秦岭山区一次冷空气过程的数值模拟

利用较高分辨率的区域气候模式RegCM3,对1977年1月20-22日一次侵袭秦岭山区的冷空气活动过程进行数值模拟,分析秦岭山脉对冷空气的阻挡和屏障作用,并检验该模式在复杂地形条件下的模拟能力.结果表明:模式模拟的降温过程与实况比较一致,秦岭山脉对冷空气的阻挡和屏障作用可造成其南北两侧温差达4℃以上,并且滞留冷空气达12h以上.还分析了此次冷空气影响过程中的温度场和气压场的演变,结果发现:RegCM3区域气候模式能够比较真实地模拟复杂地形条件下温度场和气压场分布特征及其变化规律.     

2008年12月两次强寒潮过程的等熵位涡分析

利用2008年12月的NCAR/NCEP逐日6h再分析资料,对本月发生的两次强寒潮事件(分别简称为过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)进行了等熵面位涡分析.结果表明:(1)两次寒潮过程的爆发时间均可用低层位涡扰动的时间曲线的转折点来确认;(2)两次过程中在寒潮爆发时,都存在明显的高位涡值向下传播特征,过程Ⅱ明显于过程Ⅰ;(3)等熵面分析可跟踪寒潮强冷空气活动,等熵面位涡演变反映了高、低层冷空气的分布及活动状况;等熵面位涡高值区代表冷空气范围,等位涡线密集区代表冷暖空气对峙.寒潮爆发时,等熵面上高层高位涡向下向南传播,导致高位涡强冷空气在垂直方向上拉伸,正涡度增强.     

特大暴雪的个例分析

特大暴雪的个例分析景学义１前言进入１０月份，我省就有降暴雪的可能性，暴雪的空、漏报问题一直是个关键性的问题。本文对两次降水过程进行分析。从冷空气爆发、环流演变、影响系统及云图等分析这两次过程的相同点和不同点。这两次过程，冷空气爆发的路径、强度及高空切...     

1961-2023年新疆区域冷空气过程强度特征研究

利用1961—2023年新疆105站日平均气温和日最低气温,24 h、48 h、72 h日最低气温降温幅度以及NCEP/NCAR再分析日资料,总结分析新疆区域不同强度冷空气过程的变化特征,探究影响新疆区域冷空气过程的关键环流因子。结果表明,1961—2023年新疆区域共计发生冷空气过程746次,其中中等强度冷空气过程149次,强冷空气过程136次,寒潮过程461次。新疆区域冷空气过程整体呈减少趋势,21世纪后寒潮过程在冷空气过程中所占比率逐渐增加,但新疆区域寒潮过程年平均强度波动不显著。新疆区域发生强寒潮过程的关键因子是乌拉尔山阻塞高压和欧亚冷高压,乌拉尔山阻塞高压和欧亚冷高压强盛时,有利于高纬度冷空气南下,新疆区域易爆发寒潮。     

中尺度对流系统引发的致灾雷电过程分析

本文对2007年3月3日-5日华北区域爆发的强寒潮,从大尺度环流形势特征、天气过程特点及特强降温的成因进行了分析,得出了强寒潮天气爆发预报着眼点。此次寒潮天气是由于西路冷空气和极地冷空气在贝加尔湖附近地区合并加强;横槽转竖,偏北气流引导冷空气南下,并且又有补充冷空气南下造成的。欧亚500hPa中纬度大“Ω”流型为寒潮天气的产生提供了有利的环流背景。该大“Ω”流型与常见寒潮倒“Ω”流型的槽脊位置在东北亚地区接近反位相。且波长更长。     

琼州海峡大风数值模拟及地形敏感性试验

使用WRF3.1模式对2008年12月4日、12月21日、2009年3月13日的三次冷空气造成的琼州海峡大风过程进行数值模拟和地形敏感性试验.模拟结果表明:水平格距4 km的模拟地面风场与实况接近,中尺度模式在大风的起风时间、持续时间、风速大小等方面有较强的预报能力,并能反映冷空气偏东路径与偏西路径过程中琼州海峡大风的...     

