免疫球蛋白重链基因重排对多发性骨髓瘤的研究及应用价值

为探讨免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排在浆细胞增殖性疾病中的应用价值，用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术以10例正常人骨髓标本为对照，对57例多发性骨髓瘤（MM）、11例未定性单克隆丙种球蛋白病（MGUS）、10例反应性浆细胞增多症进行了IgH基因重排的研究。MM的外周血和骨髓的IgH基因重排检出率分别为56．9％及84.4％。外周血IgH基因重排的分析显示Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者检出率高于Ⅰ期。经化疗后缓解的病例其骨髓标本，仍可检出重排带。MGUS及反应性浆细胞增多症均未能测出IgH基因重排。本结果表明：IgH基因重排对MM的诊断、鉴别诊断及指导治疗有重要意义。     

实时定量PCR检测B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者外周血和骨髓IgH基因重排及临床意义

目的:检测B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(B-NHL)患者外周血和骨髓中IgH基因重排并探讨其在临床诊治中的应用。方法:利用SYBR GreenⅠ荧光染料,采用实时定量PCR方法,以IgH基因为标志,对B-NHL患者治疗后采集的15例外周血及10例骨髓的IgH基因重排进行定量分析。结果:15例外周血及10例骨髓均检测到IgH基因拷贝数,外周血和骨髓差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:实时定量PCR方法对外周血和骨髓中IgH基因重排定量分析,可以作为B-NHL鉴别诊断和随访微小残留病的辅助手段,并对判断疗效、预测复发有一定的临床意义。外周血和骨髓IgH基因拷贝数差异无统计学意义。     

血清及血浆标本IgH基因重排对B细胞淋巴瘤患者的诊断价值

目的探讨以血清、血浆为标本,免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)基因重排对B细胞淋巴瘤(BNHL)早期诊断的意义。方法收集病理活检确诊的BNHL患者的血清、血浆,提取肿瘤细胞释放的可溶性DNA。针对IgH基因第三互补决定簇(CDRⅢ)序列,设计引物扩增Fr3和JH区,PCR检测IgH基因重排的比率。结果以BNHL细胞系Raji细胞作为阳性对照,30例确诊的BNHL患者中25例阳性,阳性率83.3%。健康成人及慢性淋巴结炎患者呈阴性结果。IgH基因重排的检出率与患者临床表现、临床分期及肿瘤负荷不具有明显的相关性。结论以血清、血浆为标本,检测IgHCDRⅢ基因重排在临床具有较高的阳性率。标本取材方便,不受淋巴结肿大部位的限制,对BNHL患者的早期诊断具有一定的价值。     

急性髓性白血病免疫球蛋白重链基因和T细胞受体γ基因重排的检测意义

免疫球蛋白重链基因(IgH)和T细胞受体(TCR)基因重排常被认为是淋巴细胞的克隆标志。但是，近年来的研究表明，急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞亦可出现IgH和TCR基因重排。为此，我们采集51例AML患者骨髓，利用PCR方法检测IgH及TCRγ基因重排，并初步探讨其临床意义。     

急性非淋巴细胞性白血病免疫球蛋白和T细胞受体基因重排的研究及其意义

采用PCR法对25例不同时期急性非淋巴细胞性白血病（ANLL）患者免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）和T细胞受体γ链（TcRr）基因重排进行了研究。结果显示，3例（12．0％）发生IgH基因重排，3例（12．0％）出现TcRr基因重排，其中1例同时出现IgH和TcRr基因重排，对这种ANLL中序列失真现象的机制及其在白血病基因分型及检测微小残留疾病中的意义进行讨论。     

Castleman病10例IgH基因重排检测结果分析

用PCR技术检测10例Castleman病（CD）患者淋巴结组织免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排情况,免疫组化法观察其细胞表型;对7例患者进行96个月随访。结果1例IgH基因重排阳性,24个月时确诊为B系非霍奇金淋巴瘤,3个月后死亡;6例基因重排阴性,其中3例10～85个月死亡,余3例随访至今仍存活。提示CD可能不是一种单纯的良性淋巴组织增生性疾病,而为交界性具有恶变潜能的疾病,特别是多灶性CD（MCD）。组织学判断CD的恶变倾向困难,基因重排对判定CD的病变性质有重要作用。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病IgH和Vδ2Dδ3基因重排检测在微小残留病监测中的意义

