Χ������Ϣ������������̼��ѹ��pHֵ�ı�����ϵͳ�𺦵Ĺ�ϵ

目的探讨围生期窒息新生儿PaCO2及pH快速变化及其与神经系统损害之间的关系。方法2002年1月至2003年12月南华大学第一附属医院将55例足月窒息新生儿分为3组组Ⅰ,pH>7.00,无神经系统异常,无需呼吸支持;组Ⅱ,pH≤7.00,余同组Ⅰ;组Ⅲ,pH≤7.00,神经系统异常,需辅助呼吸支持。采集脐动脉血、产后1h和2h桡动脉血进行血气分析并观察Apgar评分和临床经过。结果脐动脉血pH值和PaCO2各组间差异有显著性;产后1h动脉血pH组Ⅰ、Ⅲ间和组Ⅱ、Ⅲ间差异有显著性;产后1h动脉血pH、PaCO2分别和脐动脉血pH、PaCO2比较,差异有显著性;三组间有不同的神经系统表现;Apgar评分组Ⅲ较低。结论在严重酸中毒时,胎儿出生后pH、PaCO2会发生显著改变,需持续辅助机械通气的患儿有不良的神经系统预后。     

脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分评估新生儿窒息的临床意义研究

目的 了解脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分在新生儿窒息诊断中的临床意义。方法对广东省江门市新会区妇幼保健院2012年4月至2013年1月出生的足月单胎新生儿采集脐动脉血进行血气分析,结合羊水性状、脏器损害及Apgar评分进行统计分析。结果 研究期间共分娩足月单胎新生儿3958例,成功采集脐动脉血3900例。生后1 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血pH值、PO2均呈正相关,与PCO2呈负相关（r分别为0.334,0.219,-0.227,P均〈0.05）。重度窒息新生儿脐动脉血气pH、PO2、BE、HCO-3均低于轻度窒息组和对照组,PCO2高于轻度窒息组和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对照组和轻度窒息组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。pH≤7.2组的新生儿窒息发生率、羊水浑浊发生率及脏器损害发生率均高于pH≥7.25组（7.7%比0.3%,68.0%比9.6%,8.3%比1.0%,P〈0.01）。结论 临床联合Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气分析可早期发现新生儿器官功能损害,是提供支持治疗可靠而简便易行的指标。     

早产儿Apgar评分与脐动脉血气的关系

目的研究早产儿生后Apgar评分与血气分析的相关性,以指导早产儿临床对窒息的诊断及处理。方法用i-STAT型血气分析仪对新生儿489例生后1 min内脐动脉血进行血气测定,并与Apgar评分进行相关分析。结果早产儿出生脐动脉血pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压分别为7.151、2.052 kPa和7.871 kPa;对照组分别为7.192、2.407 kPa和7.134 kPa。血pH早产儿组为7.151±0.067,足月儿组为7.192±0.043;Apgar评分早产儿组pH 2~7分者占40.0%,对照组为3.38%,两组比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论脐动脉血、pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压与早产儿组低Apgar评分有关系。血气分析结果为诊断早产儿窒息的主要指标之一。     

新生儿脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关研究

本文探讨脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关性,为预测和诊断新生儿窒息及减低围产窒息的发生提供重要依据和帮助,对102例新生儿出生后立即采集脐静脉血进行血气分析,据其有无围产因素影响分为两组进行对照,并结合Apgar评分进行分析.结果显示在围产因素组60例中,Apgar评分≤7分者7例,占11.67%;对照组42例中,Apgar评分≤7分者2例,占4.76%.二者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).在脐血pH值＞7.10时,两组新生儿窒息发生率分别为5.56%及4.76%,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).脐血pH值＜7.10者,有围产因素组6例,占10%,且其中4例Apgar评分≤7分;对照组脐血pH值＜7.10者为0,二者有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结果提示,围产因素与新生儿窒息密切相关,并对脐血pH值的影响显著.当脐血pH值＜7.10时,新生儿窒息发生率为66.67%.脐血血气分析与Apgar评分互补,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的重要指标.     