青海省一次秋季寒潮天气成因分析

2017年10月7—9日青海大部分地区受低槽东移的影响出现了一次全省性寒潮天气过程,部分地区出现暴雪,这是季节转化中最容易出现的灾害性天气。现利用常规高低空气象资料对这次天气过程的环流形势、冷空气的堆积与爆发及水汽条件进行分析,结果表明:(1)此次冷空气来源于高纬,西欧低槽东移南压与新疆短波槽合并东移,冷空气分裂式扩散南下,并以西北路径影响青海。(2)寒潮过程属于"低槽东移型",500hPa上的巴尔喀什湖北部的冷涡引导冷空气沿着西北路径进入青海省,以及西伯利亚地面冷高压南下是寒潮爆发的原因。(3)副热带高压稳定少动为暴雪提供了重要的水汽来源。     

北京地区一次强沙尘天气过程的中尺度通量特征

应用大气所325 m铁塔的湍流资料和梯度资料,对2003年3月20～23日影响北京的一次强沙尘天气过程的中尺度通量和湍流通量进行了分析,结果表明:冷空气的影响是从上层开始的.沙尘爆发前,边界层有强逆温存在,动量以中尺度输送为主,湍流很弱.沙尘爆发时,向下的湍流动量通量明显加大.湍流动量通量是沙尘沉降的主要原因,但沙尘爆发前的中尺度过程不能忽略.沙尘爆发前后,感热通量均以小尺度的湍流输送为主,中尺度输送不明显.     

影响惠州的一次寒露风过程

1992年9－10月，由于冷空气不断爆发南下，致使各地先后出现降温。10月4日和11日冷空气两次南侵本省，副高明显减弱，加上空气干燥并伴有3级以上的偏北风，我市从12日开始出现了长达9天的干冷型寒露风天气过程，对晚稻的抽穗扬花有严重影响。本文对这次寒露风天气过程进行分析。1寒露风过程的冷空气活动1992年10月份内，共有3次冷空气活动，分别出现在上旬中期、中旬前期和下旬前期。就强度而言，除上旬中期的冷空气活动达到了中等强度以外，其余2次均为弱冷空气。1．1上旬中期的冷空气过程上旬中期的冷空气活动主要影响我国北部和东部地区…     

一次强降温过程中温度与降水分布及成因分析

2011年3月13-15日,冷空气入侵重庆地区引起了一次区域性强降温天气.过程显著降温区域位于重庆中西部地区,而大降水区域位于重庆中东部地区.分析表明,这种降温降雨分布特征的形成,主要是由于冷空气侵入四川盆地的路径结合地形引起的.高空横槽转竖引导槽后冷空气向南爆发,冷空气南下至河套地区后,在地形的作用下,分西北和东北两条路径侵入四川盆地,其中西北路径为主要路径,由西北路径进入盆地的冷空气,结合重庆的特殊地形,引起了盆地内重庆中西部地区的显著降温;两条路径中的冷空气在川东地区相遇后有弱锢囚锋生成,锢囚锋出现的时间与位置与大降水出现的时间与落区基本一致,诊断分析显示,锢囚锋所在区域对应着较强上升运动区和水汽辐合的大值区.锢囚锋可能是重庆中东部地区大降水产生的主要原因.     

Interannual and synoptic-scale features of two types of cold-air outbreaks over the East China Sea during 1988�C2006

For the 1988?C2006 cold seasons, we investigated the characteristic structures of two types of cold-air outbreaks over the East China Sea: Type N, for which a thick layer of northerly meridional wind was formed during the cold-air outbreak; and Type S, for which an initially thin layer of northerly meridional wind was gradually thickened as the cold-air outbreak developed. The emergence frequencies of Type N and Type S outbreaks are sensitive to winter monsoon intensity at the 500-hectopascal (hPa) level. Type S outbreaks are dominant during strong El Ni?o events, leading to enhanced southerly meridional flow at 500?hPa over the East China Sea. The development of the 500-hPa Pacific High strongly influences the synoptic-scale structures of the two different types of outbreaks over the East China Sea.     

