利用多种分子标记构建龙眼高密度分子遗传图谱

 以龙眼特优质品种‘凤梨朵’为母本, 大果型主栽品种‘大乌圆’为父本, 杂交创建了‘凤梨朵’ ב大乌圆’F₁群体。从该杂种群体中随机选用94个单株作为作图群体, 连同两个亲本品种, 进行了RAPD、ISSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记分析, 并运用JoinMap3.0进行连锁分析, 分别构建了‘凤梨朵’和‘大乌圆’的分子遗传图谱, 其中, ‘凤梨朵’的遗传图谱为21个连锁群, 包含183个标记位点,覆盖总图距965.1 cM, 位点间平均遗传距离为5.84 cM; ‘大乌圆’的遗传图谱为22个连锁群, 包含251个标记位点, 覆盖总图距1 064.8 cM, 位点间平均遗传距离为4.65 cM。这是龙眼上首次报道的高密度分子遗传图谱, 为后续的基因定位及辅助选择奠定了良好的基础。     

应用RAPD、SRAP及AFLP标记构建荔枝高密度复合遗传图谱

以荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）特迟熟品种‘马贵荔’为母本,特早熟品种‘焦核三月红’为父本,杂交获得F1群体,利用该群体的76个单株为作图群体,连同两个亲本,进行了RAPD、SRAP和AFLP分子标记分析,并运用Joinmap3.0进行连锁分析,分别构建了‘马贵荔’和‘焦核三月红’的分子遗传图谱,其中‘马贵荔’的遗传图谱为20个连锁群,包含238个标记位点,覆盖总图距1 096.59 cM,位点间平均遗传距离为4.61 cM;焦核三月红的遗传图谱为19个连锁群,包含239个标记位点,覆盖总图距881.36 cM,位点间平均遗传距离为3.69 cM。     

荔枝、龙眼属间远缘杂种的获得及分子鉴定

以荔枝品种紫娘喜为父本,龙眼品种石硖、早熟龙眼、古山二号为母本,以及以紫娘喜为母本,石硖龙眼为父本,进行了远缘杂交研究。通过混合授粉和多组合杂交的方式,改善了属间杂交组合的不亲和性。结果表明,在紫娘喜×石硖、石硖×紫娘喜、早熟龙眼×紫娘喜以及古山二号×紫娘喜4个杂交组合中共获得杂交苗35株,经SRAP-PCR分析,在紫娘喜×石硖组合中鉴定出2株真杂种苗,杂种苗生长健壮,叶片宽大。研究的形态学和分子标记分析均显示获得了荔枝和龙眼的属间远缘杂种。     

百合品种染色体倍性观察

 利用染色体常规制片技术分析了45个从荷兰引进的百合品种的染色体倍性,包括21个亚洲百合、3个麝香百合、7个东方百合、8个LA杂交品种、2个LO杂交品种、4个OT杂交品种。在21个亚洲百合中,12个品种（‘Eleganza’、‘Monte Negro’、‘Renoir’、‘Black Bird’、‘Butter Pixie’、‘Orange Matrix’、‘Petit Brigitte’、‘Pink Pixie’、‘Lollypop’、‘Red Latin’、‘Marrakech’和‘Pollyanna’）为二倍体（2n = 2x = 24）,5个品种（‘Navona’、‘Orange Pixie’、‘Elodie’、‘Vermeer’和‘Lyon’）为三倍体（2n = 3x = 36）,4个品种（‘Brunello’、‘Tresor’、‘Val di Sole’和‘Detroit’）为四倍体（2n = 4x = 48）;3个麝香百合品种（‘White Heaven’、‘Gelria’和‘White Fox’）为二倍体（2n = 2x = 24）;7个东方百合品种（‘Siberia’、‘Sorbonne’、‘Maru’、‘Dynamite’、‘Dordogne’、‘Montezuma’和‘Miss Lucy’）为二倍体（2n = 2x = 24）;8个LA杂交品种（‘Brindis’、‘Courier’、‘Pavia’、‘Advantage’、‘Mestre’、‘Mombasa’、‘Pirandello’和‘Serrada’）为三倍体（2n = 3x = 36）;两个LO杂交品种（‘Triumphator’和‘White Triumph’）为三倍体（2n = 3x = 36）;4个OT杂交品种中‘Yelloween’和‘Red Dutch’为二倍体（2n = 2x = 24）,‘Conca D’Or’和‘Golden City’为三倍体（2n = 3x = 36）。该结果表明,组内杂交品种（亚洲百合、东方百合和麝香百合）中,除亚洲百合中有5个三倍体和4个四倍体品种外,其余22个为二倍体品种,因而多数组内杂交品种为二倍体品种;而组间杂交品种（LA、OT和LO）,只有OT中2个品种为二倍体,其余12个皆为三倍体。     

