Construction and performance analysis of variable weight zero cross correlation Latin square code for spectral amplitude coding OCDMA systems

The selection of appropriate codes for an optical code division multiple access(OCDMA) network, which determines the maximum number of users and bit error rate(BER) supported by the system, is crucial. This study proposed a variable weight zero cross-correlation Latin square(VW-ZLS) code for spectral amplitude coding(SAC)-OCDMA systems, which offers high autocorrelation and zero cross-correlation, while providing differentiated quality of service(QoS) features. Using direct detection(DD) technol...     

Spectral amplitude-coding optical CDMA system using Mach-Zehnder Interferometers

In this paper, we propose a family of newly constructed codes to suppress the phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) in spectral amplitude-coding (SAC) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems. These new codes are derived from modified prime codes and their cross-correlation is not larger than one. We also present a novel SAC-OCDMA system employing the new codes together with Mach-Zehnder interferometers to eliminate the multi-user interference (MUI). Compared with the systems employing modified quadratic congruence codes (MQC codes), numerical results verify that our proposed system can more effectively suppress the PIIN and eliminate MUI. Hence, the number of simultaneously users and total transmission rate increases significantly.     

A fair comparison of SAC-OCDMA system configurations based on two dimensional cyclic shift code and spectral direct detection

This paper investigates shortcomings that limit the performance of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems including the low cardinality and data rate as well as the high power at reception. The main drawback for such systems known as multiple access interference accompanying by phase induced intensity noise is also investigated to effeciencly propose a novel two dimensional cyclic shift (2D-CS) code to be implemented in non-coherent OCDMA systems. The developed code is based on a one dimensional cyclic shift (1D-CS) code previously provided by research works processing spectral amplitude coding for optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) systems. Numerical results obtained by this study are therefore compared to previous studies employing different codes like two dimensional extended double weight (2D-EDW), two dimensional flexible cross correlation/modified double weight (2D-FCC/MDW), two dimensional perfect difference (2D-PD), two dimensional diluted perfect difference (2D-DPD), two dimensional multi service (2D-MS) and two dimensional zero cross correlation/multi diagonal (2D-ZCC/MD) codes. Accordingly, it is demonstrated that the proposed 2D-CS code outperforms all codes given previously in terms of system capacity where the small increasing percentage is about 40% compared to 2D-ZCC/MD and 2D-MS. Systems using 2D-CS code can support until 203 simultaneous users with a total code length equal to 171. System performance investigation leads to a BER and Q-Factor closely to1.0E?12 and 1.0E?27, and 6.6 dB and 10.6 dB at 20 km of single mode fiber length using white light source and Laser, respectively. Furthermore, such a code can be easily adopted by OCDMA systems for a long distance up to approximately 55 and 100 km.

     

Design of zero cross correlation variable weight codes for multimedia services based on magic square in SAC-OCDMA systems

A variable weight address code based on spectrum amplitude coding (SAC) is proposed for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks to support different quality of service (QoS) requirements of different services. The zero cross-correlation magic square variable weight optical orthogonal code (ZMS-VWOOC) proposed in this paper has great flexibility in terms of code weight and number of users. Zero cross-correlation can eliminate the influence of multiple access interference (MAI) and reduce the system complexity. Numerical results show that ZMS-VWOOC can provide better quality of service than similar codes. Numerical results for a ZMS-VWOOC OCDMA network designed for triple-play services operating at 0.622 Gbit/s, 2 Gbit/s, 2.5 Gbit/s and 3 Gbit/s are considered.     

Performance of zero cross correlation resultant weight spectral amplitude codes in lower Earth orbit‐based optical wireless channel system

A consolidated performance investigation and design of newly constructed zero cross correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) code is presented without mapping over optical wireless channel (OWC) in lower Earth orbit (LEO). Multiple access interference (MAI) is suppressed by incorporating proposed 1‐D code at 10 Gbps with an algorithm. A further state of the art comparison of diverse optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) codes such as multi diagonal codes and diagonal double weight codes is accomplished with proposed code in terms of root mean square (RMS) jitter, extinction ratio, MAI, quality factor (QF), and bit error rate (BER) at different linewidths, chip sizes, link lengths, and active users. It is perceived that for ZCCRW code, QF obtained is 16.5 for chip size (0.1 ns), and at 4000 km, BER 10^‐9 is achieved using the forward error correction (FEC) technique. OWC system in LEO with lasers in spectral amplitude code (SAC) OCDMA is proposed for the first time as per the author's best knowledge.     

An OCDMA Scheme to Reduce Multiple Access Interference and Enhance Performance for Optical Subscriber Access Networks

We propose a new optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme for reducing multiple access interference (MAI) and enhancing performance for optical subscriber access networks using modified pseudorandom noise (PN)‐coded fiber Bragg gratings with bipolar OCDMA decoders. Through the bipolar OCDMA decoder and the modified PN codes, MAI among users is effectively depressed. As the data are encoded either by a unipolar signature sequence of the modified PN code or its complement according to whether the data bit is 1 or 0, the bit error ratio (BER) can be more improved with the same signal to interference plus noise ratio over the conventional on‐off shift keying‐based OCDMA system. We prove by numerical analysis that the BER of the proposed bipolar OCDMA system is better than the conventional unipolar OCDMA system. We also analyze the spectral power distortion effects of the broadband light source.     