新生儿脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关研究

本文探讨脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关性,为预测和诊断新生儿窒息及减低围产窒息的发生提供重要依据和帮助,对102例新生儿出生后立即采集脐静脉血进行血气分析,据其有无围产因素影响分为两组进行对照,并结合Apgar评分进行分析。结果显示在围产因素组60例中,Apgar评分≤7分者7例,占11.67％;对照组42例中,Apgar评分≤7分者2例,占4.76％。二者比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。在脐血pH值>7.10时,两组新生儿窒息发生率分别为5.56％及4.76％,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。脐血pH值<7.10者,有围产因素组6例,占10％,且其中4例Apgar评分≤7分;对照组脐血pH值<7.10者为0,二者有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结果提示,围产因素与新生儿窒息密切相关,并对脐血pH值的影响显著。当脐血pH值<7.10时,新生儿窒息发生率为66.67％。脐血血气分析与Apgar评分互补,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的重要指标。     

重度窒息新生儿5分钟Apgar评分的心率变异性分析

目的探讨重度窒息新生儿5 min Apgar评分与心率变异性（HRV）的关系。方法入选103例出生后1 min Apgar评分为0~3分的重度窒息新生儿,根据出生后5 min Apgar评分分组,>7分为A组（n=50）,≤7分B组（n=53）;同时以40例1、5 min Apgar评分均>7分的足月新生儿作为对照组;三组新生儿均于出生后第3天行24 h动态心电图检查,并分析其HRV变化。结果 B组较对照组及A组HRV时域指标PNN50、rMSSD、SDSD降低,SDNN、SDANN升高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;而A组与对照组HRV时域指标差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论新生儿窒息损伤自主神经功能,5 min Apgar评分联合HRV时域参数可作为重度窒息新生儿自主神经功能损伤及预后的无创判断指标。     

新生儿生后早期外周动脉血气分析评估缺氧损伤的意义

目的探讨生后早期外周动脉血气分析对于新生儿窒息病情评判的临床价值。方法选取2012年3月至2013年4月本院新生儿科收治的足月窒息新生儿为观察组,其中1 min Apgar评分4-7者为轻度窒息组,≤3分者为重度窒息组,同期随机选取无窒息的足月新生儿为对照组,各组新生儿均在生后1 h内取右手桡动脉血进行血气分析并比较。将窒息组按外周动脉血气pH值分为〉7.25、7.0-7.25、〈7.0三组,比较各组发生脏器功能受损的比例。结果轻度窒息组98例,重度窒息组24例,对照组86例。各组新生儿性别、胎龄、出生体重、分娩方式、取血时间等差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对照组pH值和BE值均高于轻、重度窒息组[pH：（7.38±0.06）比（7.16±0.08）、（7.10±0.09）,BE：（-4.1±0.5）mmol/L比（-11.1±4.6）mmol/L、（-14.4±2.6）mmol/L,P〈0.05],轻、重度窒息组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。窒息组患儿中,外周动脉血气pH值〉7.25组、7.0~7.25组和〈7.0组发生脏器功能受损的比例分别为53.3%、88.9%、100%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 Apgar评分的轻重程度不能完全代表窒息的程度,生后1 h内外周动脉血气分析检测是弥补其不足的一项客观指标。     

经鼻持续气道正压治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭

目的：探讨经鼻持续气道正压气（NCPAP）治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法：72例呼吸衰竭新生儿，其中1型呼衰27例，Ⅱ型呼衰45例，予NCPAP治疗，观察患儿在NCPAP前，NCPAP后4－6h,24h的临床及血气变化，比较PaO2及PaCO2的变化。结果：70例病人NCPAP后呼吸困难及缺 氧征有不同程度好转，血气PaO2明显提高（P＜0．05），PaCO2显著下降（P＜0．01），结论：NCPAP可以改善氧合和通气，对I型，Ⅱ型新生儿呼衰均有疗效。     