Roll Vortices in the Boundary Layer Caused by a Concave Wind Profile: A Theoretical Study

The present study solves a two-layer atmospheric wave equation model with a lower atmosphere concave wind profile and cold-air outbreak over sea, while simultaneously proving that such a wind shear may cause neutral boundary layer roll vortices in the presence of disturbing sources upstream. Without thermal effects, the wind shear-induced waves have band structures at the top of the boundary layer that are similar to cloud street patterns observed over sea. This study proves that dynamic and thermal effects can act independently to initiate the roll vortices in the lower atmosphere. At the same time, a quantitative comparison shows that dynamic effects play a large role in the formation of roll vortices in the initial stage of cold-air outbreak and will be surpassed by thermal effects soon after surface heating commences.     

High-Resolution Fibre-Optic Temperature Sensing: A New Tool to Study the Two-Dimensional Structure of Atmospheric Surface-Layer Flow

We present a novel approach based on fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to measure the two-dimensional thermal structure of the surface layer at high resolution (0.25 m, ≈0.5 Hz). Air temperature observations obtained from a vertically-oriented fibre-optics array of approximate dimensions 8 m × 8 m and sonic anemometer data from two levels were collected over a short grass field located in the flat bottom of a wide valley with moderate surface heterogeneity. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the potential of the DTS technique to study small-scale processes in the surface layer over a wide range of atmospheric stability, and to analyze the space–time dynamics of transient cold-air pools in the calm boundary layer. The time response and precision of the fibre-based temperatures were adequate to resolve individual sub-metre sized turbulent and non-turbulent structures, of time scales of seconds, in the convective, neutral, and stable surface layer. Meaningful sensible heat fluxes were computed using the eddy-covariance technique when combined with vertical wind observations. We present a framework that determines the optimal environmental conditions for applying the fibre-optics technique in the surface layer and identifies areas for potentially significant improvements of the DTS performance. The top of the transient cold-air pool was highly non-stationary indicating a superposition of perturbations of different time and length scales. Vertical eddy scales in the strongly stratified transient cold-air pool derived from the DTS data agreed well with the buoyancy length scale computed using the vertical velocity variance and the Brunt–Vaisala frequency, while scales for weak stratification disagreed. The high-resolution DTS technique opens a new window into spatially sampling geophysical fluid flows including turbulent energy exchange.     

A Simple Parametrization for the Concentration Variance Dissipation in a Lagrangian Single-Particle Model

A new quasi-analytical mixed-layer model is formulated describing the evolution of the convective atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during cold-air outbreaks (CAO) over polar oceans downstream of the marginal sea-ice zones. The new model is superior to previous ones since it predicts not only temperature and mixed-layer height but also the height-averaged horizontal wind components. Results of the mixed-layer model are compared with dropsonde and aircraft observations carried out during several CAOs over the Fram Strait and also with results of a 3D non-hydrostatic (NH3D) model. It is shown that the mixed-layer model reproduces well the observed ABL height, temperature, low-level baroclinicity and its influence on the ABL wind speed. The mixed-layer model underestimates the observed ABL temperature only by about 10 %, most likely due to the neglect of condensation and subsidence. The comparison of the mixed-layer and NH3D model results shows good agreement with respect to wind speed including the formation of wind-speed maxima close to the ice edge. It is concluded that baroclinicity within the ABL governs the structure of the wind field while the baroclinicity above the ABL is important in reproducing the wind speed. It is shown that the baroclinicity in the ABL is strongest close to the ice edge and slowly decays further downwind. Analytical solutions demonstrate that the \(\mathrm{e}\)-folding distance of this decay is the same as for the decay of the difference between the surface temperature of open water and of the mixed-layer temperature. This distance characterizing cold-air mass transformation ranges from 450 to 850 km for high-latitude CAOs.     

