加强水资源的系统管理

我国是一个水资源十分短缺的国家，加强水资源管理刻不容缓。为此，本文结合我国水资源管理的实际状况，从思想、组织、方法、手段等方面分别论述了加强水资源系统管理的必要性和可能性。     

浅谈城市污水回用及其优越性

通过对我国水资源短缺状况的论述，说明了我国城市污水回用的紧迫性、必要性。在介绍污水回用的主要用途和工艺技术的基础上，阐述了污水回用在经济、环境等方面的优越性，得出城市污水回用是解决水资源短缺的有效方法和社会发展的趋势。     

论水资源税在我国的建构

我国水资源总量丰富,但存在分布和利用上的不均衡,造成水资源相对短缺。目前正在进行的水资源征税试点工作的核心在于调节水资源需求,促进水资源利用的可持续发展。通过梳理水资源征税理论和国外水资源税立法实践,探讨水资源的概念,认为我国水资源税的构建应该结合我国实际,从纳税人、税率、税收优惠等方面综合考虑。     

水资源危机及其导致的安全隐患

水资源危机主要体现在水资源短缺和水污染两个方面。目前,水资源危机已成全为球性问题,我国的水资源危机尤为严重。水资源危机导致暴力争水事件,甚至战争的发生,给社会安全带来隐患。缺乏安全的饮用水还给人类健康带来严重威胁。本文对水资源危机导致的安全隐患进行详细分析,结果表明,解决水资源危机已迫在眉睫。     

我国西部地区水资源问题与对策

我国西部地区水资源短缺、水土流失等问题严重制约了该地区的经济发展。如何合理开发利用有限的水资源,促进西部地区的可持续发展已成为当务之急。本文分析了西部地区的水资源现状,并提出旨在促进西部地区水资源可持续利用的对策。     

废水资源化是解决水资源紧缺的有效途径

我国水资源人均占有量少,污染严重,综合利用程度低,水资源的短缺已成为制约区域经济社会发展重要因素。本文结合实例分析,提出了提高水资源的综合利用程度,推行废水资源化是解决这一问题的有效途径。     

我国钢铁行业用水情况及节水途径

我国钢铁行业取得举世瞩目的成就的同时,水资源短缺已严重限制了我国钢铁工业的进一步发展.针对我国一些钢铁企业水资源使用不合理,水资源浪费,工艺落后的现象,讨论和提出了节水措施和办法,如开发和使用节水新工艺,使用串级供水,开发非常规水资源等节水技术和工艺,对我国钢铁工业的可持续发展具有重要意义.并对未来我国钢铁行业节水提出了几点建议.     

应对水短缺 节流重于开源

“开源”和“节流”是应对中国水资源短缺的重要途径。我国水资源的“源”是十分有限的,比较容易开发的“源”基本殆尽了。同开源相比,目前在我国绝大多数地区,节流重于开源。     

21世纪初中国大城市的发展与水资源对策--以泉城济南为例

水是生命之源，更是城市发展的基础。在21世纪我国大城市发展的过程中，水资源已经成为主要的制约瓶颈。文章以泉城济南为例，对济南水资源存在的问题及原因进行了深入剖析，阐述了水资源短缺对大城市经济发展、保护城市特色和市民生活等方面的影响，从宜传教育、资源开发利用、宏观调控等各个角度有针对性地提出了解决水资源问题，促进大城市可持续发展的对策措施。     

额济纳绿洲复合系统协调发展研究

水是干旱区、半干旱区最重要的因子之一。目前,水资源短缺已成为黑河下游额济纳绿洲社会经济发展的主要制约因子,而水的短缺也引发了诸多生态环境问题。因此,以水资源为纽带,从额济纳绿洲的水资源系统（地表水资源和地下水资源）、生态系统（森林生态系统、草原生态系统等）和经济系统方面详细论述了绿洲水—生态—经济复合系统现状,分析了这个复合系统存在的问题,提出了绿洲复合系统协调发展的建设性措施。     

Efficiency evaluation for regional urban water use and wastewater decontamination systems in China: A DEA approach

Rapid economic growth and urbanization in China have resulted in great water consumption in recent years. China has been facing increasingly severe water shortage crisis, especially in urban areas. This paper focuses on performance analysis for regional urban water use and wastewater decontamination systems in China. To this end, a DEA-based approach is developed. In the proposed approach, the efficiency of the system is decomposed into water use efficiency and wastewater decontamination efficiency. In the wastewater decontamination sub-system, the purified wastewater (reusable water) is treated as a desirable output; while in the water use sub-system, it is incorporated as a fixed input, which cannot be decreased in the process of efficiency optimization. The efficiency of the system is defined as the average of the two sub-systems’ efficiencies. The proposed approach can find inefficiencies caused by the internal factors between sub-systems, which cannot be identified using the traditional DEA approaches. We finally apply the proposed approach to analyze the efficiencies of regional urban water use and wastewater decontamination systems in China. Based on the application results, some findings and implications for efficiency improvement of urban water management in China are achieved.     

