obtained from field experiments showed that the resistivity cone can be used for detecting the contaminated layer in soils whose background values are known. Particularly, the instrument can be used effectively for examining the effects of remediation, by measuring the resistivity of the ground before and after remediation, unless the soil fabric changes significantly during remediation procedures.     

渗滤液水位以下垃圾体产气对孔隙压力影响研究

为了研究渗滤液水位以下产气对孔隙压力的影响,从孔隙气在渗滤液水位以下特定的流动状态出发,采用峰值产气模型,结合了达西定律、理想气体状态方程和多孔介质流体动力学理论,建立了渗滤液水位以下考虑产气作用的气液迁移模型。运用差分法对产气引起的气液迁移问题进行了数值求解。计算结果表明,渗滤液水位以下垃圾体的产气对孔隙压力的影响主要有渗滤液渗流引起的附加孔隙压力和水位升高引起的附加孔隙压力,按孔隙气所处阶段的不同可以分为孔隙气被封闭时孔压积聚阶段、孔隙气突破孔隙水封闭时的孔压急剧消散阶段以及由对流作用控制的气液运移阶段;高产气速率、高渗滤液水位和低渗透系数都会使得垃圾体内产生较高的孔隙压力;降低填埋场内渗滤液水位是减小产气对孔隙压力影响的有效措施。     

Assessment of the leachate movement in a sealed landfill using geophysical methods

This paper describes a case study concerning the use of integrated geophysical methods applied to environmental assessment. The study is focused on an old municipal solid waste sealed landfill site, located in Gaeiras, Central Portugal. The problem is related with leachate overproduction in this domestic and industrial waste landfill that became an environmental problem with urgent assessment, so that a solution could be planned. Due to the lack of accurate information regarding the shape, history and development of the landfill, the use of a set of classical geophysical methods was the option, since they are non-invasive and non-destructive. The available area was small, almost restricted to the landfill area. To conduct this assessment, electromagnetic RF-EM and Geonics EM34, spontaneous potential (SP), vertical electrical soundings (VES) and magnetic prospecting surveys were planned to understand the various problems that could be related with the leachate overproduction. The joint use of these classical geophysical methods was targeted to investigate bedrock depth and structure (RF-EM, EM34 and VES), waste and leachate characteristics (EM34 and magnetics) and groundwater flow (SP) in the landfill. Geophysical results were correlated with hydrogeological information, integrated and interpreted, using geographic information system tools. The results obtained were important to understand the geological mechanisms that are responsible for leachate overproduction and to suggest remedial measures.     

剪切对非饱和土土-水特征曲线影响的探讨

用净平均应力和吸力等于常数、偏应力增大的三轴排水剪切试验，探讨了剪切对非饱和土水量变化的影响。试验结果表明，土-水特征曲线依赖于偏应力，改进了非饱和土中水量变化的本构关系，建立了含水量．吸力．净平均应力．偏应力形式的土．水特征曲线。     

Relationships between electrochemical properties of leachate and resistivity of strata in the landfill site consisting mainly of combustion residuals

There are many landfill sites consisting mainly of combustion residuals in Japan. The disposed materials are chemically unstable. Therefore, temporal changes of waste deposit conditions must be monitored for environmental management of landfill sites. Electrochemical properties of leachate and the relationships between the leachate properties and the resistivities of strata were studied in such landfill sites. In addition, incineration ashes immersed in distilled water were prepared and the temporal changes of electrochemical properties of the solution were examined. In composition, the ashes used in the experiment are similar to those disposed in the above sites. From the above results, the electrochemical properties of waste deposits consisting mainly of combustion residuals have been studied and the efficiency for managing landfill sites by resistivity measurements has been established.     

Modelling the effect of temperature on unsaturated soil behaviour

A simple thermohydromechanical (THM) constitutive model for unsaturated soils is described. The effective stress concept is extended to unsaturated soils with the introduction of a capillary stress. This capillary stress is based on a microstructural model and calculated from attraction forces due to water menisci. The effect of desaturation and the thermal softening phenomenon are modelled with a minimal number of material parameters and based on existing models. THM process is qualitatively and quantitatively modelled by using experimental data and previous work to show the application of the model, including a drying path under mechanical stress with transition between saturated and unsaturated states, a heating path under constant suction and a deviatoric path with imposed suction and temperature. The results show that the present model can simulate the THM behaviour in unsaturated soils in a satisfactory way.     

