Mechanical properties of electroformed copper layers with gradient microstructure

The electroformed copper layer with gradient microstructure was prepared using the ultrasonic technique. The microstructure of the electroformed copper layer was observed by using an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The preferred orientations of the layer were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were evaluated with a Vicker’s hardness tester and a tensile tester. It is found the gradient microstructure consists of two main parts: the outer part (faraway substrate) with columnar crystals and the inner part (nearby substrate) with equiaxed grains. The Cu-(220) preferred orientation increases with the increasing thickness of the copper layer. The test results show that the microhardness of the electroformed copper layer decreases with increasing grain size along the growth direction and presents a gradient distribution. The tensile strength of the outer part of the electroformed copper layer is higher than that of the inner part but at the cost of ductility. Meanwhile, the integral mechanical properties of the electroformed copper with gradient microstructure are significantly improved in comparison with the pure copper deposit.     

A new compressibility modification k-ε turbulence model with shock unsteadiness effect

A new compressibility modification k-ε model,including shock unsteadiness effect and the previous compressibility modification of pressure dilatation and dilatational dissipation rate,was developed with a simple formulation for numerical simulation in supersonic complex turbulent flows.The shock unsteadiness effect was modeled by inhibiting turbulent kinetic energy production in the governing equations of turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate.Sarkar's correction models were employed accounting for the dilatational compressibility effects in the new model.Two types of flows,the free supersonic mixing layers and complex supersonic flow with transverse injection were simulated with different flow conditions.Comparisons with experimental data of the free supersonic mixing layers showed that the new compressibility modification k-ε model significantly inhibited the excessive growth of turbulent kinetic energy and improved predictions.On the supersonic mixing layer flows,prediction results with the new model were in close agreement with experimental data,accurately predicting the decreasing trend of the mixing layer spreading rate with the increase of the convective Mach number.Due to the complicated flow field with flow separation,shock unsteadiness modification inhibited excessive growth of the turbulent kinetic energy in shock regions and wider shock regions are predicted,thereby significantly improving results of the flow with a strong separation forecast.The flow separation was stronger,which was the primary modification effect of the new model.Predictions accord with experimental results even in strong separation flows.     

A new compressibility modification <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>-ε turbulence model with shock unsteadiness effect

A new compressibility modification k-ε model, including shock unsteadiness effect and the previous compressibility modification of pressure dilatation and dilatational dissipation rate, was developed with a simple formulation for numerical simulation in supersonic complex turbulent flows. The shock unsteadiness effect was modeled by inhibiting turbulent kinetic energy production in the governing equations of turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. Sarkar＇s correction models were employed accounting for the dilatational compressibility effects in the new model. Two types of flows, the free supersonic mixing layers and complex supersonic flow with transverse injection were simulated with different flow conditions. Comparisons with experimental data of the free supersonic mixing layers showed that the new compressibility modification k-ε model significantly inhibited the excessive growth of turbulent kinetic energy and improved predictions. On the supersonic mixing layer flows, prediction results with the new model were in close agreement with experimental data, accurately predicting the decreasing trend of the mixing layer spreading rate with the increase of the convective Mach number. Due to the complicated flow field with flow separation, shock unsteadi- ness modification inhibited excessive growth of the turbulent kinetic energy in shock regions and wider shock regions are predicted, thereby significantly improving results of the flow with a strong separation forecast. The flow separation was stronger, which was the primary modification effect of the new model. Predictions accord with experimental results even in strong separation flows.     

Relativity between corrosion-induced stress and stress corrosion cracking of brass in an ammonia solution

The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in an ammonia solution with various pH values or under various applied potentials was measured at slow strain rate tests. The additive stress in the same solution was measured using two methods. The results indicate that the variation of the susceptibility to SCC with pH value or with potential is in an excellent agreement with the corrosion (passive film or dezincification layer)-induced stress. When pH? 7, the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC have maximum values and hardly change with increasing the pH value. However, when pH<7, both the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC reduce rapidly with decreasing the pH value. Both the corrosion-induced tensile stress and the susceptibility to SCC have maximum values at the open-circuit potential, decrease slightly under the anodic polarization, and reduce gradually to zero under the cathodic polarization.     

Updating verbal and visuospatial working memory： Are the processes parallel？

The current study compared the processes of updating verbal and visuospatial working memory （WM） and examined the roles of central executive and slave systems in working memory updating tasks, by changing the number of items updated simultaneously to manipulate the load on central executive. Experiment 1 used the verbal WM updating task, and the results validated the efficiency of the paradigm to manipulate the load on central executive. Experiment 2 employed the verbal WM updating task, with the articulatory suppression task to interfere with the phonological loop. The results supported the study by Morris and Jones, revealing that the central executive system played an important role in the updating component of verbal WM, while the phonological loop was responsible for the serial recall component. Experiment 3 employed the visuospatial WM updating task, with the spatial tapping task to interfere with the visuospatial sketchpad. The results suggested that the visuospatial sketchpad and the central executive together dealt with the updating component, while the visuospatial sketchpad was responsible for the serial recall component by itself. These results are consistent with the findings that visuospatial sketchpad has close links with central executive, while the phonological loop is separated from the central executive. It suggests that updating visuospatial and verbal WM are not two parallel processes.     

