经会阴超声评价盆腔器官脱垂患者肛提肌收缩功能

目的 利用经会阴三维断层超声成像技术评价肛提肌的收缩功能及经会阴二维超声平面观察在三种不同状态下（在静息、肛提肌最大收缩及Valsalva动作）的盆腔脏器运动变化。方法 选择盆腔器官脱（POP）垂患者64例作为POP组及30例妇科良性疾病患者作为对照组,对所有患者在三种状态（静息、肛提肌最大收缩及Valsalva动作）下进行数据采集,并进行统计学分析。结果 静息状态下两组盆膈裂孔面积差异无统计学差异（P>0.05）,Valsalva动作下两组盆膈裂孔面积差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。POP组患者肛提肌收缩前后的厚度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,对照组肛提肌收缩厚度差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 应用经会阴三维断层超声技术可用于评价肛提肌收缩功能;经会阴二维超声技术可指导患者进行盆底康复。     

MRI评估宫颈癌子宫根治术后患者肛提肌长期变化

目的 采用MRI评估宫颈癌子宫根治术(RH)后1、5年患者肛提肌变化。方法 前瞻性纳入30例接受RH的宫颈癌患者,分别于术前、术后1年及5年采集静息态及最大瓦尔萨尔瓦动作下盆底MRI,重建骨盆及肛提肌三维模型;测量并比较不同时间点肛提肌裂孔横径(LH-W)、前后径(LH-L)、肛提肌板角度(LPA)、肛提肌体积(LVOL),双侧肛提肌与耻骨联合下缘间距(LSG)、髂尾肌角度(ICA)及厚度(ICT)、耻骨直肠肌厚度、M线及H线长度的差异。结果 静息态及最大瓦尔萨尔瓦动作下,双侧ICT及耻骨直肠肌厚度逐渐变薄、M线逐渐延长,各时间点差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。术后1年,静息态下LVOL较术前减小(P＜0.05);最大瓦尔萨尔瓦动作下,双侧ICA及LPA均较术前增大而LVOL减小(P均＜0.05)。结论 宫颈癌RH术后患者髂尾肌、耻骨直肠肌逐渐萎缩变薄,盆底支持能力逐渐减弱。     

三维超声断层显像评价不同分娩方式对盆底的损害

目的 采用三维超声断层显像（TUI）技术评价采用不同方式分娩后盆底结构的损伤情况。方法 将于产后6~7周时接受产后复查的初产妇60例（研究组） 进一步分为选择性剖宫产组（研究组A,30例）和经阴道自然分娩组（研究组B,30例）,选择同期健康未育妇女30名作为对照组。行三维超声扫查,分别在静息、加压和肛提肌最大收缩状态下获取容积数据;用QLab处理软件,以2.5 mm层间距获取3层轴位图像,测量最小生殖裂口（LH）前后径（L）、横径（W）、周长（P）、面积（A）、肛提肌厚度（T）,并观察耻骨直肠肌连续性。结果 3种状态下,研究组A、研究组B的LH各径线均大于对照组,肛提肌T均值小于对照组（P均<0.05）。研究组B的LH各径线及耻骨直肠肌离断率均大于研究组A,肛提肌T小于研究组A（P<0.05）。结论 产后6~7周时观察显示,经阴道自然分娩对盆底的损伤较选择性剖宫产严重。     

MRI评价前中盆腔器官脱垂程度及其病因

目的 观察盆腔器官脱垂(POP)程度与阴道支持Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平筋膜缺陷、肛提肌萎缩或断裂的关系。方法 回顾性分析经临床POP-Q评估诊断为POP的51例中老年女性的静态及动态MRI资料。根据POP-Q评价将POP分为轻度和中-重度,比较轻、中-重度前中POP间筋膜缺陷、髂尾肌和耻骨直肠肌萎缩或断裂发生率的差异。结果 约10%前中POP患者仅有Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平筋膜缺陷,约30%仅有肛提肌缺陷,约40%二者并存,约20%既无筋膜缺陷又无肛提肌缺陷;与轻度组比较,中-重度膀胱膨出、子宫脱垂组中筋膜缺陷、髂尾肌和耻骨直肠肌萎缩或断裂的比率增高。结论 Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平筋膜缺陷和肛提肌萎缩或断裂的发生率与POP程度有关;肛提肌缺陷在POP中起主要作用。     

超声评价女性压力性尿失禁患者盆膈裂孔形态

目的 探讨经会阴三维盆底图像重建技术评估女性压力性尿失禁患者不同状态下盆膈裂孔及肛提肌形态变化的价值。方法 收集压力性尿失禁((SUI)患者40例(病例组)及同期妇科良性疾病患者各40例(对照组),对所有患者均于静息、瓦氏、缩肛状态下在盆膈裂孔最小平面上,进行经会阴三维超声容积扫查,重建盆底图像并观测盆膈裂孔(LH)前后径(LH-M)、左右径(LH-N)、面积(LH-S)、周长(LH-L)、肛提肌厚度(T),对两组间的差异进行统计学分析。结果 静息、瓦氏、缩肛状态下病例组LH-M、LH-S、LH-L较对照组增大,LH-M、LH-S差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05),LH-N差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);缩肛状态下LH-L差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),静息及瓦氏状态下,LH-L差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);静息状态下肛提肌厚度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而瓦氏状态下和缩肛状态下右侧肛提肌厚度差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 三维盆底图像重建技术可用于观测女性压力性尿失禁患者盆膈裂孔及肛提肌形态。     

分娩方式对产后早期肛提肌收缩功能的影响

目的 探讨分娩方式对肛提肌收缩功能的影响.方法 选择54名初产妇,其中剖宫产组26名和经阴道分娩组 28名.对所选对象于产后6~8周行超声检查,比较两组在静息、缩肛状态时肛提肌裂孔水平夹角、长度、面积及肛提肌裂孔水平夹角改变量、肛提肌裂孔长度改变量、膀胱颈移动度、肛提肌裂孔面积改变量.结果 静息状态时两组各参数差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05),缩肛状态时两组各参数差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05).两组缩肛状态下肛提肌裂孔水平夹角改变量、肛提肌裂孔长度改变量、膀胱颈移动度、肛提肌裂孔面积改变量差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05).结论 选择性剖宫产对肛提肌收缩功能具有一定的保护作用.     