葡萄抗炭疽病QTL的初步定位分析

以欧亚种葡萄‘里扎马特’为母本,中国野生刺葡萄‘黑珍珠’为父本进行杂交,随机选择92株后代为作图群体,借助SSR和SRAP分子标记构建遗传图谱,采用区间作图法,对葡萄抗炭疽病相关QTL进行检测并分析。在12号连锁群上检测到1个抗炭疽病相关QTL,其可解释表型变异37.07%,贡献率为71.50%。这表明在12号连锁群检测到的QTL是抗葡萄炭疽病的1个主效QTL。     

猕猴桃红肉新种质‘FXJX-CK-04137’与‘红阳’生物学特性及染色体倍性差异分析

【目的】为了探明野生红肉猕猴桃新种质‘JXFX-CK-04137’和红肉猕猴桃品种‘红阳’的性状差异,【方法】通过生物学特性调查和体细胞染色体数目的观察,对‘JXFX-CK-04137’和‘红阳’的形态水平和细胞水平的遗传差异进行了检测。【结果】结果表明,‘JXFX-CK-04137’和‘红阳’的花、叶、果等生物学特性均存在显著差异,‘JXFX-CK-04137’的染色体为2n=4x=116,是四倍体;‘红阳’的染色体为2n=2x=58,是二倍体。【结论】研究揭示了‘FXJX-CK-04137’是一个新的红肉猕猴桃种质资源,为红肉猕猴桃育种提供了新的优良育种材料。     

丰产稳产龙眼新品种——‘东丰’的选育

1选育过程 ‘东丰’（又称‘东莞二号’）龙眼是东莞市农业科学研究中心．于1994年选用‘储良’龙眼为母本、‘石硖’龙眼和广西‘大乌圆’龙眼为父本．将采集2个品种的花粉充分混匀．用毛笔授在已经去除雄花的‘储良’龙眼花穗雌花的柱头上．再套上纸袋。     

中国古老月季品种的核型研究

采用常规压片法对‘月月红’等11个中国古老月季品种进行了以染色体形态和倍性为主的核型分析研究。结果表明: (1) 不同品种的染色体数差异较大, ‘绿萼’、‘玉玲珑’、‘月月红’和‘月月粉’是二倍体(2n = 2x = 14) ; ‘春水绿波’和‘湖中月’是三倍体( 2n = 3x = 21) , ‘大富贵’、‘金粉莲’、‘菊红潮’、‘映日荷花’和‘思春’是四倍体(2n = 4x = 28) 。(2) 11个品种染色体的绝对长度均在1～3μm之间; 品种间核不对称系数变化范围为56.560% ～60.376%; 除‘思春’和‘映日荷花’外,其它9个品种中均未观察到随体存在。(3) ‘春水绿波’和‘湖中月’的核型公式为2n = 3x = 21 = 3 sm +18m, 核型类型均是1A; ‘金粉莲’和‘菊红潮’的核型公式为2n = 4x = 28 = 4 sm + 24m, ‘大富贵’的核型公式为2n = 4x = 28 = 2 sm + 26m, 核型类型都是1A; ‘绿萼’的核型公式是2n = 2x = 14 = 2 sm + 12m, 核型类型为1B; ‘思春’和‘映日荷花’的核型公式是2n = 4x = 28 = 4 sm + 22m + 2m ( SAT) , 核型类型为1A; ‘玉玲珑’的核型公式是2n = 2x = 14 = 2 sm + 12m, 核型类型为1A; ‘月月粉’和‘月月红’的核型公式是2n = 2x = 4 sm + 10m, 核型类型为2A。     