DNS of the turbulence modulation by dispersed particles in compressible spatially developing two-phase jets

A new two-way coupled direct numerical simulation (DNS) method is developed to study the turbulence modulation in the compressible and spatial developing particle-laden turbulent jets with higher Reynolds number. The high-resolution solver is performed for the gas phase flow-field and the Lagrangian method is used to trace particles. It is found that the particles with Stokes number of 0.01and 50 advance the evolution of the coherent structures in the flow-field, but the particles with Stokes number of 1 delay it. All particles increase the turbulent kinetic energy and decrease the vorticity thickness, in which the particles with the Stokes number of 1 exhibit the maximum modulation. The jet velocity half-width and the decay of the streamwise mean velocity along the centerline are reduced by particles with Stokes number of 0.01 and 1. The momentum thickness is increased by particles and the larger the Stokes number is, the larger the momentum thickness is.     

The structure of uniform B-spline curves with parameters

The shape-adjustable curve constructed by uniform B-spline basis function with parameter is an extension of uniform B-spline curve. In this paper, we study the relation between the uniform B-spline basis functions with parameter and the B-spline basis functions. Based on the degree elevation of B-spline, we extend the uniform B-spline basis functions with parameter to ones with multiple parameters. Examples show that the proposed basis functions provide more flexibility for curve design.     

A NEW PROCESS OF COMBINATION OF INORGANIC PARTICLES WITH CELLULOSIC FABRICS

Instead of finishing the fabrics with inorganic particles by a binder, in this study the fine aluminium oxide powder were added during the polymerization system of a monomer with functional hydroxyl groups HPMA. The hot alkaline testing showed that the Al_2O_3 particles had reacted with the polymer latex. The absorbability and wash durability of the fabric treated with such a latex with Al_2O_3 were measured.     

Modeling Pitch Contour of Chinese Mandarin Sentences with the PENTA Model

In continuous speech,the pitch contour of the same syllable may vary much due to its contextual information.The Parallel Encoding and Target Approximation (PENTA) model is applied here to Mandarin speech synthesis with a method to predict pitch contours for Chinese syllables with different contexts by combining the Classification And Regression Tree (CART) with the PENTA model to improve its prediction accuracy.CART was first used to cluster the syllables’ normalized pitch contours according to the syllables contextual information and the distances between pitch contours.The average pitch contour was used to train the PENTA model with the average contour for each cluster.The initial pitch is required with the PENTA model to predict a continuous pitch contour.A Pitch Discontinuity Model (PDM) was used to predict the initial pitches at positions with voiceless consonants and prosodic boundaries.Initial tests on a Chinese four-syllable word corpus containing 2048 words were extended to tests with a continuous speech corpus containing 5445 sentences.The results are satisfactory in terms of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) comparing the predicted pitch contour with the original contour.This method can model pitch contours for Mandarin sentences with any text for speech synthesis.     

Using the biomarker bonded on the asphaltenes for biodegraded oil-source correlation

Ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation(RICO)has been used to investigate asphaltenes from three oils with the same origin in the Juquan Basin and three oils with the same origin but with different degree of biodegradation in the Turpan Basin,Northwest China.The preliminary results showed that the biomarkers bonded on the asphaltenes with the same origin is similar and is correlated with the free biomarker in saturates.The bonded biomarkers have no relationship with the biodegradation.An application on the severely biodegraded oils is reported here.The biomarker and benznecarboxylic methyl esters reflecting t eh structure of the asphaltenes after RICO should provide a new way for oil-source correlation and it should be specially useful for severely biodegraded oil-source correlation.     

随物赋形气韵自然--论自然之美与艺术形象的塑造

随物赋形,气韵自然,是自然之美在塑造艺术形象方面的重要特征。自然之美的文学艺术品,在艺术形象上表现为随物赋形并突出地体现为强调“神似”、“传神”。艺术形象的自然之美,追求的是传神之美,追求的是传神自然,亦即气韵自然。     

重型颅脑交通伤的临床特点及救治要点

目的 :分析重型颅脑交通伤的临床特点及救治要点。方法 :回顾性分析我科2000年1月—2003年12月的64例重型颅脑交通伤病例的临床特点、CT资料及救治后的结果。分析原发昏迷时间、入院时GCS评分、救治措施与预后的关系。结果 :64例伤员中 ,单纯颅脑损伤24例 ,多发伤40例。原发性昏迷51例 ,继发性昏迷8例。GCS评分3～5分20例 ,5～8分44例。开颅手术23例 ,其它手术15例 ,气管切开35例。死亡22例 ,植物生存4例 ,重残2例 ,中残6例 ,恢复良好30例。结论 :重型颅脑交通伤伤情重、复合伤多、伤情复杂。及时有效的院前急救及入院后处理对患者的预后有重要意义     

