pH值敏感响应膜的制备和性能研究

研究了两步光接枝法制备pH敏感响应分离膜的过程中接枝率随实验条件的变化及其对响应性的影响.实验以聚丙烯为基膜、丙烯酸(AA)为接枝单体,用水作溶剂,考察了光引发剂二苯甲酮(BP)的浓度、丙烯酸的浓度以及反应时间对接枝率的影响,采用傅氏变换红外光谱和扫描电镜分别对高分子膜的化学成分和膜的形貌进行了表征.研究结果表明,控制接枝率在1%～6%时,接枝膜具有较为显著的pH值响应性;接枝率为3%时,接枝膜的pH值响应系数达2.3,当接枝率大于6%和接枝率小于1%时,膜几乎不具pH值敏感响应性.为获得满意的pH值敏感响应性,必须将其接枝率控制在适当的范围内.     

聚砜与丙烯酸紫外光辐射接枝共聚制备pH敏感共混膜

运用紫外光辐射引发均相溶液体系中的聚砜与丙烯酸接枝共聚;以聚砜与丙烯酸接枝共聚物和纯聚砜为共混基材,制备出具有pH响应性的环境敏感共混膜;研究了共混膜结构和性能,考察了不同pH值下的膜纯水通量,结果表明,共混膜含有丙烯酸基团,含接枝共聚物的共混膜具有明显的pH敏感性,纯聚砜膜没有明显的pH敏感性。     

尼龙-6膜与丙烯酸接枝共聚合的研究

通过一系列实验选择以（NH4）2（NO）6／HSO4为引发剂,了尼龙－6膜与丙烯酸的接枝共聚合反应,通过改变单体浓度,反应温度,（NH4）2Ce(NO3)6浓度,H2SO4浓度,尼龙－6膜在甲酸中的溶胀时间等因素发现,接枝膜的接枝率与单体浓度有关,。随单体浓度的改变,接枝率有一个极大值,单体浓度高于或低于此浓度,接枝率都较低,通过改变（NH4）2Ce(NO3)6和H2SO4浓度也得到类似规律,反应温度对接枝膜的接枝率也有影响,温度过高（＞70度）或过低（小于40℃）都得不到较高的接枝率;将尼龙－6膜在20％甲酸中溶胀,有利于提高产物的接枝率。     

电子束辐照接枝改性PTFE多孔膜

通过高能电子束预辐照接枝丙烯酸（AA）／对苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）对PTFE多孔膜进行亲水改性，并研究了单体浓度、辐照剂量等对接枝率，接枝反应对多孔膜表面形貌膜和化学组成以及亲水性的影响。研究结果表明接枝率随混合单体中AA含量增加而增大，而且随辐照剂量的提高而增大，PTFE多孔膜的接枝覆盖层增加膜表面的亲水基团含量，同时对膜的亲水改性效果能保持稳定。     

光接枝制备功能性核孔膜

采用光接枝聚合方法，可以实现多种单体在PET核孔膜上的接枝。如丙烯酸、4-乙烯基吡啶、异丙基丙烯酰胺等，得到具有环境敏感性的分离膜．接枝膜采用XPS、ATR-FTIR进行了表征，接枝膜结构及形貌采用SEM、AFM观察．PET的紫外屏蔽效应以及核孔膜的结构特征，决定了接枝只能在膜的表面进行，孔内不受影响；接枝膜具有孔封盖结构，即膜表面的接枝链可以伸入膜孔将其封堵，产生孔封盖效应，从而影响膜的通量．丙烯酸和4-乙烯吡啶接枝膜具有pH值敏感性，膜通量随外界酸性的强弱而变化；4-乙烯吡啶接枝膜具有优异的开关性能，在很低接枝程度下(Dg=0．3％，0．2μm)，即有明显的pH敏感性，通量变化达到几十倍．N-异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝膜具有温度敏感效应，可以随温度的升降而改变通量．     

