Gas combustion in a narrow channel at high pressure

This paper presents experimental results on the effect of pressure on the flame propagation velocity in a tube with diameter close to the critical diameter. An important feature of the investigated combustion regime is heat transfer along the tube wall from the combustion products to the fresh mixture. Methane-air and hydrogen-air mixtures were used. The experiments show that with increasing pressure, the burning velocity of methane-air flames decreases whereas the burning velocity of hydrogen-air flames is almost unchanged. This behavior is explained by the pressure dependence of the laminar burning velocity.     

预测生物质颗粒热解时热损失影响的分析模型(英文)

This paper presents the combined influence of heat-loss and radiation on the pyrolysis of biomass parti-cles by considering the structure of one-dimensional, laminar and steady state flame propagation in uniformly pre-mixed wood particles. The assumed flame structure consists of a broad preheat-vaporization zone where the rate of gas-phase chemical reaction is small, a thin reaction zone composed of three regions：gas, tar and char combustion where convection and the vaporization rate of the fuel particles are small, and a broad convection zone. The analy-sis is performed in the asymptotic limit, where the value of the characteristic Zeldovich number is large and the equivalence ratio is larger than unity （i.e. u 1？ ≥ ）. The principal attention is made on the determination of a non-linear burning velocity correlation. Consequently, the impacts of radiation, heat loss and particle size as the de-termining factors on the flame temperature and burning velocity of biomass particles are declared in this research.     

Experimental investigation of combustion of a gasless pelletized mixture of Ti + 0.5C in argon and nitrogen coflows

Combustion of a pelletized mixture of titanium and carbon black placed in a quartz tube and exposed to a flow of argon or nitrogen is studied. The gas flow (cocurrent filtration) is provided by a fixed pressure gradient at the inlet and outlet of the tube, which did not exceed 1 atm. The possible modes of combustion of pelletized mixtures related to the presence of a more complex hierarchy of scales (micro, macro, and meso) compared to that of powder mixtures (micro, macro) are analyzed. A comparison is made of the burning rates of powder and pelletized mixtures. An increase in the burning rate when using pelletized mixtures was found experimentally. It is shown that the gas coflow through the pelletized mixture of Ti + 0.5C leads to an increase in the burning rate. It is established that the propagation of the flame front of the pelletized mixture of Ti + 0.5C in flows of nitrogen and argon is controlled by different reactions. In contrast to combustion of powder mixtures of Ti + 0.5C, in combustion of pelletized mixtures of Ti + 0.5C in a nitrogen flow, only one front is observed. It is proved that radiation plays a significant role in the propagation of the combustion front in the pelletized mixture of Ti + 0.5C.     

Gas combustion in narrow single channels

Combustion of propane-air mixtures flowing in quartz tubes with internal diameter greater but comparable to the critical diameter was studied experimentally. It was shown that in opposed flame propagation, the flame velocity decreased linearly to almost zero with increasing flow velocity. In the region of zero velocity, there was a transition from the regime of high velocities to a stationary regime with propagation velocities typical of the low-velocity regime (LVR) of filtration gas combustion (about 10⁻⁴ m/sec). This regime was studied and classified as the LVR-2 in view of its special properties. It was shown that a further increase in the flow velocity led to flame stabilization in the LVR-2. In various ranges of flow velocities, various types of instability of the flame front were observed.     

Flame Propagation in a Variable–Section Channel with Gas Filtration

A one–dimensional unsteady model is proposed, which describes gas–flame propagation in a narrow variable–section channel with a gas counterflow and takes into account heat propagation over the channel walls. The case of the channel cross section changing slowly at a distance of the order of the thermal thickness of the combustion wave is considered. It is shown that various regimes of flame propagation are possible in such a system: a regime of flame propagation with a high velocity (of the order of the burning velocity of the flame), a regime of flame propagation with a low velocity as in the case of filtrational gas combustion in a porous medium, and an intermittent regime of combustion, where the flame has a high velocity in the wide section of the channel and a low velocity in the narrow section. A simple analytical model of flame oscillations in such a system is constructed. The possibility of these oscillations was predicted by numerical simulation results. The simple model considered is an attempt to take into account the large–scale inhomogeneity of the porous medium in simulation of filtrational combustion of gases.     