窒息新生儿的肾功能损害

据Perlman报导新生儿窒息可引起肾脏、中枢神经、心血管、胃肠道等多脏器形态和功能的改变，其中以肾脏损害发生率为最高，占57％。为此观察了我院1995年4月到6月有进行血清尿素氮、肌酐检查的31例窒息新生儿，以了解缺氧窒息的程度对肾功能损害的有关情况。临床资料本组31例窒息新生儿中男性20例，女性11例，入院时间在生后24小时内，平均入院时间为7．5小时，足月儿24例，早产儿7例，其中12例伴有宜由窘迫史，31例均符合以下条件之一：（1）出生时Apgar评分小于7分，（2）动脉血气分析pH小于或等于7．25或PaCO3大于或等于6.67KPa．以A…     

新生儿1分钟Apgar评分差异的主观因素分析

目的探讨主观因素对新生儿1 min Apgar评分的影响。方法选择2011年10月至2013年9月在我院产科出生的新生儿为研究对象,婴儿出生后,由产科医生、儿科医生、麻醉科医生、助产人员、产科护士共5名医护人员在同一时间内进行1 min Apgar评分,将评分结果分为5组进行记录和分析。结果共对1300例新生儿进行1 min Apgar评分,5组医护人员评分结果完全相同的仅367例（28.2%）;产科医生组评分最高,平均8.7分,儿科医生组评分最低,平均8.1分;在窒息发生率方面,产科医生组窒息发生率最低,为11.9%,助产人员组窒息发生率最高,为19.7%;单病例最大评分差距相差5分。结论主观因素对1 min Apgar评分有一定影响,需制定一套新的诊断标准以减少主观因素的影响,取消单一依靠Apgar评分诊断新生儿窒息是解决这一问题的最好方法。     

SLEDAI-2000与BILAG-2004两种评分系统评估狼疮性肾炎患儿肾脏活动度的可行性研究

目的：分析系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动指数2000（SLEDAI-2000）和英国狼疮评估组2004（BILAG-2004）两种评分系统在评估狼疮性肾炎（LN）患儿肾脏病变活动度方面的可行性。方法：收集159例系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）合并LN患儿的临床资料,应用 BILAG-2004和 SLEDAI-2000两种临床评分系统判断其临床疾病活动度。进行两种评分与24 h尿蛋白定量、病理指数的相关分析。用ROC曲线对两种评分系统进行评价。结果：24 h尿蛋白定量分级以中量蛋白尿居多（31.5%）,病理类型以弥漫性LN(Ⅳ型)最多,占46.0％;24 h尿蛋白定量与两种评分均呈正相关（r值分别为0.36和0.39,均P＜0.05）;LN患者Ⅰ～Ⅳ型的活动指数（AI）值与SLEDAI-2000评分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.86、0.88、0.84和0.77,均P＜0.05),与BILAG-2004评分亦均呈正相关（r值分别为0.88、0.98、0.86和0.89,均P＜0.05）;SLEDAI-2000评分与Ⅱ型LN患者AI评分相关性最好,其次为Ⅰ型;BILAG-2004评分与Ⅱ型LN患者AI评分相关性最好,其次为Ⅳ型;BILAG-2004评分系统的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.93,SLEDAI-2000 AUC为0.88。结论：BILAG-2004和SLEDAI-2000评分系统均可以评估LN患者的肾脏病变活动度。BILAG-2004评分系统结果更加可靠,更加全面。     

Infection scoring in early neonatal infection

This study reports the usefulness of infection scoring system, comprising of maternal and neonatal high risk factors for infection. The score was applied on 947 neonates at birth who were followed up for superficial and deep infections in postnatal wards or neonatal nursery. Total score consisted of 10 points. A high association was observed between increasing score and total and deep infections. Incidence of infections was 0, 5.0, 10.5, 20.9, 61.8 and 95.4 percent respectively with infection scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and above respectively. For term infants, cut off point for infection was at score 3, while for low birth ones this was lower at 2. This study, therefore, shows the utility of this practical scoring system in prediction of early neonatal infections.     

推动评分体系在儿童重症肺炎中的应用

肺炎是全球5岁以下儿童死亡的首要原因,早期诊断儿童重症肺炎以及精准评估肺炎严重程度对治疗及预后至关重要.目前关于儿童重症肺炎的诊断标准不完全一致,因此需要应用评分系统或量表对重症肺炎的病情进行评估,以指导临床治疗及评估预后.目前改良的PIRO评分量表是应用最多的、可能适合儿童重症肺炎的评分量表.     

The prognostic importance of trauma scoring systems in pediatric patients

Purpose  Traumas are among important causes of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric group. Our aim was to evaluate the predicting effects of general trauma scores on mortality and morbidity rates. Methods  The files of 74 patients, who were admitted to our hospital with trauma between the years 2006 and 2008, were retrospectively investigated. Patients’ ages, sex, types of trauma, the time between the trauma and entrance to the hospital, vital and laboratory findings, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, surgical interventions, the organs affected by the trauma, morbidity, and mortality rates were recorded., glasgow coma scale (GCS), abbreviated injury scale (AIS), trauma score—injury severity score (TRISS), revised trauma score (RTS), injury severity score (ISS), pediatric trauma score (PTS), specific trauma scores for lung, liver, and spleen were calculated using the data in the files. Results  The mean age of patients was 7.0 ± 4.34 (1–16) years and 50% of them were men. The types of the trauma were blunt in 66 (89.2%) patients, penetrating in 5 (6.8%) patients and injury due to gun shot in 3 (4.1%) patients. The mean time between the trauma and entrance to the emergency service was 80.40 ± 36.67 (10–120) min. Emergency operation and elective surgery was performed in 13 (17%) and 20 (27%) patients, respectively. The mean length of hospitalization was 4.50 ± 7.93 (1–35) days.Seven (9.5%) patients needed ICU. The morbidity and mortality rates were 60.8% (n = 45) and 2.7% (n = 2), respectively. AIS, ISS, TRISS and PTS were independent predictors of morbidity (p < 0.05). AIS and ISS were independent predictors of the length of hospital stay (p < 0.05). RTS, TRISS, ISS and PTS were independent predictors of the need for ICU (p < 0.05). Among laboratory findings, blood glucose, AST and ALT were found to be independent predictors of liver trauma. Conclusion  ISS was found to be more valuable than other trauma scoring systems for prognostic evaluation of pediatric trauma patients. On the other hand, blood glucose, AST, and ALT are easily available, cheap, and valuable alternative laboratory findings in prognostic evaluation.     

EARLY ONSET GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE. SEVEN YEAR EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL SCORING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT. Early onset group B streptococcal disease was reviewed for the seven year period between 1975 to 1981 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. One hundred and twenty cases were identified. The disease varied from asymptomatic bacteremia to fatal cardiopulmonary collapse. Factors associated with a poor outcome were prematurity, low Apgar score at 5 min, the presence of shock, leukopenia, rupture of membranes for more than 12 hours, and a delay in treatment after the onset of symptoms. A scoring system for probability of death based on these 6 factors was then developed. Over the seven year period mortality decreased from 50% to 10%. The only factor identified with the decrease in mortality was a significant decrease in the number of hours between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment. Early recognition and prompt treatment seem to be the major causes of the decreasing mortality over the seven years of this report.     

