重症肌无力危象的临床护理

目的探讨重症肌无力危象的有效护理方法。方法回顾性分析24例重症肌无力危象患者的救治措施及效果。结果本组抢救成功23例，死亡1例，死于肺部感染。结论及时采取机械通气，改善缺氧症状，是挽救重症肌无力危象患者生命的关键，配合有效的心理护理可加快患者康复。     

重症肌无力危象救治的探讨

目的　总结重症肌无力危象的救治经验 ,不断提高临床抢救成功率。方法　对 18例 19次重症肌无力危象资料进行分析。结果　危象以女性多见 ,感染为最常见诱因 ,肌无力危象占多数 ,危象多发生在病程的 2～ 5年 ,病程 44年的仍有危象发生。本组病死率 5 % ,较近期国内报道为低。结论　保持呼吸道通畅 ,早期气切 ,综合治疗是提高抢救成功率的关键     

重症肌无力危象救治的探讨

目的 总结重症肌无力危象的救治经验，不断提高临床抢救成功率，方法 对18例19次重症肌无力危象资料进行分析。结果 危象以女性多见，感染为最常见诱因，肌无力危象占多数，危象多发生在病程的2-5年，病程44年的仍有危象发生，本组病死率5%，较近期国内报道为低。结论 保持呼吸道通畅，早期气切，综合治疗是提高抢救成功率的关键。     

12例重症肌无力危象患者的机械通气及护理

重症肌无力危象是神经内科的急重症 ,若未及时进行抢救 ,可导致呼吸衰竭而死亡。机械通气是重症肌无力危象的重要抢救措施 ,其恰当的护理至关重要 ,是提高重症肌无力危象抢救成功率的关键。我科自 1998年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 10月共收治 12例 ,经积极抢救与护理收到良好的效果 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料 :本组 12例 ,其中男 3例 ,女 9例 ;年龄 13～5 2岁 ,平均 31岁 ;全部符合重症肌无力危象的诊断标准。其中发生肌无力危象是由于擅自停用抗胆碱酯酶 4例 ,外伤感染引起 1例 ,过度劳累引起 7例 ,气管切开 12例 ,合并肺部感染3例…     

重症肌无力患者的整体护理体会

目的:探讨重症肌无力患者的临床护理策略。方法:对42例重症肌无力患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:38例临床症状得到满意控制,4例发生重症肌无力危象,其中1例死亡。结论:通过对患者进行有计划、有目的、周到的护理措施,尤其对重症肌无力危象的预防护理,提高救治成功率,对提高患者生活质量有重要意义。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力与单纯重症肌无力的临床治疗观察

目的观察胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力与单纯重症肌无力的临床疗效。方法收集我院自2008年2月至2011年7月共手术治疗重症肌无力患者113例,其中胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者38例,单纯重症肌无力患者75例。两组患者均采用手术切除胸腺的治疗手段,观察其并发症发生情况。术后随访1年,评价其临床疗效。结果两组患者随访1年后胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力组的有效率为71.1%,单纯重症肌无力组的有效率为86.7%,优于胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力组。胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力组术后有15例（39.5%）出现重症肌无力危象,有3例（7.9%）出现肺部并发症,其中出现1例急性呼吸窘迫综合征;单纯重症肌无力组有6例（8%）出现重症肌无力危象,有5例（6.7%）出现肺部并发症。结论单纯重症肌无力手术后的近期疗效优于胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力,胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力手术后发生肌无力发生危象的概率比单纯重症肌无力大。     

胸腺瘤术后合并重症肌无力危象的护理体会

胸腺瘤患者约有1／3合并重症肌无力,胸腺瘤切除术后是容易引发肌无力危象的危险期,做好胸腺瘤术后针对呼吸道的治疗护理是防治胸腺癌合并重症肌无力危象的关键．现结合我院胸腺瘤手术治疗经验,重点讨论胸腺瘤术后合并重症肌无力危象的护理措施。1临床资料我科1989－1999年共收治胸腺瘤万例,其中伴重症肌无力症9例,女6例,男3例,年龄9－40岁,手术彻底切除胸腺组织及前纵隔脂肪垫,术后均出现不向程度的呼吸肌麻痹,出现重症肌无力危象3例,胆碱危象2例,4例在术后18otsh气管切开及人工呼吸机辅助呼吸．l例由肺部感染导致呼吸衰竭,抢…     

预防重症肌无力危象的护理

目的探讨各种护理措施对重症肌无力危象患者的效果。方法对近5年在本院住院的重症肌无力并发肌无力危象患者6例进行重点观察和加强护理。如患者的心理护理、气管插管、使用呼吸机的观察、如何使用舒适护理清除气道分泌物的方法,基础护理、MG危象的观察和护理。结果6例重症肌无力危象患者顺利度过肌无力的过程,逐渐康复。结论密切观察病情及加强护理是保证治疗和抢救成功的关键。     

重症肌无力危象的抢救探析

目的探讨重症肌无力危象抢救。方法本次研究选择的对象共40例(69例次),均为我院2008年3月至2012年3月收治的MGC患者,按观察组42例次及对照组29例次划分,观察组采用激素疗法、气管切开、干涸疗法治疗,对照组采用其它常规方法治疗。结果观察组总有效率为97.6%,对照组总有效率为68.9%,观察组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组无死亡事件发生,对照组死亡1例,占3.4%。观察组出现合并症2例,均为肺部感染;对照组出现合并症8例,包括心律失常、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、肺不张、肺部感染等。差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重症肌无力危象采用激素疗法、气管切开、干涸疗法合理联用,可显著降低病死率,提高有效率,使患者生存质量得以改善。     

10例重症肌无力危象病人应用呼吸机的护理体会

总结10例重症肌无力危象病人应用呼吸机的护理,认为该病护理的要点是严密观察患者病情变化及生命体征的情况,并且做好心理护理、人工气道护理、预防感染的护理、饮食护理以及停用呼吸机拔管的护理等。护士熟练掌握上述护理措施并配合医生救治可以改善临床症状,对促进患者的早日康复,减少并发症,延长甚至挽救已有严重呼吸功能障碍的重症肌无力危象病人生命起着重要作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.