萱草新品种‘圣诞宝贝’和‘火流星’

萱草（Hemerocallis fulva）‘圣诞宝贝’是以‘圣诞红’为母本,以‘歉意’为父本杂交选育出的二倍体晚花品种,花期7—8月,花葶高72 cm,花径11 cm,花量极大,花色鲜艳,香味怡人。萱草‘火流星’是以‘萨米罗素’为母本,以‘秋红’为父本杂交选育出的二倍体中晚花品种,花期6—7月,花葶高65 cm,花径9 cm,花量极大,花色亮丽、花形为规则的五角星形。     

枣和酸枣的染色体数目研究

作者对枣的变种、品种和酸枣类型共111个种质材料进行了染色体数目鉴定,发现‘赞皇大枣’为三倍体(2n=3x=36),其余均为二倍体(2n=2x=24)。文章还就枣和酸枣的染色体基数及倍性问题进行了讨论。     

新铁炮百合3个品种的核型分析

利用普通压片法对新铁炮百合（Lilium × formolongi）3个品种的染色体数与核型进行了分析。结果表明：（1）‘雷山1号’核型公式为2n = 2x = 24 = 4m + 6sm（2SAT）+ 8st + 6t;（2）‘雷山2号’核型公式为2n = 2x = 24 = 4m（2SAT）+ 2sm + 10st + 8t（2SAT）;（3）‘雷山3号’核型公式为2n = 2x = 24 = 2m（2SAT）+ 8sm + 4st + 10t。三者核型均为3B型,其核型不对称系数分别为72.96%、77.39%和75.93%。     

菜薹随体—染色体初级三体的筛选与遗传分析

 以菜薹品种‘青露菜心’为材料，采用核型分析和形态学鉴定的方法，从三倍体与二倍体的回交子代中筛选SAT–染色体初级三体。共鉴定了374个回交子代，获得了1株SAT–染色体初级三体。SAT–染色体初级三体生长发育基本正常，但柱头高出雄蕊，（n + 1）雌、雄配子的传递率分别为6.04%和3.20%。     

Genetic diversity of Dimocarpus longan in China revealed by AFLP markers and partial rbcL gene sequences

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and partial rbcL gene sequencing were used to investigate genetic diversity among various longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) accessions as well as a presumed closely related species Dimocarpus confinis How et Ho and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn). No significantly shared AFLP fragment was found between the three species, indicating that D. confinis and litchi are very far in genetic distance from any longan accession studied. Partial rbcL sequences of 501 bp from the first coding site in these species were obtained, which revealed several substitutes. One such DNA base pair substitute resulted in an amino acid difference between longan and litchi. Furthermore, another 4 bp resulted in a two amino acid difference between longan and D. confinis, which was consistent with AFLP results and indicated that D. confinis should be excluded from the longan genus, Dimocarpus. Within the longan species, no DNA substitute was found. Using nine primer combinations, a total of 66 AFLP markers were obtained from 41 longan accessions. One non-Chinese longan accession ‘Miaoqiao’ was distinctly different from all other longan cultivars collected in China, indicating that more genetic resources of longan might be collected also from longan production regions outside of China. AFLP markers might be developed to identify longan cultivars as well as expedite progeny screening in breeding programs of this perennial fruit tree.     