目的 :探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)IgH和Vδ2 Dδ3基因重排分布频率及定量检测在微小残留病(MRD)监测中的意义。方法 :对初诊ALL患者及ALL完全缓解期 (CR)后不同时期的骨髓标本及脑脊液标本进行IgH和Vδ2 Dδ3基因重排检测及定量计算MRD值。结果 :1 0 2例初诊ALL患者骨髓标本IgH和Vδ2 Dδ3基因重排阳性率分别为 49.0 %和 36 .3 %。诱导缓解期与完全缓解期脑脊液IgH基因重排分别有 7例和 3例 ,Vδ2 Dδ3基因重排分别为 5例和 2例。MRD值 >0 .1 %者 3例 ,复发率为 66 .7%。MRD为 0 .0 0 2 %～ 0 .1 %者 6例 ,复发率为 1 7.0 % ;MRD <0 .0 0 2 %者 9例 ,无复发。复发组MRD明显高于未复发组 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :动态PCR检测ALL患者脑脊液IgH和Vδ2 Dδ3基因重排比细胞学检测更灵敏。IgH和Vδ2 Dδ3基因重排MRD值增高 ,复发危险率增高。MRD定期定性定量监测对指导化疗药物的选择、疗效观察及判断预后有指导意义。     

老年急性淋巴细胞白血病分子生物学改变的初步观察

目的 研究老年急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的分子生物学特征。方法 应用多聚酶链反应技术(PCR)检测了16例老年ALL患者的bcr／abl融合基因、TCRγ基因重排(TCRγRA)以及IgH基因重排(IgHRA)。结果 16例患者中IgHRA11例，TCRγRA4例，两类基因重排均阴性1例；bcr／abl融合基因阳性9例，阳性率56．25％。结论 老年ALL以B—ALL为多，bcr／abl融合基因阳性率较高，可能是其治疗效果较差的原因之一。     

免疫分型结合基因重排对成人急性淋巴细胞白血病诊断及预后的判断价值

目的：探讨用免疫分型组合免疫球蛋白重链（IgH)及T细胞受体γ（TCRγ）基因重排对急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的分型诊断及预后的判断价值。方法：免疫分型采用碱性磷酸酶抗性磷酸酶复合物（APAAP）免疫组化法,基因重排采用多聚酶链反应技术（PCR法）检测58例初治成人ALL患者。结果：①通过免疫分型检测,58例ALL中,43例（74．1％）为不带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^-ALL),15例（25．9％）为带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^ ALL),以CD15最常见。②采用PCR法检测IgH基因重排和TCRγ基因重排发现,58例ALL中有79．3％（46／58）免疫分型与基因重排结果完全吻合,即T－ALL出现TCRγ基因重排阳性,B－ALL出现IgH基因重排阳性,20．7％（12／58）基因重排结果与免疫分型不能完全吻合。③58例ALL经DOLP或DOCP方案1个疗程后,My^-ALL CR为72．1％（31／43）,My^ ALL为66．7％（10．15）;ALL不同阶段CR率分别是：T－ALL为82．4％（14／17）,ProB-ALL为50．0％（3／6）,C－ALL为90．5％（19／21）,RreB-ALL为33．3％（4／12）,成熟B－ALL为50．0％（1／2）;经基因重排检测与免疫分型吻合的ALL CR率为71．7％（33／46）,不吻合的ALL66．7％（8／12）。结论：对于白血病的分型应在FAB分型的基础上加用免疫分,可提高确诊率且对预后判断有价值;基因重排诊断仅有参考价值,对预后尚无指导意义。     

脾边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤的临床及病理组织学特征

目的：提高对脾边缘带淋巴瘤(SMZL)的认识和诊治水平。方法：对1例男性老年(75岁)SMZL患者的外周血、骨髓及脾脏标本，分别采用光镜、相差显微镜、透射电镜、免疫组织化学染色、RHG显带核型分析及PCR技术研究肿瘤细胞的生物学特征。结果：本例患者肿瘤细胞CD20、CD43、bcl—2表达阳性，肿瘤细胞呈结节状浸润脾脏白髓，致套区和边缘带完全被肿瘤细胞取代。骨髓细胞无异常核型。脾脏有单克隆IgH基因重排，骨髓和外周血未见异常淋巴细胞，无单克隆IgH基因重排。结论：对脾进行性肿大不伴浅表淋巴结肿大患者应疑为SMZL；单克隆IgH基因重排有助于SMZL的诊断，需排除滤泡中心淋巴瘤和套区淋巴瘤；脾切除治疗效果好。     

