基于梯级水库调节系数的径流调节能力分析

为了解析流域梯级水库的建设运行对径流调节能力大小变化的影响,本文以我国水资源量丰沛且集中的长江、黄河、澜沧江、雅砻江、大渡河、乌江、怒江、珠江——"6江2河"上的梯级水库为研究对象,以库容调节系数β为基础,结合径流量提出梯级水库调节系数γ和梯级水库群径流调节系数λ来衡量梯级水库径流调节能力。基于上述系数,分析了现状已开发情形下和未来规划情形下"6江2河"的径流调节能力大小。结果表明:(1)随着梯级水库的建设,分析河段的梯级水库群径流调节能力由上而下逐渐增强。(2)现状情形下,除去无水利工程的怒江外,已开发的梯级水库中,黄河梯级水库群对径流的调节能力最大,澜沧江次之,乌江第三,长江最低。(3)对于未来规划情形而言,梯级水库调节能力将发生部分变化,怒江规划梯级水库群径流调节能力将高于乌江,其余顺序不变。相关研究成果可为流域梯级水库的规划、开发、调控提供基础参考依据。     

1960-2007年无定河流域径流情势变化及其归因分析

在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,流域径流过程会发生显著改变.利用M-K法、有序聚类法、Yamamoto法对无定河流域径流量进行水文变异诊断,利用IHA/RVA法对变异前后径流情势进行对比分析,并量化分析气候变化和人类活动对径流改变的影响.结果显示:1)1970-2007年无定河流域径流量呈现显著减小趋势,并在1971年发生减小突变;2)突变后径流情势发生改变,径流量年内分配、极端流量及其发生时间、频率、平均延时等均具有较高改变程度;3)枯水期平均流量、最小90日平均流量和高流量平均延时可作为识别无定河流域径流量突变的关键指标;4)无定河流域径流量的减少受到气候变化和人类活动的综合影响,且气候变化和人类活动对径流量减少的贡献率分别为36.57%和63.43%.      

龙滩水库工程对红水河天峨站水文情势的影响分析

由于水文情势中的径流过程是影响河流生态系统改变的主要因素,有必要研究龙滩水库建坝前后径流过程的变化。依据建库前后天峨站1980年~2003年和2007年~2015年两个系列逐日径流实测数据,以IHA指标体系为基础,采用可变范围(RVA)法通过分析32个水文改变指标,评估了龙滩水库建设与运行之后下游水文情势特征的变化。计算结果表明:红水河天峨站水文情势综合改变度为70.49%,属于高度改变。水库修建后对逐月径流量、年极端流量及其出现时间、流量频次和延时、流量改变率和频度产生了显著影响。通过对建坝带来的流域水文情势改变情况的分析,为流域管理部门制定合理的水库生态调度方案提供决策支持。     

黄河上游龙羊峡—刘家峡河段梯级水库群水温累积影响研究

研究河流梯级水电开发的水温累积影响规律,可为制定水库联合运行水温调控方案提供科学依据。以黄河上游龙羊峡—刘家峡河段梯级水库群为例,基于水库与河道水温观测资料,对比分析了典型水库的水温影响特征;在不同水库联合运行期,结合水库运行条件与河道水温特征值的定量分析,辨别了各水库对水温累积影响贡献的差异,并探讨梯级水库水温累积效应的变化特征。研究结果表明:龙羊峡水库对水温的累积影响起主导作用并呈现了较大的波动性,李家峡水库为协同效应,公伯峡水库及其它小水库为削弱效应;多水库联合运行时,区间水库的兴建并未引起水温累积影响的明显增大,与李家峡水库单独运行期相比,在梯级末端水温累积协同效应依然显著。     