辣椒新品种平椒5号的选育

平椒5号是以从东北引进的牛角椒地方品种中的变异单株经多代自交选育而成的辣椒自交系0136为母本,以从台湾引进的甜椒杂交种经多代分离选育而成的甜椒自交系0016为父本配制而成的中早熟辣椒一代杂种。果实粗钝牛角形,果面光滑,青果黄绿色,老熟果鲜红色,果实纵径13.3 cm,果肩宽5.3 cm,果肉厚0.35 cm,口感极脆嫩,辣味适中,单果质量92 g,每667 m2产量4 200 kg左右,对疫病、炭疽病的抗性强于对照大牛角,适合西北地区及河南、四川等省露地、春大棚栽培。     

抗病大白菜新品种‘天正秋白一号’

 ‘天正秋白一号’是以‘安阳二包头’经多代自交选择育成的优良自交不亲和系安1043 为父本, 以‘福山二包头’通过抗性转育、筛选的自交不亲和系新福1042 为母本配制的大白菜一代杂种。该品种生长期80 d, 中晚熟; 球叶叠抱, 叶球矮桩倒锥形; 叶色淡绿,白帮, 净菜率75%, 单球质量5. 1 kg; 高抗病毒病、兼抗霜霉病和软腐病。     

番木瓜的核型分析

 分析比较了‘穗中红’、‘日升’和‘美中红’3个品种的核型, 发现3个品种均具有1对中部或中间随体, 但前两个品种的随体位于第6对染色体上, 而‘美中红’位于第7对染色体上。根据前两个品种中发现存在的异形染色体, 推测番木瓜性染色体的存在。3个品种的核型公式分别表示为: ‘穗中红’2n = 2x = 18 = 16m (2SAT) + 2 sm, ‘日升’2n = 2x = 18 = 14m (2SAT) + 4 sm, ‘美中红’2n = 2x = 18 =16m (2SAT) + 2 sm。3个品种均属于“2A”核型, 但核型有一定的区别。     

Acquisition of triploid germplasms by controlled hybridisation between diploid and tetraploid in Chinese jujube

‘Chenguang’ is the first released tetraploid cultivar (2n = 4x = 48) of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) induced by colchicine. The purpose of this study was to create triploid germplasms by using ‘Chenguang’ as a parent. The controlled crosses between autotetraploid ‘Chenguang’ and diploid ‘Dongzao’ were carried out from 2013 to 2015 by maintaining the 2 parents in a nylon net and employing bees as pollinator. A total of 606 fruits were produced, yet only 17 seeds were obtained from ‘Dongzao’ and none from ‘Chenguang’. Direct sowing of the seeds in greenhouse showed a higher seedling rate than embryo culture. Four progeny plants were eventually obtained in the greenhouse and all of them were confirmed as authentic hybrids by SSR marker technique. At last, 3 triploids and 1 diploid were identified by flow cytometric analysis. Consequently, tetraploid ‘Chenguang’ with high pollen vitality and pollen number per anther could be used as a reliable 2n pollen provider, and the 2x × 4x cross combination type is more suitable for triploid creation in Chinese jujube. This is the first successful production of triploid hybrids by controlled cross between diploids and tetraploids in jujube.     

六种兰属植物的核型分析

 利用染色体压片技术对五种兰属原生种和一种杂交种的染色体数和核型进行了研究。结果如下：多花兰（Cymbidium floribundum Lindl.）2n=2x=40=36m+4sm;冬凤兰（Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f ）2n=2x=40=36m+4sm;硬叶兰（Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. subsp.obtusum Du Puy et Cribb）2n=2x=40=40m（4SAT）;美花兰（Cymbidium insigne Rolfe）2n=2x=40=2M+36m+2sm;独占春（Cymbidium eburneum Lindl.）2n=2x=40=32m+8sm;小金童（Cymbidium golden Elf.‘Sundust’）2n=2x=40=34m+6sm（2SAT）。并对其的亲缘关系及在兰花育种中的作用进行了讨论。