模型饱和器冷态喷雾场的实验研究

针对HAT循环关键部件增湿饱和器内典型的传热，传质过程现象，为了最优化该过程和为今后数值分析提供有效的数据，设计了模拟饱和顺内传热，传质过程中的开放式冷态实验系统。使用相位多普勒分析仪DualPDA（Phase Doppler Analyzer）对冷态模型饱和器的喷雾场进行了详细的实验研究，测量了不同水压，不同气流速度下的喷雾场，得到喷雾场内液滴的三维平均速度分布，脉动速度分布，平均粒径大小分布等，分析了喷雾水压和鼓风气流速度对喷雾场的影响，分析结果表明，改良设计的离心喷嘴具用良好的喷雾性能和轴对称性，水压增大可以增大喷雾场中粒子速度，通量及降低平均直径，喷嘴喷雾长度随气流速度减小，气流速度可以改变喷雾场的分布，有利于液滴蒸发和液滴破裂。     

逆流喷雾式饱和器内湿化过程的实验研究

对逆流喷雾式饱和器内部空气的湿化过程进行实验研究,实验中不仅测量了饱和器进出口湿空气的相对湿度、温度和水的温度,而且也测量了饱和器内部几个高度截面上湿空气的相对湿度和气相、液相的温度。根据实验测量的湿空气的相对湿度和温度,计算出了饱和器内湿空气的含湿量和测量高度间湿空气的加湿量。由实验结果可见,随水气质量比的增大,饱和器出口湿空气的温度和温升也相应增大。湿空气的含湿量和水的蒸发量、出口温度随进口水温升高、水气质量比增大而增大。在所有实验工况下,饱和器出口湿空气接近或达到饱和。随空气速度增大水滴逃逸量增大。总体上饱和器内部下部主要是加湿进口空气,上部是加湿和加热空气。     

小流量气泡雾化喷嘴试验研究

设计了一个1.2 kg/h的小流量气泡雾化喷嘴,利用粒子动态分析仪(PDA),对喷嘴下游流场进行测量,分析了液雾粒径和速度的分布规律及其相关因子,考察了气液质量流量比、进气压力、混合室长度对雾化特性的影响。结果表明,液雾粒径沿径向呈非轴对称分布,轴线下方平均粒径大于上方平均粒径,液滴粒径随轴向距离增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;液雾轴向平均速度呈钟形分布,喷嘴出口区域液滴轴向平均速度和均方根速度都比较大,两者值均随轴向距离增加而逐渐减小。喷嘴出口区域,液滴粒径与速度间负相关性很强,随轴向距离的增加,其相关性可以忽略。气液比增大液雾粒径减小;在相同的气液质量流量比(ALR)下,进气压力增大,雾化效果变差;混合室长度为其直径的2.5倍时,雾化效果较好。     

水平矩形管中气固两相流的PDA实验研究

应用三维颗粒动态分析仪(3D-PDA)对方形水平管道内的气固两相流进行了测试。实验采用的颗粒为玻璃微珠，对不同工况下的水平方向(主流方向)的平均速度和湍流强度进行了讨论。发现在垂直截面上的速度分布呈上部高而下部低的分布特点，且随平均风速、颗粒体积分数和粒径的增大这种不均匀分布有加剧的趋势。湍流强度中心位置较低，而靠近壁面的位置较高，尤其是底部湍流强度更大一些。在大部分位置颗粒相的速度滞后于气相，在边壁附近特别是底部壁面附近颗粒速度较气相速度稍大。颗粒体积分数沿垂直方向上分布较均匀，越靠近壁面颗粒体积分数越高，在管道的底部和垂直壁面的交角附近颗粒体积分数最高。     

喷雾粒径测试方法的比较研究

采用马尔文喷雾粒径分析仪以及粒子图像测量系统分别测定孔径为0.315 mm、启喷压力为20 MPa工况点的柴油喷雾粒径,分析实验所得到的平均直径、特征直径,比较两种方法所测得的粒子数目和体积分布图。结果表明,粒子图像测量系统测得的数据与马尔文喷雾粒径分析仪实验结果基本吻合。     

空燃比对柴油机颗粒物排放特性的影响

在一台单缸柴油机上利用TSI 3090 EEPS(发动机排气粒径分析仪)测量不同空燃比下柴油机尾气颗粒物粒径分布。结果表明:随着空燃比的降低,颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度随之增大,粒径分布向大直径粒子方向偏移,核态粒子减少,积聚态粒子增加。     

水平直管道中气体_颗粒两相流实验研究

使用多普勒激光测速仪测量了水平直管道中气体-颗粒两相流动的流场.实验中,采用三维粒子动态分析仪(Particle Dynamics Analyzer)测量了粒径在0～100 μm玻璃微珠的时均速度和脉动速度分布,颗粒相的体积分数在10-4～10-5之间.实验结果表明,即使在粒径范围为100 μm以下的颗粒,其在气相流场中的存在仍然会引起湍流流场结构的改变.实验还观察到气体-颗粒两相流动的湍流强度会随粒径的减小而增加,而且其脉动速度的分布将会在壁面附近出现脉动和随机分布的特征.     