垃圾渗滤液处理技术的新进展

城市垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂,有机物、氨氮浓度高的难处理废水.有关垃圾渗滤液的研究已成为国内外环保领域研究的热点,根据国内外最新研究进展,分析了垃圾渗滤液处理技术的现状及发展趋势,重点介绍了化学法、物化法、物化生联合法以及土地处理法等多种处理方法.并对处理工艺的选取提出了一些建议.     

Adsorption capacity of iron oxide-coated gravel for landfill leachate: simultaneous study

Landfill leachate is a high-strength wastewater. If it is not managed properly, it can pollute surrounding environment. The aim of this study is to determine the simultaneous adsorption capacity of iron oxide-coated gravel for metals such as Cd(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) in high-strength leachate sample. Different operating conditions such as pH, time, and dosages were investigated to determine the kinetics and mechanism of adsorption process. Coating with iron oxide changed the external surface of gravel. The adsorption capacities increased with increased pH, and the optimum pH was found to be 7. High removal rates were observed in a short period of time. The Freundlich model fitted reasonably well to the experimental data, indicating multilayer adsorption process and the heterogeneity of the surface (R ² ranging 0.57–0.94). The Temkin model fitted well to the experimental data as well (R ² ranging 0.67–0.98), indicating that the adsorption is an exothermic process. The adsorption of ions was found to obey second-order kinetics, indicating one-step, surface-only adsorption process. The degree of metal adsorption on iron oxide-coated gravel at pH 7 was in the order Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Fe(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II).     

Estimation of soil weathering degree using electrical resistivity

In this study, the electrical resistivity of soil having different chemical weathering index (CWI) was measured, and the correlation between CWI and the electrical resistivity was estimated. The electrical resistivity of soil varies with CWI of soil. The difference in the electrical resistivities of soils having different weathering degrees is clear at lower water contents. At the volumetric water contents estimated in this study, CWI could be described by a linear equation of electrical resistivity with the constants related to the volumetric water content. The findings in this study suggest that the electrical resistivity could be used as an effective alternative for estimating the weathering degree of soil.     

非饱和土的应力-含水率-应变关系试验研究

引入含水率,研究了非饱和土的强度和应力-含水率-应变关系。进行了非饱和土的强度和变形试验,模拟了实际工程施工期气压能够迅速消散而水压变化不大的特点;研究了强度随含水率的变化,建立了非饱和土总应力强度公式;研究含水率对非饱和土变形的影响,建立了引入含水率的实用非线性模型。算例分析表明了方法的合理性。引入工程中易确定的含水率,完全绕开了吸力,避免了吸力量测和计算的困难,为非饱和土理论成果难以实用化的问题提供了有效的解决途径。     

絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固滩涂软土的模型试验研究

针对真空预压作用下排水板淤堵与排水条件受限等问题,提出絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法。首先通过沉降柱试验确定合适的有机絮凝剂,然后采用该絮凝剂,分别在 48 h（开始介入真空预压,固结度为0 ）、60 h（排水速率明显下降,固结度为60%）及 84 h（排水速率近乎 0,固结度为 80%）时介入电渗,开展不同电渗介入时间的絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固试验。试验从排水量、十字板剪切强度、含水率与孔压等对比分析联合加固的有效性,确定其最佳电渗介入时间。试验结果表明：当固结度为 80% 时介入电渗,絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法能够有效地抑制排水速率减小的趋势,增长有效排水时间。同时,土体的抗剪强度和承载力亦得到大幅提升,孔压消散更加均匀。此外,在阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的作用下,初始排水速率快,在一定程度上使土体的渗透性得到提升,有效地解决了排水板淤堵问题,说明絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法具有较强的优越性。     