在直径为d的树中具有极小GA2的树

Tabar等人定义了图的第二类几何-算术指标GA2,同时给出了任意连通图G的可达上下界,并分别刻画了：在有n个顶点的树中Pn具有极大GA2,K1,n-1具有极小GA2.刘颖在有n个顶点的树中确定了具有GA2前五小的图及在具有完美匹配的所有树中具有GA2前四小的图.在此基础上,本文给出直径固定且有n个顶点的树中具有极小GA2的图.     

鲨软骨粘多糖的酶法提取及组分分析

通过正交实验法分别研究单酶法提取次数和双酶法不同提取方式对鲨软骨粘多糖提取率的影响,从而获得胰蛋白酶和／或木瓜蛋白酶水解鲨软骨提取粘多糖的最佳工艺：并采用乙酸纤维素薄膜电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析不同提取方法获得的粘多糖的组分．实验结果表明：双酶水解方式比单酶水解方式的软骨降解率和多糖提取率要高;在双酶水解方式中,木-胰方式比胰-木方式能更有效地降解软骨,并且能获得更高的粘多糖提取率;而木瓜蛋白酶法提取的粘多糖纯度比胰蛋白酶法高．     

五种预氧化工艺处理污染原水的消毒性能比较

观察了水中腐殖酸和乳糖蛋白胨培养液的含量变化对高锰酸钾、氯、氯胺单独处理工艺及高锰酸钾与氯或氯胺联用工艺消毒效果的影响．结果表明，有机物浓度越高，高锰酸钾与氯或氯胺联用工艺与单独氯或氯胺工艺消毒效能相比所占优势越明显，尤其是当水中含有大量有机氮化合物时，采取高锰酸钾与氯或氯胺联用能更有效提高预处理时消毒效能．对有机污染严重的水源水进行预处理时，高锰酸钾与氯或氯胺联用预氧化能够减少有机物对消毒效果的影响，发挥预处理工艺对致病微生物的多级屏障作用，保障供水安全。     

双进气口无叶蜗壳径流向心式涡轮的性能研究

本文研究了双进气口无叶蜗壳径流向心式涡轮在全进气和部分进气条件下流量和效率的变化,提出了计算这种涡轮在变工况下的效率特性和流量特性的方法。用该法所得的计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

铝合金板材涂覆石墨前后的激光吸收率确定方法

针对铝合金板材表面涂覆石墨后激光吸收率的测量问题,利用高温热像仪、热电偶测温的方法,并结合有限元温度场分析的手段,对未涂覆石墨板材激光加热温度场进行了测量及有限元模拟,验证了有限元温度场分析的准确性,通过匹配板材涂覆石墨后板材背面温度场实测结果与仿真分析结果,拟合出了板材涂覆石墨后的激光吸收率。     

风速非均匀分布对蒸发器性能的影响

研究、对比了均匀和非均匀风速下蒸发器的性能,实验测量了某空调蒸发器表面的风速非均匀分布,数值模拟了该非均匀风速下蒸发器的性能,实验验证了非均匀风速下模拟结果的准确性.研究结果表明:非均匀分布时风速比均匀风速大的管路换热量较之均匀风速时的有所增加,风速比均匀风速小的管路换热量较之均匀风速时的有所减小,且换热量减小的幅度比增加的更加显著;传热系数随风速非线性增加;各支路出口状态差别越大,蒸发器换热量的衰减幅度就越大.     

偏高岭石与硅灰制备的高强混凝土性能比较

比较了用偏高岭石与硅灰分别制备的高强混凝土的施工性能、强度性能、收缩变形性能和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能.试验结果表明,用偏高岭石制备的高强混凝土的施工性能优于硅灰制备的高强混凝土;在水胶比较高时,偏高岭石混凝土的强度高于硅灰混凝土强度,水胶比较低时则相反,是硅灰混凝土强度高于偏高岭石混凝土;总之,偏高岭石混凝土的自收缩和干燥收缩小于硅灰混凝土;偏高岭石混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力不低于掺硅灰的混凝土.偏高岭石是一种可与硅灰相媲美的活性矿物掺料.     

不同电化学条件下氧化后碳纤维表面基团的XPS分析

在不同的电流密度,电解质浓度和处理时间上对粘胶基碳纤维进行电化学氧化,然后用Ｘ－射线光电子能谱分析了氧化后碳纤维的表面基团,讨论了表面基团随着这些电化学条件的变化规律。