PIVS方法测雾滴粒径的影响因素及其实验验证

在分析讨论PIVS(particle imageve locimetry and sizing)方法测量喷雾场粒子粒径的影响因素的基础上，通过建立基于标准粒子的粒子场实验模拟装置，对PIVS系统粒径测量结果进行了验证。结果表明：现有系统只适用于对大粒子(如平均粒径大干115μm)粒径的精确测量，要实现对小粒子(如粒径小于50μm)粒径的测量，仍需改善其成像系统的性能。     

应用PDA研究ω燃烧室的气缸内紊流场

介绍了应用三维粒子动态分析对两种ω燃烧室的气缸内紊流场的测量结果，给出了在进气和压缩过程气缸内相平均速度和紊流强度的分布，分析燃烧室结构和偏心，气门偏置及转速对气缸内紊流场的分布和变化规律的影响。     

新型喷雾光学测量仪的研制

饱和器是HAT循环中的关键部件,如何测量其内部水滴粒径、浓度及其变化是现在研究工作中的一个难题。文中描述了一种新型光学喷雾粒径、浓度测量系统,利用该系统对双流体喷嘴在空气中喷雾时水滴粒径及在不同位置的变化进行了测量,同时在相应位置和相同工况下用PDA对喷雾特性进行了比较测量。对得到的实验数据进行定量分析,说明测量结果的准确性。实验测量结果表明,用该系统测量喷嘴喷雾粒径是可行的,可以进一步用于饱和器内部水滴的测量。     

Experimental investigation on inner two-phase flow in counter-flow spray saturator for HAT cycle

An experiment investigation of inner two-phase flow in the counter-flow spray saturator (CFSS) for humid air turbine (HAT) cycle and the simulation of the moving distance of water droplets in counter-flow air are presented here aimed at the understand of two-phase flow in the CFSS in detailed. Dual phase Doppler anemometry (DualPDA) system is applied to obtain the spatial change of the droplet size spectrum in the flow-field to correlate droplet size–velocity correlation. The local measurement profiles of 3D mean velocities and diameters of water droplets are obtained by averaging droplet size classes. Moreover, DualPDA signal processing allows for accurate determination of the volume flux of spherical water droplets. The transient velocity fields are measured by a laser-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. The commercial CFD software, FLUENT, is used to simulate the maximum moving distance of water droplets with different diameters and inlet velocities in the counter-flow air with different inlet velocities, then the quantity of water droplet entrainment in the saturator can be estimated.     

Numerical simulation of counter-flow spray saturator for humid air turbine cycle

The numerical simulations of simultaneous heat and mass transfer process in the counter-flow spray saturator and humid air turbine cycle are carried out in this work, according to the experimental conditions and actual size of a prototype saturator. This humidifying process involves two-phase flow of air and water droplets, also including interaction, breakup and collision of water droplets. Eulerian approach is used for gas phase flow, Lagrangian approach is used for liquid phase flow, and the two-way coupling is used between two phases. The simulations agree well with the experimental measurements. The simulations show the flow is with high turbulence intensity, the relative humidity and temperature of humid air increase along with the height of saturator, some water droplets carried by air escape from the saturator, and the humid air is mainly humidified at the lower part of saturator and is simultaneously humidified and heated at the upper part.     

Influence of mass air flow ratio on gas-particle flow characteristics of a swirl burner in a 29 MW pulverized coal boiler

In a gas/particle two-phase test facility, a three-component particle-dynamics anemometer was used to measure the characteristics of gas/particle two-phase flows in a 29 megawatt (MW) pulverized coal industrial boiler equipped with a new type of swirling pulverized coal burner. The distributions of three-dimensional gas/particle velocity, particle volume flux, and particle size distribution were measured under different working conditions. The mean axial velocity and the particle volume flux in the central region of the burner outlet were found to be negative. This indicated that a central recirculation zone was formed in the center of the burner. In the central recirculation zone, the absolute value of the mean axial velocity and the particle volume flux increased when the external secondary air volume increased. The size of the central reflux zone remained stable when the air volume ratio changed. Along the direction of the jet, the peak value formed by the tertiary air gradually moved toward the center of the burner. This tertiary air was mixed with the peak value formed by the air in the adiabatic combustion chamber after the cross-section of x/d = 0.7. Large particles were concentrated near the wall area, and the particle size in the recirculation zone was small.     