钾、钠离子对垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液中鸟粪石结晶的影响

垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液等高氨氮废水中钾钠离子浓度较高,而钾钠离子对鸟粪石结晶法回收氨的影响规律尚未了解。本文通过向人工配制不同钾钠浓度的模拟和实际RO浓缩液中投加镁盐、磷酸盐促使鸟粪石结晶,测定结晶前后溶液中氨氮、磷酸盐、钾钠离子浓度,并利用XRD、SEM分析结晶产物的结构和形貌,探讨钾钠离子对鸟粪石结晶及氨回收率的影响。结果表明,随着K~+浓度增加,氨氮回收率由96. 5%降至83. 0%,结晶产物中K~+质量分数由2. 4%升至6. 4%;鸟粪石特征衍射峰向高角度偏移,说明K~+进入鸟粪石晶格位置形成含钾鸟粪石;由于K~+与NH4+存在竞争,在相同镁、氨氮、磷配比条件下会降低氨的回收率,但K~+对鸟粪石粒径和形貌基本无影响。Na+对氨氮回收率影响不显著,但会影响鸟粪石晶体形貌。用实际垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液实验表明,在鸟粪石结晶回收氨氮的水处理中考虑到K~+的竞争,提高镁盐、氨氮与磷酸盐的投加比例为1. 8∶1∶1. 5即可保证氨氮的回收率,同时还可部分回收其中的K~+成为缓释肥营养组分。     

非饱和土的蒸发效应与影响因素分析

采用非饱和土等温流和考虑热湿耦合的非等温流方程,结合不同的蒸发计算模型,分析了大气蒸发效应对非饱和土吸力变化的影响,并对控制蒸发量计算的多个参数进行了影响程度分析。结果表明,考虑实际蒸发量和非饱和土热湿耦合的水分运动公式能较好地模拟大气影响下非饱和土吸力变化状态,通常所采用的等温流方程加以潜在蒸发量计算非饱和土吸力变化会高估表层蒸发和吸力的下降程度。控制地面蒸发的主导因素是外部气象条件,尤其以太阳净辐射量和风速为最,土体自身特性参数影响程度有限。     

Simulation of liquefaction of unsaturated soil using critical state soil model

Several researchers have reported that the mean effective stress of unsaturated soils having a relatively high degree of saturation gradually decreases under fully undrained cyclic loading conditions, and such soils can be finally liquefied like saturated soils. This paper describes a series of simulations of fully undrained cyclic loading on unsaturated soils, conducted using an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils. This model is a critical state soil model formulated using effective stress tensor for unsaturated soils, which incorporates the following concepts: (a) the volumetric movement of the state boundary surface containing the critical state line owing to the variation in the degree of saturation; (b) the soil water characteristic curve considering the effects of specific volume and hydraulic hysteresis; and (c) the subloading surface concept for considering the effect of density. Void air is assumed to be an ideal gas obeying Boyle's law. The proposed model is validated through comparisons with past results. The simulation results show that the proposed model properly describes the fully undrained cyclic behavior of unsaturated soils, such as liquefaction, compression, and an increase in the degree of saturation. Finally, the effects of the degree of saturation, void ratio, and confining pressure on the cyclic strength of unsaturated soils are described by the simulation results. The liquefaction resistance of unsaturated soils increases as the degree of saturation and the void ratio decrease, and as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, the degree of saturation has a greater effect on the liquefaction resistance than the confining pressure and void ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of steady seepage in unsaturated loess soil

The complexity of unsaturated soil means that its permeability coefficient and seepage law are important topics in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. In this study, a new type of equipment for measuring the seepage of unsaturated soil was used to study the steady seepage of unsaturated loess soil collected from northern Shaanxi province in China. The entire process of the steady seepage of unsaturated soil under different seepage hydraulic gradients was obtained, and the permeability coefficient in the steady seepage state was measured. When the soil water content was low, the soil moisture remained only in small pores or at the junction of soil particles, the effective seepage area of the sample was reduced, and the seepage path was extended. Therefore, the lower the water content, the smaller the permeability coefficient of unsaturated soil and the longer the time required for the seepage to reach a steady state. The matric suction of the unsaturated loess soil was measured under different water contents. With decreasing water content, water remained only in the smaller pores, which provided shrink films with a smaller radius of curvature. This allowed the shrink films to withstand a larger pore air pressure and transmit a smaller pore water pressure, so that the matric suction of the loess soil increased with decreasing soil water content. The Gardner model provided an accurate fit of how the matric suction varied with the volumetric water content of the unsaturated soil. The seepage velocity and seepage hydraulic gradient were correlated well with a linear relationship, indicating that the seepage law of unsaturated loess soil accords with Darcy’s law. The experimental results show that the new unsaturated soil permeameter has good performance and controllability, thereby providing support for studying the steady seepage of unsaturated soil.