Burning of the Ti + <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>C (1 &gt; <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis> &gt; 0.5) powder and granulated mixtures

This paper describes the experiments on the burning of the Ti + 0.5C, Ti + 0.75C, and Ti + C powder and granulated mixtures. Despite the fact that there is no convective heat transfer and the contact area between the particles is small, the linear and mass burning rates of granulated compositions happened to be several times greater than in the case of powder mixtures of the same composition. The obtained experimental and computational values of the adiabatic combustion temperature were used to estimate the contribution of the radiant and conductive heat transfer in the combustion wave propagation along the granulated mixtures. The experiments with compacted samples showed that the high burning rate of the granulated mixtures is due to great velocity of the combustion wave propagation along the granule rather than the specific features of the original reagents.     

Selective Diffusion during Flame Propagation and Quenching in a Porous Medium

The propagation of propane-air flames in an inert high-porosity medium with nitrogen dilution and oxygen enrichment of the mixture was studied experimentally. It is shown that variation in the nitrogen or oxygen concentration (in the gas phase) leads to a more significant variation in the flame propagation velocity than in the laminar burning velocity; with the addition of nitrogen, the rate of increase in the flame velocity with the initial pressure becomes lower and the concentration range of flame propagation becomes narrower. At the flame propagation limit, the Peclet number obtained from the laminar burning velocity of the initial mixture is not constant but depends on the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio and the nitrogen content in the mixture. The results are interpreted from a physical point of view based on the hypothesis of selective diffusion. It is shown that accounting for the effects of the Lewis numbers of the fuel and oxidizer allows flame propagation in inert porous media to be described quantitatively over wide parameter ranges using a unified relation. At the flame propagation limit, the Peclet number constructed from the laminar burning velocity taking into account these effects is a constant.__________Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 50–59, July–August, 2005.     

基于PIC16F876的危险品分类鉴别测试仪的设计

危险品的危险程度是通过在加热条件下测量易燃易爆品的燃烧速度来确定的。其燃烧速度可以通过反应过程申释放气体的压强来判定。以PIC16F876作为控制器,对加热电路进行脉宽调制控制并检测仪器内压强等参数,利用RS485通信方式与上位机进行通信,将数据及数据曲线实时输出到系统界面上,实现了反应过程中压强变化的整体观测与燃烧的极限点确定,并能根据不同的实验品材料进行不同的加热设置。     

Propagation velocity of hydrocarbon-air flames containing organophosphorus compounds at atmospheric pressure

The propagation velocities of propane-air and methane-air flames of various compositions with and without the addition of 600 ppm trimethyl phosphate were measured and calculated. The flame propagation velocity was determined using the heat flux method, which allows a flame to be stabilized on a flat burner under nearly adiabatic conditions. The experimental results were compared with flame propagation velocities calculated using the PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes for the Westbrook mechanism for the destruction of trimethyl phosphate and the Curran mechanism for hydrocarbon oxidation. The methane-air flame was modeled using the GRI 3.0 mechanism. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 9–14, May–June, 2007.     

蜗壳式旋风分离器全空间三维时均流场的结构

采用激光多普勒测速系统（LDV）对蜗壳式旋风分离器全空间内三维湍流的时均流场进行了实验测定与分析,重点讨论了灰斗、环形空间和排气管的流场特点.分离空间内时均流场是外侧准自由涡与内侧准强制涡的典型结构.环形空间的入口部位有多个纵向二次涡,其他大部分空间顶部出现纵向二次环流,切向速度和径向速度的分布呈现非轴对称性,入口气量沿高度分布不均匀.灰斗的顶部也存在纵向二次环流.排气管内轴向速度分布与分离空间内的分布形态迥异.     

Adiabatic laminar burning velocities of CH4 + H2 + air flames at low pressures

Experimental measurements of the adiabatic burning velocity in methane + hydrogen + air flames using the Heat Flux method are presented. The hydrogen content in the fuel was varied from 0 to 20%. Non-stretched flames were stabilized on a perforated plate burner from 20 to 100 kPa. The equivalence ratio was varied from 0.8 to 1.4. Adiabatic burning velocities of CH₄ + H₂ + air mixtures were found in good agreement with the literature results at atmospheric pressure. Also low-pressure measurements in CH₄ + air flames performed earlier were accurately reproduced. The effects of enrichment by hydrogen on the laminar burning velocity at low pressures have been studied for the first time. Calculated burning velocities using the Konnov mechanism are in satisfactory agreement with the experiments over the entire range of conditions. Pressure dependences of the burning velocities for the three fuels studied could be approximated by an empirical exponential correlation.     