SEBS-丙烯酸接枝共聚物的合成与结构分析

以过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂，在甲苯溶液中进行丙烯酸(AA)接枝SEBS树脂。经红外光谱和光电子能谱(ESCA)分析表明，丙烯酸已接枝到SEBS树脂上。研究了反应温度、反应时间、单体浓度、引发剂浓度等因素对单体转化率、接枝聚合物接枝率、单体接枝效率等的影响。根据实验结果，接枝反应的适宜条件：温度为90℃，引发剂用量为聚合物的10％，丙烯酸用量为5mL，时间6h～8h。     

尼龙66纤维与丙烯酸的接枝共聚反应研究

以高锰酸钾／硫酸为引发剂，用尼龙６６纤维与丙烯酸进行接枝共聚，研究了尼龙６６纤维接枝率与硫酸浓度，高锰酸钾浓度，丙烯酸浓度，反应温度和时间，预处理时间之间的关系，实验结果表明，硫酸浓度为０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，反应温度６０℃，反应时间４ｈ时，接枝率较高，尼龙６６纤维的预处理时间对接枝率的影响也较大。     

聚偏氟乙烯膜表面丙烯酸接枝改性研究

采用自由基接枝聚合反应制备了丙烯酸改性的聚偏氟乙烯膜,研究了单体浓度对接枝率的影响,测定了改性后样品的红外光谱、表面接触角、水通量、蛋白吸附等.结果表明,通过自由基接枝聚合,丙烯酸接枝到膜的表面,明显提高膜的亲水性.接枝后膜的水通量也非常明显下降,特别是在高丙烯酸浓度下.改性的膜的通量对溶液的pH值有明确的响应关系,表明接枝链在水中的溶胀对膜的性能有显著的影响.蛋白吸附实验表明,改性后的膜相比未改性膜有较高的吸附量,而且在酸性情况下,膜的吸附量较大,这主要与丙烯酸和蛋白质之间的相互作用有关.     

预辐射接枝制备聚乙烯接枝丙烯酸复合膜

通过电子束预辐射接枝技术制备不同接枝率的聚乙烯接枝丙烯酸（PE-g-AAc）复合膜,研究探讨了接枝率对复合膜性能影响。结果表明：PE-g-AAc复合膜随丙烯酸浓度增加,接枝率增加,吸水率也随之增加,当丙烯酸体积分数15vol%时,接枝率最大为263%,吸液率最大为635%。PE-g-AAc复合膜随丙烯酸接枝率增加,面电阻降低,当接枝率为30.4%时,PE-g-AAc复合膜面电阻由接枝前45 000 mΩ·cm²降低至870.9 mΩ·cm²,接枝率最高263%时,面电阻最低为70.1 mΩ·cm²。拉伸强度随接枝率增加先降低后升高,接枝率最高263%时,拉伸强度最大45.6 MPa;断裂伸长率随接枝率的增加而降低。接枝率分析表明,一定的吸收剂量和反应条件下,丙烯酸浓度越高,链增长速率与链终止速率比值就越大,丙烯酸聚合度越大。吸水率与面电阻分析表明,丙烯酸有效提高聚乙烯膜表面能,增强亲水性,提高离子传导速率,降低聚乙烯膜面电阻。该研究将对聚乙烯接枝丙烯酸膜用于电池隔膜及离子交换膜的制备提供直接的借鉴价值。     

电子束引发双功能基阳离子交换膜的制备

利用电子束引发预辐射接枝技术,在高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)上接枝丙烯酸(AA)和对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS),制备一种含羧酸基团和磺酸基团的双功能基阳离子交换膜,详细研究了反应温度、单体总浓度、pH值变化及溶剂类型对接枝率的影响规律,明确了实验条件与接枝率的对应关系。接枝膜的吸水性随接枝率的增加而增强。X射线衍射测试表明,接枝膜结晶度随接枝率的升高而降低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.