关于创建节水型城市的探讨

为了有效的缓解目前我国城市水资源严重短缺的现状，国家提出了大力创建节水型城市口号。为了对实践工作有一定的指导作用，本文重点对节水及节水型城市的内涵进行了剖析，特别对节水型城市内涵提出了自己的见解。以此同时，运用上述的理论，分析了目前我国在创建节水型城市工作中存在的主要问题，并结合国外节水的经验，提出了有建设性的几点建议。     

Public-Private Partnerships in China’s Urban Water Sector

During the past decades, the traditional state monopoly in urban water management has been debated heavily, resulting in different forms and degrees of private sector involvement across the globe. Since the 1990s, China has also started experiments with new modes of urban water service management and governance in which the private sector is involved. It is premature to conclude whether the various forms of private sector involvement will successfully overcome the major problems (capital shortage, inefficient operation, and service quality) in China’s water sector. But at the same time, private sector involvement in water provisioning and waste water treatments seems to have become mainstream in transitional China.     

Available Water Supplies in Beijing,China, Under Single‐ and Multi‐Year Drought

Since its implementation in 2015, the Middle Route of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion Project (MR‐SNWDP) has transferred an average of 45 billion cubic meters of surface water per year from the Yangtze River in southern China to the Yellow River and Hai River Basin in northern China, but how that supply is able to cope with droughts under different scenarios has not been explored. In this study, using the water demand for 2020 as the guaranteed water target, a Water Evaluation and Planning system was used to simulate available water supplies in Beijing under different drought scenarios. In the case of a single‐year drought, without the MR‐SNWDP, Beijing’s water shortage ratio was 16.7%; with the MR‐SNWDP, this ratio reduced to 7.3%. In the case of a multi‐year drought, without the MR‐SNWDP, Beijing’s water shortage ratio was 25.3%; with the MR‐SNWDP, this ratio reduced to 7.4% and domestic water supply was improved. Our research suggests that to prepare for multi‐year drought in the Beijing area, the SNWDP supports increased supplies to the region that would mitigate drought effects. This study is, however, mostly focused on water supply provision to Beijing and does not comprehensively evaluate other potential impacts. Multiple additional avenues could be pursued that include replenishing groundwater, increasing reservoir storage, and water conservation methods. Further research is needed to explore the relative costs and benefits of these approaches.     

Total-factor water efficiency of regions in China

Water is a limited and unevenly distributed resource in China, with the per capita amount of water resource there only about one-fourth of the world's average. However, water is an essential resource for people's lives and economic development. Over the past two decades China has seen the fruit of its rapid economic growth; nevertheless, a severe water shortage is behind this prosperous scenario and is becoming worse. Efficient water supply is certainly essential for the sustainable development of human beings. This paper analyzes water efficiency by incorporating water as an input as well as using conventional inputs such as labor employment and capital stock. An index of a water adjustment target ratio (WATR) is established from the production frontier constructed by data envelopment analysis (DEA) including water as an input. The water efficiency of regions is obtained from a total-factor framework with both residential and productive water use. A U-shape relation is discovered between the total-factor water efficiency and per capita real income among areas in China. The central area has the worst water efficiency ranking and the total adjustment amount of water used there is around three-fourths of China's total. More efficient production processes and advanced technologies need to be adopted in the central area to improve its water efficiency, especially for its productive use of water.     

Water stress, water transfer and social equity in Northern China--implications for policy reforms

Water stress in Northern China is characterized with major, inefficient irrigation water use and rapidly growing non-agricultural water demands, as well as limited water quantity and declining water quality. Water use in the region is undergoing transfer from agricultural to municipal and industrial sectors. Currently, part of the economic loss and environmental damage due to water stress can be considered as a consequence of water transfer failures, including the current transfers, which hurt farmers' livelihood and income, and the needed transfers, which industry and cities have been waiting for but have not received. This paper starts with a discussion of the causes of water stress in Northern China, which is fundamental to understand the necessity and complexity of agricultural water transfers. Following that, it reviews water transfers in Northern China as a cause for concern over the social stability, economy and environment of the region. Based on an integrated analysis of economic, environmental, fiscal and social implications, this paper begins by identifying critical barriers to smooth water redistribution; and ends with implications for policy reforms, ensuring that farmers can and will save water. It is concluded that the decisions of water reallocation under water stress should be shared by communities at all levels, from the local to the national, to ensure equal access of water, especially the availability of the basic water need for all groups.     

关于城市水“分流”的设想

淡水是人类赖以生存的资源,淡水的短缺已成为制约经济发展的重要因素之一,并危及人类的生存。解决淡水危机,加强淡水资源利用和管理已刻不容缓。对城市进行分流供水,对产生的废水进行分流回收处理,是实现淡水资源的持续利用,满足城市用水需要的新思路     

珍惜生命，保护水资源

水是生命之源。本文报道了由于地球上水资源有限,并且人为的活动加剧了水体污染,面临着水资源短缺形势,给人类生存造成严重威胁。为此,告诫人们要保护水资源,加强水的回收利用,节约用水,缺水并非是危言耸听的宣传。     

水体黑臭及表观污染表征方法的研究进展

本文提出了水体表观污染的概念,指出水体的表观污染就是水体的某些表观特征引起人们感官不悦的现象。综述了前人对水体黑臭的表征方法,总结出了判别水体黑臭的各种阈值和指数关系式,并做了比较指出不足。明确了建立一套科学的、客观的、稳定的水体表观污染表征方法的必要性。