Measurements of Markstein numbers and laminar burning velocities for liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures

Experimental test for premixed laminar combustion of liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures is conducted in a constant volume combustion bomb. Spherically expanding flames have been employed to measure laminar flame speeds over wide equivalence ratios, at the initial pressures of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 MPa, and preheat temperatures from 300 to 400 K. To study the effects of stretch on burning velocity, various Markstein numbers for both strain and curvature have been measured and the effects of initial temperature and pressure on these parameters have been discussed. Following the linear relation between flame speeds and flame stretches, one has then obtained the corresponding unstretched laminar burning velocity after omitting the effect of stretches imposed on these flames. Over the ranges studied, laminar burning velocities are fit by a functional form u_l=u_l0(T_u/T_u0)^α_T(P_u/P_u0)^β_P, and the dependencies of α_T and β_P upon the equivalence ratio of mixture are also discussed.     

Some Features of Gas‐Flame Propagation in Narrow Tubes

The dependence of the flamefront curvature on the composition of the mixture in tubes of various diameters is considered. The combustionwave velocities are measured for different fractions of fuel in the mixture. It is shown that the dependence of the burning velocity on the composition of the mixture has two maximums, one of them being related to the transition of the laminar combustion mode to turbulent combustion. Combustion turbulization is caused by flame instability to acoustic oscillations. Variations of the combustionwave shape due to acoustic oscillations are observed.     

洗涤冷却室垂直环隙空间内液相流动结构的研究

在与工业气化炉几何相似的洗涤冷却冷态模拟装置内,借助双头电导探针和皮托管-差压变送器,测量了环隙空间的气含率及内轴向和切向的液相速度分布,对洗涤冷却室内的液相流动结构进行研究。结果表明：下降管出口及破泡板下方轴向液速呈现近下降管外壁向下流动,液池内壁向上流动的结构,液相转折点分别为 r/R=0.7和r/R=0.6;破泡器的存在使轴向液速呈抛物线分布;切向速度相比轴向速度较小,在-0.15~0.1 m/s范围内波动;不同表观气速下的液相速度分布具有相似性,随着表观气速的增加,液相速度增大;通过对h=523 mm处液相速度分布的归一化处理,得到U_z/U_c模型关联式;经检验,环隙中心速度随塔径和表观气速的变化可近似用Nottenkaemper关联式描述。     

Boundary saltation and minimum pressure velocities in particle-gas systems

The saltation velocity is one of the key design parameters in pneumatic conveying systems. The aim of this work is to experimentally study the mechanism of saltation. Experiments were carried out with various spherical and non-spherical particles in a small wind tunnel with very dilute flow. For each velocity the distribution of halted particles along the tunnel bottom was measured. From this length distribution, the median length was determined and used for further analysis. It was found that the median conveying length approaches infinity at a certain threshold velocity. By testing many materials the boundary saltation velocity followed a simple correlation of the modified Reynolds number as a function of the modified Archimedes number. The conveying length was an accumulation of three lengths: the first flight length, the rebound length, which is affected by the coefficient of restitution, and the rolling/sliding length, which is affected by the coefficient of friction. By analyzing these lengths, the total conveying length and the boundary saltation velocity were easily defined. Furthermore, as the velocities at minimum pressure velocities (referred to in the paper as the minimum pressure velocities) have been found to follow the same trend as the boundary saltation velocity if the solid concentration is taken into account, our simple correlation can describe by ± 30% all the relevant experiments found in the literature.     

Natural convection and solid phase combustion

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is a combustion process involving two or more solid reactants. The typical SHS configuration consists of a cylindrical preform of mixed powders, placed in an inert gas chamber, and ignited at one end. In past studies, interaction between the solid phase and the ambient gas phase has been limited to heat losses from the solid; the influence of natural convection on the solid phase has never been considered. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used, and it is shown that intense convection flow develops in the proximity of the combustion front. Gas flows adjacent to reacted solid material, heats up, and when it reaches the unreacted solid heat is transferred from the gas to the solid phase, which aids solid phase thermal conduction in preheating the material. The effect is stronger than expected, and it could stabilize the combustion of structured reactants like roll-ups of foils and wires. Combustion parallel and antiparallel to gravity is investigated for different burning velocities. At low propagation velocities, the natural convection cell forms a torus that is seated above the combustion front. At high propagation velocities, the convection flow cannot track the combustion front, and Tollmien-Schlichting waves form. Constant front propagation and planar oscillations of the combustion front lead to increasingly complex flows. Finally, the heat exchange between the gas and solid for constant front propagation is compared to analytical solutions.     