Design and analysis of three-dimensional OCDMA code families

A new code design algorithm for application in three-dimensional (3D) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) for asynchronous optical fiber communication is proposed. 3D refers to space-wavelength-time codes. The performance analysis of the proposed algorithm in 3D multiple pulses per plane (MPP) codes is shown. This design ensures a maximum cross-correlation of ‘1’ between any two codes. The performance metrics that have been investigated are the bit error rate due to multiple access interference (MAI) for different values of the number of simultaneous users and, cardinality for different values of temporal length.     

光码分多址系统中双极性码的应用研究

基带双极性光码分多址(OCDMA)系统，采用码的极性转换思想，实现在考虑信道非理想下的单极性信道中传输双极性码。研究了Gold序列，m序列在系统中的应用和传输信道对光码分多址系统性能的影响。仿真得到了双极性码在光码分多址系统的自相关和互相关特性。基于不同码字的光码分多址系统用户数与误码率的关系和基于非理想传输信道的系统性能影响曲线。结果表明，Gold序列和m序列适合双极性光码分多址系统，但Gold序列较m序列更适合应用到双极性光码分多址系统，当系统激活用户数为20，系统误码率分别达到了10^-9，10^-7，非理想传输信道对系统性能有较大的影响(恶化近20dB)，在系统研究中不可忽略。     

大容量可共享光编解码器的设计与性能分析

提出了一种二维时间/波长、大容量、可共享的光码分多址(OCDMA)解编码器,以很少的硬件实现多用户的应用.编解码器利用阵列波导光栅实现多用户的同时共享,通过可编程的结构对OCDMA的编程,实现对其他用户的再分配.该OCDMA系统利用二维时间/波长Reed-Solomon 码,降低了硬件的数量.运用VPI软件模拟该系统,得到了眼图和BER结果,验证了系统的性能.     

Performance enhancement of visible light communication (VLC) system incorporating WMZCC-OCDMA codes and PDM-QPSK-DSP data encoding

Multi-user optical code division multiplexing (OCDMA) in visible light communication (VLC) is an imminent domain for providing an even distribution of available bandwidth and improved security. Q4R1Zero cross-correlation (ZCC) codes are widely reported, and improved performance is offered by them due to insignificant multiple access interference (MAI). However, practically, MAI exists in ZCC codes due to adjacent weights (W) in the code matrix rows for each user. Therefore, a novel ZCC code with a nonadjacent W is designed in this work to eradicate MAI limitations and is named weight managed ZCC codes (WMZCC). An indoor 100 Gbps/User OCDMA-VLC system is realised using polarisation division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) and digital signal processing (DSP). Incorporation of DSP in the coherent receiver compensates the effects of dispersion and nonlinear effects and also performs phase estimation. Further, a state-of-the-art comparison of WMZCC codes with diagonal identity matrix (DIM) and zero cross-correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) codes has been performed in terms of log symbol error rate (SER), Q factor, error vector magnitude percentage (EVM%) and log bit error rate (BER) log at different VLC lengths, Q4R1Transmitter half angles (THA), incidence half angles (IHA) and optical concentrators (cm²). Constellations are analysed with and without DSP, and according to the author's best knowledge, a 100 Gbps VLC system for five users covering 6 m at −3.42 log BER is demonstrated for the first time. Results revealed that weight management in WMZCC codes makes its performance improve as compared with ZCCRW and DIM codes.     

Novel encryption technique for security enhancement in optical code division multiple access

Photonic Network Communications - In this paper, a novel two dimensional (2D) wavelength/time (W/T) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) code with zero cross-correlation property to...     

New optical orthogonal codes by using diophantine equations

Two families of optical orthogonal codes (OOC's) are algebraically designed by using the parametric binary quartic and quadratic forms. The first family of codes has ideal auto and cross-correlation properties and the second family has nonideal cross-correlation properties. The performance of these codes is presented as function of the number of simultaneous OCDMA system users. We present examples of the constructed codes for illustration purposes. The algebraic OOC's being proposed in this paper find applications in asynchronous optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems.     

Construction of two-dimensional wavelength/time optical orthogonal codes using difference family

A new family of two-dimensional (2-D) wavelength/time optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) for asynchronous optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems is proposed. The construction scheme uses the difference family (DF), which is an assemblage of difference sets in the combinatorial theory. It is proven that the proposed codewords satisfy the correlation properties required for the asynchronous OCDMA systems. The code dimension of the proposed codes is more flexible than that of the conventional 2-D codewords. The performance of the system with the proposed codes is analyzed by using the Markov-chain method. Numerical results show that the bit error rate (BER) has a minimal value given the number of simultaneous users. It is also observed that the maximum number of simultaneous users of the system can be achieved by properly choosing both the code weight and cross correlation of the 2-D OOCs.     