Gene–Gene and Gene–Environment Interactions in Apolipoprotein L1 Gene-Associated Nephropathy

Molecular genetics have revolutionized the understanding of susceptibility to the broad spectrum of kidney diseases with light microscopic appearance of FSGS, particularly in populations with recent African ancestry. These disorders include idiopathic FSGS, HIV-associated nephropathy, severe lupus nephritis, sickle cell nephropathy, and the primary kidney disorder focal global glomerulosclerosis, which had historically been ascribed to systemic hypertension. FSGS was once thought to include a multitude of unrelated disorders with similar histologic appearance. However, variation in the apolipoprotein L1 gene locus is now known to account for the vast majority of such cases in African Americans as well as nearly all the excess risk for FSGS and related forms of progressive nondiabetic nephropathy in populations with recent African ancestry, relative to European ancestry. Inheriting two coding apolipoprotein L1 gene nephropathy risk variants is necessary for susceptibility to CKD; however, these variants alone are insufficient to produce disease. This work reviews the evidence supporting second hits or modifying factors that affect risk for apolipoprotein L1 gene-associated nephropathy and produce the protean manifestations of this common and complex syndrome. Targeting modifiable second factors will lead to preventive therapies for slowing progression of nondiabetic nephropathy in many patients possessing two apolipoprotein L1 gene risk variants. This model of genetic risk coupled with modifiable second hits will serve as a paradigm applicable to patients with CKD of various etiologies as well as a host of other complex disorders.     

Gene therapy

In recent years, there have been a number of technological breakthroughs that have allowed for clinical trials in gene therapy to be initiated. In combination with the genome initiative, the potential for new therapeutics is limitless. Although an enormous amount of information has been obtained in a relatively short period of time, gene therapy is not yet ready for wide-scale practice. Some of the successes and obstacles that remain are summarized in this report.     

基因芯片检测HBV基因突变的临床意义--81例慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV前C区和BCP区突变的临床资料分析

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因组前C区变异和基本核心区启动子(basic core promoter.BCP)变异的临床意义以及基因芯片在慢性乙型肝炎(慢乙肝)临床检测中的应用.方法:用基因芯片法检测HBV DNA阳性慢乙肝患者的血清标本,根据HBV血清标志物的实验结果将受试者分为HBeAg( )组和HBeAg(-)组,比较分析两组患者的临床资料,并根据变异在不同类型慢乙肝患者中的检出状况,以评定HBV前C区和BCP区变异的临床意义.结果:81例血清HBV DNA阳性患者中检出前C区变异51例,突变检出率为63.0%,检出BCP区变异60例,突变检出率为74.1%,其中HBeAg(-)者变异的检出率均明显高于HBeAg( )者,突变株的检出以慢性重型肝炎最高,其次是慢乙肝重度、中度患者,慢乙肝轻度患者最低,表明HBV前C区突变与病情轻重及e系统血清标志有关,而与性别、年龄无关.结论:基因芯片定量检测HBV基因突变高效可靠,对于判断慢乙肝患者病情轻重、预后好坏和指导用药,具有一定临床参考价值.     

Gene vaccines

Gene vaccines are a new approach to immunization and immunotherapy in which, rather than a live or inactivated organism (or a subunit thereof), one or more genes that encode proteins of the pathogen are delivered. The goal of this approach is to generate immunity against diseases for which traditional vaccines and treatments have not worked, to improve vaccines, and to treat chronic diseases. Gene vaccines make use of advances in immunology and molecular biology to more specifically tailor immune responses (cellular or humoral, or both) against selected antigens. They are still under development in research and clinical trials. The mechanisms for inducing cellular (as opposed to humoral) responses against a particular antigen have been elucidated. Gene vaccines provide a means to generate specific cellular responses while still generating antibodies, if desired. In addition, by delivering only the genes that encode the particular proteins against which a protective or therapeutic immune response is desired, the potential limitations and risks of certain other approaches can be avoided. This article describes the rationale for, immunologic mechanisms involved in, and design of gene vaccines under development. Preclinical and clinical studies of these vaccines are discussed for various clinical applications, focusing on infectious diseases.