一种新的基于跨层的Ad Hoc网络的MAC协议设计

为了提高Ad Hoc网络的性能,提出一种新的基于跨层的MAC协议,它能自适应的选择802.11b物理层规范中的两种不同的物理层数据单元格式进行传输。由于具有短导频的物理层数据单元格式比具有长导频的物理层数据格式占用更少的信道时间,基于跨层的MAC协议在一定条件下,采用具有短导频的物理层数据单元进行传输以减少物理层的开销,提高网络性能。其基本思想是如果需要通信的两个节点都支持具有短导频的物理层数据格式,则采用具有短导频的物理层数据格式进行传输,否则,采用具有长导频的物理层数据格式进行传输。同时提出一种自适应的网络分配向量计算算法,该算法能够根据MAC数据包的持续时间值判断节点是否支持具有短导频的物理层数据格式,不需要修改802.11b的帧格式。通过NS仿真证明,基于跨层的MAC协议能够提高网络的性能,如端到端的时延、吞吐量和传包率。     

基于IEEE 802.11高速无线局域网的速率自适应MAC协议研究

目前的IEEE 802.11标准在物理层提供了对多种发送速率的支持,然而在MAC层却没有规定速率自适应的方法。该文研究了高速IEEE 802.11 无线局域网中的速率自适应方案。首先,提出了EACK协议,EACK使用基本速率发送MAC头,并在ACK帧中携带信道信息,因而能够较快速地响应信道的变化,同时具有少的开销;其次,在EACK基础上,提出了一种恒定发送时间(CEACK)的策略,CEACK能够克服传统IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC协议的理论吞吐量上限,并且具有更好的时间公平性能,能够应用于高速的无线局域网。     

无线Ad Hoc网络MAC层速率自适应技术研究

目前的IEEE802.11标准虽然在物理层提供了对多速率的支持,但是在MAC（媒体接入控制,Media Access Control）层却没有规定速率自适应的方法。研究了无线Ad Hoc网络（自组织网）中的速率自适应技术,针对RBAR协议存在的不足提出了一种改进的MAC层速率自适应协议,该协议实现简单,与标准的兼容性好,对信道的变化适应能力更强。仿真结果表明,该协议比RBAR协议具有更好的性能。     

无线Ad hoc网络速率自适应MAC协议研究

无线Ad hoc网络多采用IEEE802.11系列标准,在物理层为数据传输提供了多速率能力。为了充分利用多速率能力提高系统的吞吐量,速率自适应MAC协议根据对当前信道质量的估计,选择最佳的数据传输速率。在分析了速率自适应MAC协议的基本工作过程之后,重点综述了目前存在的速率自适应MAC协议,并讨论了进一步研究的方向。     

Ad Hoc网络基于TCP吞吐量的速率自适应技术

目前的IEEE 802.11标准在物理层支持多速率传输,但在媒体接入控制(MAC,Media AccessControl)层却没有相应的速率自适应方法。针对目前Ad Hoc网络自适应速率控制方法的不足和在无线通信环境下TCP性能会大幅度恶化,提出了一种改进的MAC层速率自适应协议,该协议实现简单,与传统标准兼容性好,在提高TCP吞吐量的基础上能适应快速变化的无线信道,且能实现分段数据包的速率自适应传输。仿真结果表明,该协议比RBAR协议有更好的吞吐量。     

IEEE 802.11 WLAN支持语音与数据业务的自适应传输方案研究

IEEE 802.11标准中的MAC协议当采用DCF和PCF时是一种随机竞争接入与轮询相结合的协议。该文通过仿真在分析研究此MAC协议对语音、数据业务综合传输性能的基础上,提出了一种支持语音与数据业务的自适应传输方案。仿真结果表明,在满足语音业务最大允许时延的前提下,自适应传输方案通过动态、合理地调整协议参数,可以提高数据业务的传输性能,从而增加网络容量。特别地,本方案不需要改动协议本身,易于实现。     

自适应速率需求的无线Ad hoc网络MAC协议

在802.11的基础上,从服务质量(QoS)中的速率需求角度出发,采取了跨层设计的方法,把应用层对数据传输速率的需求直接同MAC层中对无线信道的随机接入过程相结合,提出了一种自适应速率需求的Ad hoc无线网络MAC协议(Rate-requirement Aware Adaptive MAC Protocol,RAA-MAC).模拟实验的结果显示,与802.11协议相比,RAA-MAC在网络吞吐量、数据包延迟等性能上有较大提高.     

无线多跳Ad hoc网络中MAC机制的公平性与网络容量利用率

高效、公平的MAC协议是目前无线多跳Ad hoc网络研究的关键问题之一。该文在给出一种新的无线多跳Ad hoc网络的网络模型前提下,定义了MAC协议公平性、网络容量利用率两个性能参数。给出了一种能在竞争节点间公平共享无线信道并充分利用网络容量的MAC协议(FMAC),仿真比较了FMAC和IEEE 802.11 DCF的公平性和网络容量利用率。结果表明FMAC能在充分利用网络容量的前提下,实现无线信道在竞争节点间的公平共享。     

IEEE 802.11网络中增强的退避算法

IEEE 802.11协议的MAC层通过二进制指数退避算法实现对媒体的争用,该文提出一种增强的退避算法,对网络中的动态站点数进行估计,自适应改变退避算法的竞争窗口,以提高网络的性能。     

Ad Hoc中一种改进后退机制的基于多包接收的MAC算法

物理层多包接收技术的发展给利用物理层多包接收能力的媒体接入控制（MAC）协议的设计带来了挑战。IEEE802.11 DCF是目前WIAN最成熟的分布式MAC协议之一，对其在多包接收模型下进行性能改善将有很大的应用价值。在物理层具有多包接收能力的基础上，提出了一种改进的802.11 DCF协议，并将该协议应用于现有的基于802.11 DCF的多包接收MAC算法（MDCF），理论分析和NS-2仿真实验结果表明，该算法与IEEE 802.11 DCF和MDCF相比，在网络吞吐量和时延性能方面有很大的改善。     

IEEE 802.11 medium access control enhancements based on simultaneous multiple‐input multiple‐output bandwidth sharing

The demand for higher data rate has spurred the adoption of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) transmission techniques in IEEE 802.11 products. MIMO techniques provide an additional spatial dimension that can significantly increase the channel capacity. A number of multiuser MIMO system have been proposed, where the multiple antenna at the physical layer are employed for multiuser access, allowing multiple users to share the same bandwidth. As these MIMO physical layer technologies further evolve, the usable bandwidth per application increases; hence, the average service time per application decreases. However, in the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function‐based systems, a considerable amount of bandwidth is wasted during the medium access and coordination process. Therefore, as the usable bandwidth is enhanced using MIMO technology, the bandwidth wastage of medium access and coordination becomes a significant performance bottleneck. Hence, there is a fundamental need for bandwidth sharing schemes at the medium access control (MAC) layer where multiple connections can concurrently use the increased bandwidth provided by the physical layer MIMO technologies. In this paper, we propose the MIMO‐aware rate splitting (MRS) MAC protocol and examine its behavior under different scenarios. MRS is a distributed MAC protocol where nodes locally cooperate with one another to share bandwidth via splitting the spatial channels of MIMO systems. Simulation results of MRS protocol are obtained and compared with those of IEEE 802.11n protocol. We show that our proposed MRS scheme can significantly outperform the IEEE 802.11n in medium access delay and throughput. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于节点接入能力的ad hoc网络按需路由协议

基于802.11协议MAC层重传策略,提出一个衡量节点接入能力的参数CAM(capacity of access to medium),以体现节点周围信道的繁忙程度及其抢占信道能力。在此基础上,联合MAC层和网络层进行跨层设计,提出了一个拥塞感知路由CAOR(congestion aware on-demand routing)协议。仿真表明:该协议能够在降低开销的前提下,显著增加网络吞吐量,并降低平均端到端的时延。     

Ad hoc网络中DCF公平性分析与改进

在考虑节点的物理载波检测范围大于通信范围的情况下,该文分析了多跳Adhoc网络中物理载波检测机制对IEEE 802.11DCF协议公平性的影响。针对载波干扰给IEEE802.11DCF协议带来的严重不公平问题,提出了一种基于冲突和干扰感知的退避(CIAB)算法。仿真证明,该算法能有效地改善IEEE802.11DCF协议的公平性,并且没有引起网络吞吐量的严重下降。     

A distributed coordination scheme to improve the performance of IEEE 802.11 in multi-hop networks

This paper investigates the performance of IEEE 802.11 in multi-hop scenarios and shows how its aggressive behavior can throttle the spatial reuse and reduce bandwidth efficiency. An adaptive, layer-2, distributed coordination scheme for 802.11 using explicit medium access control (MAC) feedback is then proposed to pace the transmissions on adjacent nodes, thereby assisting the MAC protocol to operate around its saturation state while minimizing resource contention. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the original 802.11 MAC.     