北京山区与平原冬季近地面风的精细观测特征

利用2009—2018年冬季北京地区200多个自动气象站逐时10 m风速、风向观测数据,分典型区域（山区、山区与平原过渡区、平原区、城区）研究北京地区冬季近地面风的精细特征,并使用有完整记录的2 a（2017和2018年）冬季延庆高山区不同海拔高度10 m风逐时观测数据,多视角分析高山区不同海拔高度近地面风的特征和成因,以深刻认识北京地区复杂地形条件下冬季近地面风的特征和规律。结果表明:（1）北京地区冬季近地面平均风受西部北部地形、城市下垫面粗糙度和冷空气活动共同影响,平均风速沿地形梯度分布,山区高平原低,平原中又以城区风速最小;盛行西北风和北风,在城区东、西两侧盛行风出现扰流,在山区和过渡区一些地方还存在与局地地形环境明显关联的其他盛行风向。（2）4个典型区域冬季近地面风速日变化均表现为白天风速大于夜间,午间风速最大的“峰强谷平”单峰特征,这一特征的稳定性在城区高、山区低。（3）4个区域冬季弱风（< 1 m/s）频率为31%—42%,城区较高、山区较低;强风（> 10.8 m/s）频次则是山区多、城区少,强风风向主要表现为偏西—偏北,与冷空气活动密切关联;城区、平原区和过渡区偏南风频率均为极小,暗示北京“山区—平原”风模态在冬季是“隐式”的、不易被直接观测到。（4）近地面风的水平尺度代表范围在延庆高山区高海拔处明显大于低海拔处,海拔1500 m附近（平均的边界层顶高度）是延庆高山近地面风速日变化特征的“分水岭”,低于该海拔高度时近地面风速日变化表现为前述“峰强谷平”单峰特征,而高于该海拔高度时近地面风速日变化则呈现相反特征,即夜间大白天小、午间最小的“峰平谷深”特征,这是由边界层湍流活动的日变化及伴随的低层自由大气动量向边界层内下传所致。（5）延庆高山近地面风速大体上随观测高度而增大,高海拔站点日平均风速数倍于低海拔站点。白天—前半夜,海拔约2000 m的站点冬季盛行偏西风,风向变化不大,但风速为2—12 m/s;1000 m左右的低海拔站则风速比较稳定（< 6 m/s）,风向从午间至傍晚相对多变。      

山东半岛典型冷涡暴雪个例对流云及风场特征的观测与模拟

利用卫星云图、 多普勒天气雷达资料、 常规观测资料和MM5模式模拟结果, 分析了2005年12月4日典型冷涡造成山东半岛暴雪的云带变化、 对流单体的生成与发展、 低空急流特征及雷达强回波带的变化特征。结果表明： 冬季冷涡携带强冷空气南下, 经过渤海暖湿下垫面后影响山东半岛时, 卫星云图上从渤海到山东半岛可以清楚地分析出造成暴雪的西南-东北向结构特征的横向云带; 雷达图上, 在渤海到山东半岛形成一强降雪回波带, PPI径向速度图上可清楚地分析出暴雪区的低空急流和中尺度对流的低空辐合, 雷达径向速度垂直剖面反映暴雪产生在零速度线附近和低空急流的存在; MM5模式模拟结果显示： 暴雪发生时山东半岛在1.5 km存在低空急流, 水平风的时间-高度垂直剖面反映暴雪发生时干冷空气经过暖湿的渤海海面在700 hPa以下出现暖平流, 垂直上升运动和散度的低层辐合、 高层辐散与雷达图像反映的强降雪回波是相对应的。     

Influence of Evaporating Droplets in the Turbulent Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Semi-idealized model simulations are made of the nocturnal cold-air pool development in the approximately 1-km wide and 100–200-m deep Grünloch basin, Austria. The simulations show qualitatively good agreement with vertical temperature and wind profiles and surface measurements collected during a meteorological field expedition. A two-layer stable atmosphere forms in the basin, with a very strong inversion in the lowest part, below the approximate height of the lowest gap in the surrounding orography. The upper part of the stable layer is less strongly stratified and extends to the approximate height of the second-lowest gap. The basin atmosphere cools most strongly during the first few hours of the night, after which temperatures decrease only slowly. An outflow of air forms through the lowest gap in the surrounding orography. The outflow connects with a weak inflow of air through a gap on the opposite sidewall, forming a vertically and horizontally confined jet over the basin. Basin cooling shows strong sensitivity to surface-layer characteristics, highlighting the large impact of variations in vegetation and soil cover on cold-air pool development, as well as the importance of surface-layer parametrization in numerical simulations of cold-air-pool development.     