超声测量肛提肌裂孔面积在女性压力性尿失禁诊断中的应用

目的 探讨经会阴实时三维超声测量不同状态下肛提肌裂孔面积在女性压力性尿失禁（SUI）患者中的诊断价值。方法 选取女性SUI患者260例作为病例组,60名无症状者经临床及超声检查排除SUI和（或）盆腔器官脱垂作为对照组。对两组受检者均行经会阴实时三维超声检查,分别测量并比较其静息、缩肛及瓦氏状态时的肛提肌裂孔面积,绘制ROC曲线,评估其在SUI中的诊断效能。结果 病例组患者在静息、缩肛、瓦氏状态时肛提肌裂孔面积分别为（13.59±2.82）cm²、（10.94±2.39）cm²、（23.08±7.01）cm²;对照组分别为（11.87±2.30）cm²、（9.75±1.84）cm²、（16.15±4.10）cm²,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。静息、缩肛以及瓦氏状态时肛提肌裂孔面积诊断SUI的临界值分别为13、11、19 cm²,其敏感度分别为49.2%、40.4%、68.8%;特异度分别为80.0%、86.7%、81.7%;曲线下面积分别为0.668、0.637、0.811（P均<0.01）。结论 肛提肌裂孔面积可用于女性SUI的诊断,其中瓦氏状态时肛提肌裂孔面积在女性SUI的诊断中具有较高价值。     

盆底动态磁共振成像诊断不协调性排便

目的 利用盆底动态MRI观察不协调性排便（DD）患者肛直肠解剖及功能特点。方法 对90例出口梗阻型便秘患者（其中48例诊断为DD,DD组）及60名健康志愿者（对照组）行盆底动态MRI,观察肛提肌的MRI解剖表现,并对耻骨直肠肌（PRM）厚度行定量分析,分析两组PRM厚度的差异。结果 MRI示肛提肌由PRM、耻尾肌和髂尾肌3部分组成。静息时,DD组左右侧PRM厚度分别为（7.83±1.10）mm和（6.64±1.73）mm,而对照组分别为（5.96±1.27）mm和（5.43±1.15）mm（P均<0.05）;DD组力排前后左右侧PRM厚度分别为（10.70±1.80）mm和（12.40±2.00）mm（P<0.05）。结论 盆底动态MRI直观显示肛提肌的解剖特点,可定量及定性分析DD患者的异常解剖及功能特点,为术前选择手术方式及术后评估提供依据。     

实时三维超声评估产后女性盆底器官运动及肛提肌裂孔

目的 采用经会阴实时三维超声动态观察和评估产后女性盆底三腔室器官的位置及肛提肌裂孔面积。方法 选取年龄、体质量指数匹配的60名产妇（产后组）和35名未育女性（对照组）,采用经会阴超声分别在静息状态及瓦氏动作下测量膀胱、子宫颈、直肠壶腹部的最低点与参考线（耻骨联合后下缘的水平线）之间的距离,采用实时三维超声测量瓦氏动作下肛提肌裂孔面积,并进行统计学分析。结果 产后组在静息状态和瓦氏动作下膀胱及子宫颈的最低点位置均低于对照组（P均<0.05）,直肠壶腹部位置在静息状态下两组差异无统计学意义（t=0.405,P=0.398）,在瓦氏动作下产后组低于对照组（t=17.378,P<0.001）。产后组在静息状态和瓦氏动作下肛提肌裂孔面积均大于对照组（t=11.253、9.625,P均<0.001）。结论 经会阴实时三维超声可动态观察女性盆底三腔室器官的位置、运动情况及肛提肌裂孔面积,从而评价妊娠和分娩对盆底支持组织的影响。     

剪切波弹性成像技术定量评估盆腔器官脱垂患者耻骨直肠肌功能

目的 采用剪切波弹性成像评价耻骨直肠肌的收缩功能。方法 收集盆腔器官脱垂患者28例,其中POP-Q Ⅲ级组和POP-Q Ⅳ级组各14例;另收集同期健康志愿者28名作为对照组。采用剪切波弹性成像分别在静息及最大缩肛状态下测量各组两侧耻骨直肠肌前、中、后部杨氏模量值,并计算缩肛前后杨氏模量值的差值。对上述指标进行统计学分析。结果 各组最大缩肛状态的杨氏模量值均较静息状态增大（P均<0.05）。POP-Q Ⅲ级组和Ⅳ级组静息状态、最大缩肛状态杨氏模量值和缩肛前后杨氏模量值的差值与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;POP-Q Ⅲ级组与Ⅳ级组间静息状态、最大缩肛状态杨氏模量值及其差值差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 盆腔器官脱垂患者存在耻骨直肠肌收缩功能减低;剪切波弹性成像可用于检测盆腔器官脱垂患者耻骨直肠肌收缩功能异常。     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.