NATURAL CONVECTION AND SOLID PHASE COMBUSTION

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is a combustion process involving two or more solid reactants. The typical SHS configuration consists of a cylindrical preform of mixed powders, placed in an inert gas chamber, and ignited at one end. In past studies, interaction between the solid phase and the ambient gas phase has been limited to heat losses from the solid; the influence of natural convection on the solid phase has never been considered. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used, and it is shown that intense convection flow develops in the proximity of the combustion front. Gas flows adjacent to reacted solid material, heats up, and when it reaches the unreacted solid heat is transferred from the gas to the solid phase, which aids solid phase thermal conduction in preheating the material. The effect is stronger than expected, and it could stabilize the combustion of structured reactants like roll-ups of foils and wires. Combustion parallel and antiparallel to gravity is investigated for different burning velocities. At low propagation velocities, the natural convection cell forms a torus that is seated above the combustion front. At high propagation velocities, the convection flow cannot track the combustion front, and Tollmien-Schlichting waves form. Constant front propagation and planar oscillations of the combustion front lead to increasingly complex flows. Finally, the heat exchange between the gas and solid for constant front propagation is compared to analytical solutions.     

The role of surface contact during burning of heterogeneous condensed systems

We examine the effects of surface processes and chemical transport reactions on the burning of a SHS system through variation of surface contact of the reactants. A model is proposed which can take into account variations in surface contact in the process of burn front propagation. We show that surface diffusion and chemical transport of one of the reactants to the surface of another are capable of increasing the burn velocity by a factor of 3–4. We also show that it is necessary for surface contact of the reactants to form in the heated zone of the combustion wave in order to attain maximum burn velocities.Chernogolovka. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 33–40, November–December, 1991.     

电场对甲烷-空气混合气燃烧特性的影响

利用定容燃烧弹研究了外加电场对甲烷-空气混合气燃烧特性的作用。加载电压为0、-5、-10和-12 kV,混合气的过量空气系数λ分别为0.8、1.0和1.6,代表浓燃、当量比和稀燃三种混合气状态。结果表明,电场方向上的火焰发展半径和火焰传播速度明显增加,原先近似圆球形的火焰形状发生变化。特别是稀燃混合气,电场作用下火焰的传播状况增加最为显著,火焰近似呈圆柱形。在加载电压为-12 kV时,对于λ=0.8、1.0和1.6的混合气,火焰拉伸速度最大值分别增加了42.3%、29.7%和111.7%。同时,混合气燃烧压力的发展明显加快,压力峰值出现的时间明显提前。对于浓燃和当量比浓度的混合气,压力峰值变化不大,而稀燃混合气的压力峰值增加较为明显。在-12 kV电压作用下,浓燃、当量比和稀燃三种状态下混合气的压力峰值时间提前了13.4%、7.5%和24.6%,相应的燃烧压力峰值增大了2.2%、1.0%和8.1%。本文应用外加电场对燃烧火焰产生的离子风效应及其对传播火焰形成的拉伸作用对试验结果进行了说明。     

Visualisation research on characteristics of the cryogenic slug flow in vertical and inclined tubes

The statistical parameters of Taylor bubbles in cryogenic slug flow along glass tube were studied experimentally for various inclination angles θ (0°–60° from the vertical direction) and four tube inner diameters D (14, 18, 25 and 32 mm) by using high speed digital camera. The distributions and mean values of initial formation position, and the length and velocity of Taylor bubbles along the tube at various inclination angles were obtained. Initial position of Taylor bubbles increases as tube inner diameter increases and the effect of tube diameter on Taylor bubble initial position becomes more obvious at θ ≥ 30°. Taylor bubble length shows an allometric decreasing trend with the increasing of tube inner diameter. The influence of inclination angle and axial position on the length and velocity of Taylor bubble in cryogenic slug flow agrees qualitatively with conventional air–water system. The maximum mean velocity of Taylor bubble occurs at 30° ≤ θ ≤ 45° and the minimum mean length of Taylor bubble occurs at 0° ≤ θ ≤ 20°. The Mean length of Taylor bubble increases along the tube for x/D ≤ 60. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering