Percutaneous Gastrojejunostomy Placement in a Heart Failure Patient With Biventricular Assist Devices

Heart failure patients who require a ventricular assist device often present a nutrition challenge. A 39‐year‐old woman suffering from an acute ST elevated myocardial infarction and severe cardiogenic shock underwent implant of left and right ventricular assist devices (BiVAD). Neurologic deficits prevented her from safely resuming oral intake, and long‐term feeding access was required. The decision was made to insert a percutaneous gastrojejunostomy under fluoroscopic guidance. Patients implanted with ventricular assist devices may require enteral nutrition support. Placement of feeding access other than through the nasoenteric route can be rendered more challenging because of anatomical constraints related to BiVAD positioning; however, whenever enteral nutrition support is required for extended periods, percutaneous or ostomy access offers easier delivery of nutrition. Although technically difficult, successful placement of the enteral feeding tube allowed for continuous 24‐hour feeds to optimize nutrition intake. This is the first time that a percutaneous enteral feeding access was obtained for a ventricular assist device patient at the authors' institution, and it has proven valuable in providing long‐term nutrition in a safe and efficient manner.     

Nutritional support in head injury

Nutritional support is imperative to the recovery of head-injury patients. Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism place this patient population at increased risk for weight loss, muscle wasting, and malnutrition. Nutrition management may be further complicated by alterations in gastrointestinal motility. Resting energy expenditure should be measured using indirect calorimetry and protein status measured using urine urea nitrogen. Providing early enteral nutrition within 72 hours of injury may decrease infection rates and overall complications. Establishing standards of practice and nutrition protocols will assure patients receive optimal nutrition assessment and intervention in a timely manner.     

家庭肠内营养病人血浆蛋白及机体组成变化的研究

目的:研究家庭肠内营养病人在接受家庭肠内营养支持2个月后血浆蛋白及机体组成的变化.方法:家庭肠内营养的病人20例,测量病人在接受家庭肠内营养支持前及支持2个月后血浆蛋白及机体组成的变化.结果:家庭肠内营养支持2个月后,病人体重增加6.70 kg(P＜0.01),瘦组织群增加4.66 kg(P＜0.01),脂肪群增加2.05kg(P＜0.01);血浆总蛋白明显增加(73.00g/Lvs63.62g/L),清蛋白明显升高(42.33g/Lvs35.89g/L).结论:家庭肠内营养支持可以明显改善病人的营养状况.     

肠内营养支持的应用进展

营养不良是住院患者常见的症状之一,对患者造成巨大的不良影响,能降低患者免疫力,延缓伤口愈合,影响正常肌力,导致心理障碍,最终造成患者病情迁延,住院时间延长和费用增加。如果患者胃肠道功能不全则无法通过正常的饮食来维持自身的营养需求,必须借助营养支持。营养支持方式主要分为口服营养补充、肠内及肠外营养支持。肠内营养支持是为无法通过口服补充所必需的的营养物质或通过口服仍无法满足营养需求的患者提供的一种营养支持方式,对患者疾病的治疗以及生存具有重要意义,目前已广泛应用于临床。本文收集整理近几年肠内营养支持的相关文献,从肠内营养支持的适应证及禁忌证、常见制剂、输注途径、临床应用等方面进行归纳总结,从而为肠内营养支持的临床应用提供参考依据。     

肠外瘘病人肠内营养支持临床应用研究

目的：观察肠内营养在肠外瘘病人应用的时机、条件、途径及肠内营养制品的选择,研究肠内营养在肠外瘘病人中的作用。方法：收集１７０例肠外瘘病人诊断、住院总天数及全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）、全肠内营养（ＴＥＮ）、肠内＋肠外营养（ＰＮ＋ＥＮ）、经口饮食的天数,计算不同营养支持方法期间,非蛋白质热量、蛋白质的供给量和并发症的发生率。收集ＴＰＮ、ＴＥＮ支持前和支持后满１５天病人的血清白蛋白浓度。另对４０例肠外瘘病人进行为期１５天的前瞻性观察,了解肠内营养对白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、纤维连结蛋白、总蛋白、球蛋白和肝酶谱的影响。结果：１７０例病人的总住院天数为１３５５３天,其中１６４人曾使用ＴＰＮ６０４０天（４４．６％）;１２９人使用ＴＥＮ３６７６天（２７．１％）;８３人使用肠内＋肠外营养４８９天（３．６％）;１２８人经口饮食２３３     

肝功能不全患者术后肠内营养支持的效果分析

目的临床对照实践分析肝功能不全患者术后肠内营养支持的疗效及临床价值。方法随机抽取2010年1月²013年12月住院部收治的72例肝功能不全患者,采取随机数字法分为EN(肠内营养)组与PN(肠外营养)组,通过术后给予两组患者不同途径的营养支持,对照分析两组患者的临床指标、肝功能变化、营养状态指标、炎性反应综合征、并发症及不良反应。结果 EN组患者给予营养支持15 d后体重明显高于PN组;住院时间方面EN组也少于PN组;给予营养支持后两组患者的肝功能均有明显改善(p<0.05),基本上达到正常水平,但是组间对比无明显差异性;术后第1天、第7天的营养状态指标两组患者无明显差异性(p<0.05),但是术后第15天,EN组的PA值明显高于PN组,EN组的CRP则明显低于PN组;另外在炎性反应指标、并发症及不良反应等方面,两组无明显差异性。结论在肝功能不全病例术后给予早期肠内营养支持,不仅可有效地改善患者营养状况、肝功能,还可明显降低临床炎性反应、并发症及不良反应率,具有较高的安全性,具有临床推广应用价值。     