Wiskott-Aldrich综合征临床和遗传学诊断:附9例报告

目的探讨Wiskott-Aldrich综合征(WAS)的临床和基因诊断价值。方法对9例WAS患儿作临床表型评分和血常规、免疫学、骨髓常规、扫描电镜检查,并用PCR直接测序法分析4例患儿及其母亲基因组DNA中WAS蛋白(WASP)基因序列。结果9例患儿均为典型WAS,评4分,家庭史阳性者诊断年龄早于家族史阴性者;免疫学结果差异大;骨髓常规易误诊“特发性血小板减少性紫癜”,5例WAS患儿淋巴细胞、血小板扫描电镜有典型异常,其中4例存在WASP基因突变:缺失突变2例(984delC,P317fsX444),无义突变1例(1388G>T,E452X),拼接错误1例(IVIS 1G>T)。结论对怀疑WAS患儿应仔细询问家族史,临床评分,作扫描电镜检查可提高WAS的临床诊断准确率;WASP基因分析可确诊患者,发现携带者,为干细胞移植治疗患者提供依据。     

Pediatric trauma score: Is it reliable in predicting mortality?

The Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) is rapidly gaining acceptance for use in prehospital triage. This study examines its reliability in predicting mortality. The charts of the 533 trauma patients hospitalized between 1984–1989 were reviewed and the PTS was calculated for each. There were 3 deaths in 370 patients with PTS >8, while 24 of 163 children with PTS ⩽8 died. Size categorization was found to be overemphasized because of the low mortality (7.7%) in children smaller than 10 kg, although their mean PTS (6.4 ± 2.1) was significantly lower than the mean PTS (9.0 ± 2.2) of children over 10 kg. Forty-nine of 71 surgically treated patients having intra-abdominal organ injuries had a PTS >8. The existing parameters of PTS did not have equal relationships to mortality, and may even all be inadequate in the correct triage of children with blunt abdominal trauma. Correspondence to: E. Balık     

The use of CRIB (clinical risk index for babies) score in auditing the performance of one neonatal intensive care unit

The CRIB (clinical risk index of babies) score was developed to overcome the disadvantages of birthweight-specific comparisons between neonatal units. The aims of this study were to assess the ability of CRIB score compared to birthweight and gestational age to predict hospital mortality in very low birthweight infants and to use CRIB score in auditing one unit's performance during a prolonged time period. The charts of 335 infants with birthweight ≤ 1500 g born between 1980 and 1995 were reviewed retrospectively. CRIB predicted hospital mortality significantly better than birthweight and gestation and performed equally well, whether the infants were treated with synthetic surfactant or not. When adjusting for CRIB score there was a significant improvement in the unit's performance, probably owing to the introduction of surfactant. As small samples tend to be associated with wide confidence intervals, use of CRIB is recommended in comparing risk adjusted mortality in a single unit over several years, as in this study, or between large groups of neonatal units over shorter periods.     

新生儿危重症评分的研究进展

新生儿危重症评分是20世纪90年代发展起来的评价新生儿的方法,对于估计病情严重程度、预测死亡风险、评价治疗效果、指导危重患儿转运等均有重要意义。现就现有的各种评分方法及其研究进展进行综述,以增进对新生儿危重症评分法的认识及应用。     

Comparison of mortality risk: a score for very low birthweight infants

AIM—To develop and evaluate a score which quantifies mortality risk in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (birthweight below 1500 g) at admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.
METHODS—Five hundred and seventy two VLBW infants admitted from 1978 to 1987 were randomly assigned to a cohort (n = 396) for score development and a cohort (n = 176) for score validation. Two hundred and ninety four VLBW infants admitted from 1988 to 1991 were used to compare risk adjusted mortality between the two eras.
RESULTS—Using multiple regression analysis, birthweight, Apgar score at 5 minutes, base excess at admission, severity of respiratory distress syndrome, and artificial ventilation were predictive of death in the development cohort. According to regression coefficients, a score ranging from 3 to 40 was developed. At a cutoff of 21, it predicted death in the validation cohort with a sensitivity of 0.85, a specificity of 0.73, and a correct classification rate of 0.76. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86. There was no significant difference in risk severity and in risk adjusted mortality between the eras 1978-87 and 1988-91.
CONCLUSION—The present score is robust, easily obtainable at admission, and permits early randomisation based on mortality risk.