喷雾过程的相干影象法研究

本文采用相干影象测粒法对喷雾诸过程进行了实验研究。文中简述了相干影象测粒法记录光路的特点和测量原理。本文用这种测雾技术检测了实际喷雾场的液滴尺寸和分布,对喷雾液滴与固体壁面的碰撞过程进行了直观显示与研究。最后利用双脉冲激光技术检测了喷雾液滴的速度场。这是一种结果直观,使用极其方便的测速方法。     

混合室结构对气泡雾化喷嘴喷雾特性的影响

利用激光颗粒动态分析仪对一种内旋流式气泡雾化喷嘴进行了实验测试与分析,探讨了混合室结构对喷嘴流量特性、颗粒平均直径分布特性、液雾平均速度分布特性的影响规律。气泡雾化喷嘴的流量特性主要受工作压力和喷口孔径影响,混合式结构对流量特性没有影响;但混合式结构对液雾颗粒平均直径分布和平均速度分布的影响十分显著,适当提高混合室长径比有助于减小液滴颗粒质量平均直径D10和索泰尔平均直径D32,同时可使液雾颗粒平均直径和平均速度的径向分布更加均匀;相对于渐缩型混合室,突缩型混合室可在一定程度上改善雾化效果,颗粒平均直径D10和D32径向分布均匀性更好,但喷雾主流平均速度略有降低。在喷嘴出口下游40~100mm时,液雾主流区域内的轴向平均速度未发生明显的速度衰减。     

An experimental study on the spray and thermal characteristics of R134a two-phase flashing spray

Flashing spray of volatile liquids is a common phenomenon observed in many industrial applications such as fuel injection of engines, accidental release of flammable and toxic pressure-liquefied gases, failure of a vessel or pipe in the form of a small hole in chemical industry, and cryogenic spray cooling in laser dermatology, etc. In flashing spray, the volatile liquid is depressurized rapidly at the exit of a nozzle (or a hole in a vessel) and becomes superheated. Such superheated liquid (in the form of either a jet or droplets) will lead to explosive atomization with fine droplet and a short spray distance. This paper presents an experimental investigation to the spray and thermal characteristics of flashing spray using cryogen R134a. A photographic study of the spray is firstly conducted to visualize the spray formation and the dynamic characteristics of the spray. Afterwards, the spray characteristics are measured by the phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). The distributions of the diameter reveals the dramatic dynamic variation of the liquid droplets due to explosive atomization of large droplets in the region near the exit of nozzle, while the self-similar velocity profiles are fitted by two empirical correlations to describe the non-dimensional axial and radial velocities, respectively. The temperature field within the spray is measured by a small thermocouple. The temperature measurements provide detailed quantitative information of both radial and axial temperature distributions of droplets within the spray. These experimental results provide deep understanding into the whole characteristics of two-phase flashing spray of volatile liquids.     

NUMERICAL MODELING FOR INTERACTION OF A WATER SPRAY WITH SMOKE LAYER

Interaction of a water spray with a smoke layer was studied numerically. A one-dimensional model was developed by taking smoke and air as two quasi-steady layers. W ater droplets of the spray were divided into several typical classes based on the droplet distribution function. Spray characteristics such as droplet diameter and velocity, shape of the spray envelope, gas temperature, and flow rate inside the spray envelope were calculated with heat and mass transfer to the induced air flow. The simulated results agreed with the experiments on full cone water spray in a normal atmospheric environment, and indicated some physical principles for using water spray to minimize smoke damage.     

气泡喷嘴下游雾化与流场特性的研究

本文用激光粒子动态分析仪（ＰＤＡ）测量了水平喷射的气泡雾化喷嘴下游不同截面上的雾化液滴平均直径和速度分布，用水在常温，常压下进行试验，液体的喷射压力变化范围为１５０～５５０ｋＰａ；气液比的变化范围为０～０．１２。研究了随着喷射距离的增大，气泡喷嘴的雾化与流场特性的变化规律，试验结果表明，沿着喷射方向，与喷孔一定距离内，气泡喷嘴的液雾存在明显的扩散过程，气泡喷嘴的喷雾速度呈典型的抛物状分布，在喷雾轴