基于光纤光栅编解码和修正素数跳频码的一种光码分多址系统方案研究

在素数跳频码（PHCs）的基础上，研究了修正素数跳频码（MPHCs）的构造方法和性能，提出了基于光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）编解码实现修正素数跳频码这种二维地址码的光码分多址（OCDMA）系统方案。并通过对素数跳频码和修正素数跳频码这两种码字误码性能的分析，得到以下结论：对于相同的素数P，当系统误码率（BER）B≤10^-9，P≥37时，修正素数跳频码所容纳的最大用户数大于素数跳频码；在光纤布拉格光栅阵列上修正素数跳频码所需要的编码光栅数相对素数跳频码减少（P一1）／2个，从而降低了光纤布拉格光栅阵列的制作难度。     

基于MQC的谱幅编码OCDMA系统研究

提出将相关性好的调整二次同余码(MQC)用于谱幅编码光码分多址(SAC-OCDMA)系统,分析了采用光纤布拉格光栅(FBGs)作编解码器的工作过程,研究了光谱带宽分布为高斯分布、考虑多址干扰(MAI)下系统的信扰比(SIR)和误码率(BER)。在并发用户数相同的条件下,采用以素数p=5、p=7构造的MQC的系统较采用码长相近的M序列的系统性能提高分别约13db和20db。在满足一定BER的条件下(如BER=10^-9),采用MQC的系统容量远大于采用码长相近的M序列的系统容量。研究结果表明,采用相关性良好的MQC的SAC—OCDMA系统性能明显优于现有的其它方案。     

Construction and performance analysis of variable-weight optical orthogonal codes for asynchronous OCDMA systems

A construction scheme of variable-weight optical orthogonal codes （VW-OOCs） for asynchronous optical code division multiple access （OCDMA） system is proposed. According to the actual situation, the code family can be obtained by programming in Matlab with the given code weight and corresponding capacity. The formula of bit error rate （BER） is derived by taking account of the effects of shot noise, avalanche photodiode （APD） bulk, thermal noise and surface leakage currents. The OCDMA system with the VW-OOCs is designed and improved. The study shows that the VW-OOCs have excellent performance of BER. Despite of coming from the same code family or not, the codes with larger weight have lower BER compared with the other codes in the same conditions. By taking simulation, the conclusion is consistent with the analysis of BER in theory. And the ideal eye diagrams are obtained by the optical hard limiter.     

光码分多址中地址码性能研究

介绍了光正交码的容量、谱效率、误码率、系统吞吐效率等方面的性能,并进行了仿真计算.分析了码长、最大互相关值对地址码性能的影响.指出在光码分多址地址码的研究中,应当放宽最大互相关值的限制.     

OCDMA系统中新型正交码的设计及性能研究

为了得到性能较为良好的正交码,采用没有重复数字的全间隔集,进行了地址码的设计和系统仿真验证,设计出的正交码具有理想的相关性和灵活的码字容量。分析整个系统,在考虑各种噪声和多址干扰的影响下,推导出正交码的误比特率公式。自行设计并搭建了采用光纤延时线作为编解码器的异步光码多分址系统。结果表明,该正交码能够适应更多用户的需求,通过误比特率公式计算和系统仿真得到的结果都较为理想,此研究对需要大容量的光码多分址系统的进一步发展具有一定的帮助。     

纠错编码对OCDMA系统性能的影响

提出了基于RS码(Reed-Solomon Code)的光码分多址(OCDMA)系统的前向纠错编码方案,仿真分析了该方案对一维、二维OCDMA系统的纠错能力.研究结果表明:对于相同码长、相同码重光地址码的OCDMA系统,采用前向纠错(FEC)技术能够有效降低系统误码率,提高系统客量,改善系统性能.对于来自同一码族的OCDMA系统,随码重增加,系统性能改善越好.

Abstract：

A novel forward error-correct (FEC) scheme based on Reed-Solomon code (RS code) is proposed for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems.The error-correcting ability of the presented FEC scheme for one-dimension and two-dimension OCDMA systems are simulated and analyzed.Researched results show that the bit error rate (BER) of OCDMA system using FEC technology is better than that withoutwit using FEC technology at the condition of same code length and code weight.And the capacity is also largely enhanced due to the application of FEC technology.Moreover,for the address code of OCDMA system coming from the same code family,the BER is improved with the increase of the code weight.     

Optical domain service differentiation using spectral-amplitude-coding

We have implemented a new service differentiation technique in the optical domain using a spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC) variant of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA). The newly developed code, named KS (Khazani–Syed) is compared mathematically with other codes which use similar techniques. In our proposal, multiple weights are used to support ‘triple-play’ services (audio, video and data) with different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. The results characterizing the bit-error-rate (BER) with respect to the total number of active users show that KS offers a significantly improved performance over the previous reported techniques by accommodating additional 30 users with shorter code length and smaller code weight at BER of 10^?9. In variable weight system, we have shown that KS codes with larger weight always have the best performance when other users of different weights are present in the system.