Some Characteristics of the Surface Boundary Layer of a Strong Cold Air Process over Southern China

In southern China,cold air is a common weather process during the winter season;it can cause strong wind,sharp temperature decreases,and even the snow or freezing rain events.However,the features of the atmospheric boundary layer during cold air passage are not clearly understood due to the lack of comprehensive observation data,especially regarding turbulence.In this study,four-layer gradient meteorological observation data and one-layer,10-Hz ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer monitoring data from the northern side of Poyang Lake were employed to study the main features of the surface boundary layer during a strong cold-air passage over southern China.The results show that,with the passage of a cold air front,the wind speed exhibits low-frequency variations and that the wind systematically descends.During the strong wind period,the wind speed increases with height in the surface layer.Regular gust packets are superimposed on the basic strong wind flow.Before the passage of cold air,the wind gusts exhibit a coherent structure.The wind and turbulent momentum fluxes are small,although the gusty wind momentum flux is slightly larger than the turbulent momentum flux.However,during the invasion of cold air,both the gusty wind and turbulent momentum fluxes increase rapidly with wind speed,and the turbulent momentum flux is larger than the gusty wind momentum flux during the strong wind period.After the cold air invasion,this structure almost disappears.     

2005年12月3—21日山东半岛持续性暴雪特征及维持机制

利用多普勒雷达、卫星、常规观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了2005年12月3—21日发生在山东半岛4次持续性冷流暴雪的特征及维持机制。结果表明:冬季强冷空气暴发南下时, 波状冷流云在渤海发展造成山东半岛暴雪, 暴雪具有明显的空间分布和强度的日变化特征; 多普勒雷达资料反映了暴雪回波PPI强度为35~40dBz, PPI径向速度图上反映低空急流和风辐合特征, RCS, VCS产品反映暴雪回波的垂直特征; 4次暴雪过程对应500hPa中高纬度欧亚上空为两涡一脊的建立和维持, θ_se时空演变反映4次强的干冷空气对应4次暴雪过程; 暴雪发生时南北风在渤海附近存在一弱的风区; 暴雪日水汽较非暴雪日充沛, 垂直上升运动和低层散度辐合与强降雪相对应; 暴雪日在渤海附近海面温度与850 hPa温度差大于20℃; 暴雪区为对流不稳定的大气层结。     

Diurnal Evolution and Annual Variability of Boundary-Layer Height and Its Correlation to Other Meteorological Variables in California’s Central Valley

One year of observations from a network of five 915-MHz boundary-layer radar wind profilers equipped with radio acoustic sounding systems located in California’s Central Valley are used to investigate the annual variability of convective boundary-layer depth and its correlation to meteorological parameters and conditions. Results from the analysis show that at four of the sites, the boundary-layer height reaches its maximum in the late-spring months then surprisingly decreases during the summer months, with mean July depths almost identical to those for December. The temporal decrease in boundary-layer depth, as well as its spatial variation, is found to be consistent with the nocturnal low-level lapse rate observed at each site. Multiple forcing mechanisms that could explain the unexpected seasonal behaviour of boundary-layer depth are investigated, including solar radiation, precipitation, boundary-layer mesoscale convergence, low-level cold-air advection, local surface characteristics and irrigation patterns and synoptic-scale subsidence. Variations in solar radiation, precipitation and synoptic-scale subsidence do not explain the shallow summertime convective boundary-layer depths observed. Topographically forced cold-air advection and local land-use characteristics can help explain the shallow CBL depths at the four sites, while topographically forced low-level convergence helps maintain larger CBL depths at the fifth site near the southern end of the valley.