基于模拟遗传混合算法的梯级水库优化调度图制定

将遗传算法与系统模拟相结合,提出了基于模拟遗传混合算法制定梯级水库优化调度图的理论及方法,并以乌江上游梯级水库为研究对象,进行实例分析,绘制了梯级水库优化调度图。结果表明,采用该调度图指导水库运行,与长系列补偿调节计算相比,梯级电站多年平均发电量增加了4.3亿kW.h,可为乌江梯级水库群合理调度提供可靠的技术支持。     

卡普恰盖水库对伊犁河径流特征及下游生态径流的影响

为了研究伊犁河卡普恰盖水库对伊犁河径流特征及下游生态径流量的影响，以卡普恰盖入库站卡普恰盖上站、出库站卡普恰盖下站1930—2000年的年径流量资料为基础，计算卡普恰盖水库建库前、后两站的极值径流量、平均径流量与径流离散系数；利用卡普恰盖下站1937—1987年的月径流量资料计算了径流年内分配的不均匀系数、集中度和集中期等指标；通过对生态径流量的计算，分析了生态径流量变化对下游生态的影响。研究表明:卡普恰盖水库建库后，卡普恰盖上站、卡普恰盖下站的径流量都有所减少，其中卡普恰盖下站因建水库导致的年径流减少量占总减少量的53.4％；径流年内分配严重均化，径流集中期不稳定；生态径流量减少，年内分配均化。     

石羊河流域径流变化规律和趋势分析

根据石羊河八大河流径流量数据和径流极值比分析该流域径流变化规律。利用Mann-Kendall检验法分析石洋河流域径流变化的趋势;并通过数学建模预测未来径流演变的趋势。结果表明:南营的丰枯变化程度最剧烈,黄羊河次之,沙沟寺(东大河)的变化最趋向于缓和;由西向东,石羊河流域的各河流年径流的补给形式由冰雪和降水正逐步过渡到纯降水;至20世纪50年代以来,石羊河流域径流量总体上呈现减少的趋势;未来13年石羊河流域的出山径流总流量仍将会减少。     

长江干流径流同位素同步监测

基于2003年1月长江干流径流同位素同步监测资料,分析了径流同位素与大气降水同位素18O和D相对丰度之间的关系,探讨了18O相对丰度和氘盈余(Ed)的空间变化规律.分析结果表明:长江干流径流同位素时程变化主要受降水同位素季节变化的影响;区域降水同位素场是长江干流径流同位素18O和D相对丰度空间变化的主要影响因素;长江流域湖泊或水库蒸发效应是导致长江干流径流重同位素沿程富集的主要因素之一;监测期间长江流域上中游蒸发较为强烈,中游区蒸发最强烈,下游区蒸发变化剧烈.     

筑坝对河流生态系统的影响及水库生态调度研究

阐述了大坝建造对河流生态系统的影响途径:通道阻隔、水库淹没、径流调节、水温变化等,探讨了大坝建造对河流水文特性、化学特性、通道作用等生态功能的影响方式,并结合实际案例,提出对于已建工程可通过水库运行调度方式的调整,减缓其生态影响.其主要包括:结合河道及流域的生态保护目标采取不同的调度措施,保证合理的下泄生态流量;采取联合调度方式保持水库及下游水质;采取人造洪峰保护水生生物及鱼类资源;对湿地、湖泊进行人工补水等.建议水库运行调度应在考虑工程功能的同时,兼顾坝下及水库的生态功能,以达到流域水资源开发与保护流域健康的生态系统相协调的目的.     

均方根误差最小准则的水库群典型年选取

由于时空分布、气候、下垫面等水文特性的异同,流域梯级各水库典型年不完全同步,较难选取合理、统一且具有代表性的流域水文典型年。将均方根误差最小准则应用于流域典型年的选取,以乌江流域7级梯级水库为例选择流域丰、平、枯典型年,研究表明,均方根误差最小准则能够统筹考虑各个电站的实际情况,选取的各种频率下典型年与设计年径流量平均相对误差绝对值均小于5%,是一种可靠的流域梯级水库典型年选择方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to