IEEE 802.11 protocol: design and performance evaluation of anadaptive backoff mechanism

In WLANs, the medium access control (MAC) protocol is the main element that determines the efficiency of sharing the limited communication bandwidth of the wireless channel. The fraction of channel bandwidth used by successfully transmitted messages gives a good indication of the protocol efficiency, and its maximum value is referred to as protocol capacity. In a previous paper we have derived the theoretical limit of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol capacity. In addition, we showed that if a station has an exact knowledge of the network status, it is possible to tune its backoff algorithm to achieve a protocol capacity very close to its theoretical bound. Unfortunately, in a real case, a station does not have an exact knowledge of the network and load configurations (i.e., number of active stations and length of the message transmitted on the channel) but it can only estimate it. In this work we analytically study the performance of the IEEE 802.11 protocol with a dynamically tuned backoff based on the estimation of the network status. Results obtained indicate that under stationary traffic and network configurations (i.e., constant average message length and fixed number of active stations), the capacity of the enhanced protocol approaches the theoretical limits in all the configurations analyzed. In addition, by exploiting the analytical model, we investigate the protocol performance in transient conditions (i.e., when the number of active stations sharply changes)     

A hybrid multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

In a regular wireless ad hoc network, the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol coordinates channel access among nodes, and the throughput of the network is limited by the bandwidth of a single channel. The multi-channel MAC protocols can exploit multiple channels to achieve high network throughput by enabling more concurrent transmissions. In this paper, we propose a hybrid and adaptive protocol, called H-MMAC, which utilizes multi-channel resources more efficiently than other multi-channel MAC protocols. The main idea is to adopt the IEEE 802.11 Power Saving Mechanism and to allow nodes to transmit data packets while other nodes try to negotiate the data channel during the Ad hoc Traffic Indication Message window based on the network traffic load. The analytical and simulation results show that the proposed H-MMAC protocol improves the network performance significantly in terms of the aggregate throughput, average delay, fairness and energy efficiency.     

100+ VoIP Calls on 802.11b: The Power of Combining Voice Frame Aggregation and Uplink-Downlink Bandwidth Control in Wireless LANs

The bandwidth efficiency of voice over IP (VoIP) traffic on the IEEE 802.11 WLAN is notoriously low. VoIP over 802.11 incurs high bandwidth cost for voice frame packetization and MAC/PHY framing, which is aggravated by channel access overhead. For instance, 10 calls with the G.729 codec can barely be supported on 802.11b with acceptable QoS - less than 2% efficiency. As WLANs and VoIP services become increasingly widespread, this inefficiency must be overcome. This paper proposes a solution that boosts the efficiency high enough to support a significantly larger number of calls than existing schemes, with fair call quality. The solution comes in two parts: adaptive frame aggregation and uplink/downlink bandwidth equalization. The former reduces the absolute number of MAC frames according to the link congestion level, and the latter balances the bandwidth usage between the access point (AP) and wireless stations. When used in combination, they yield superior performance, for instance, supporting more than 100 VoIP calls over an IEEE 802.11b link. The authors demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach through extensive simulation, and validate the simulation through analysis.     

Efficient cross-layer protocol for bandwidth-satisfied multicast in multi-rate MANETs

Since the multi-rate enhancements have been implemented in 802.11 wireless networks, QoS-constrained multicast protocols for multimedia communication should be adapted to exploit them fully. This work proposes a multicast protocol for data rate selection and bandwidth-satisfied multicast tree determination with an efficient cross-layer design based on the integration of PHY and MAC layers into the network layer. To use bandwidth efficiently and increase network capacity (which is the number of multicast flows supported by the network), we aim to select the combination of data rates and a multicast tree whose total amount of bandwidth consumption to the network is minimal in order to maximize the network capacity. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with two existing protocols. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol has the ability to admit more multicast flows.