The evolving role of post-ligament of Trietz nasojejunal feeding in enteral nutrition and the need for improved feeding tube design and placement methods

Nutrition support is an important link in the chain of therapy for intensive care unit patients. The early institution of nutrition support significantly reduces the incidence of septic complications, reduces mortality, and shortens hospital stay. Unfortunately, impaired gastrointestinal function, particularly gastric atony, restricts the use of nasogastric enteral tube feeding, and the use of this route of administration in these patients can lead to regurgitation, aspiration, and the development of pneumonia. Postpyloric enteral feeding was heralded as a means of overcoming many of these problems. Overall, the results of controlled studies do not support a role of postpyloric duodenal feeding in reducing the incidence of aspiration pneumonia. As a consequence, post-ligament of Treitz nasojejunal enteral feeding is proposed as the technique of choice in these patients. Feeding tube design must incorporate a gastric aspiration port to overcome problems of gastroesophageal acid reflux, duodenogastric bile reflux, and increased gastric acid secretion, problems that occur during "downstream" jejunal feeding. Tube placement technique will need to be refined and patients will need to receive a predigested enteral diet. In postoperative surgical patients in the intensive care unit, there is also a need for a newly designed dual-purpose nasogastric tube capable initially of providing a means of undertaking gastric aspiration and decompression and subsequently a means of initiating nasogastric enteral feeding.     

术后早期肠内营养

肠内营养的应用,越来越引起广大临床医师的重视。直接向肠道提供营养物,不仅是满足机体营养的需求,更重要的是维持了肠道的完整性,这对严重创伤,大手术后病人的恢复,减少术后感染性并发症的发生具有重要的意义。何时开始肠内营养,如何选择理想的肠内营养制剂,关系到肠内营养的效果。本文就术后早期肠内营养的可行性,开始的时间,制剂的选择及给予途径,对代谢的影响等作一综述。     

肝移植围手术期的营养支持管理

目的:总结肝移植围手术期病人的营养支持管理,提高器官移植的成功率,减少术后并发症,促进康复. 方法:对71例肝移植病人围手术期的营养治疗方法和营养状况进行回顾性分析.术前给予适当热量、蛋白质和高维生素的肠内营养,同时加用支链氨基酸(BCAA)和谷氨酰胺(Gln),使病人尽快改善全身营养状况.术后给予静脉营养,同时尽早实施肠内营养,直至全肠内营养. 结果:除5例病人死于呼吸衰竭、2例死于出血性休克外,其余64例病人肝功能逐渐恢复,营养指标明显改善,移植肝功能良好. 结论:肝移植围手术期病人的营养管理十分必要,合理的营养支持有利于移植器官功能的早期恢复和受者营养状态的改善.     

早期肠内营养和肠外营养支持重型颅脑损伤的效果观察

目的探讨早期营养支持对重型颅脑损伤患者营养状况的效果影响。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月-2008年10月间收治的重型颅脑损伤患者38例,随机分为肠内营养加肠外营养支持组（观察组）19例和全肠外营养支持组（对照组）19例。观察组早期肠内营养（enteral nutrition,EN）和肠外营养（parenterl nutrition,PN）结合,10天后转为全肠道营养,对照组10天内行全肠外营养支持,观察血糖、血浆白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数,并发症发生率及预后。结果观察组能获得充足的能量和蛋白质合成物,1周时的血糖控制程度、血浆白蛋白及外周血淋巴细胞总数优于对照组（P〈0．05）,观察组并发症少于对照组。观察组10天后病死率为（15．79％）明显低于对照组（31．58％）。结论重型颅脑损伤行早期肠内营养和肠外营养结合符合病人的病理、生理要求,能使该类病人营养状况和生存率提高。     

早期肠内营养和肠外营养支持重型颅脑损伤的效果观察

目的探讨早期营养支持对重型颅脑损伤患者营养状况的效果影响。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月～2008年10月间收治的重型颅脑损伤患者38例,随机分为肠内营养加肠外营养支持组(观察组)19例和全肠外营养支持组(对照组)19例。观察组早期肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)和肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)结合,10天后转为全肠道营养,对照组10天内行全肠外营养支持,观察血糖、血浆白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数,并发症发生率及预后。结果观察组能获得充足的能量和蛋白质合成物,1周时的血糖控制程度、血浆白蛋白及外周血淋巴细胞总数优于对照组(P<0.05),观察组并发症少于对照组。观察组10天后病死率为(15.79%)明显低于对照组(31.58%)。结论重型颅脑损伤行早期肠内营养和肠外营养结合符合病人的病理、生理要求,能使该类病人营养状况和生存率提高。     

Enteral access in mechanically ventilated patients.

The early institution of enteral nutrition is now accepted as the preferred route of feeding in critically ill patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract. It is particularly important to establish early enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients because of the metabolic demands associated with mechanical ventilation. The options for enteral access in mechanically ventilated patients are reviewed, with an emphasis on those techniques that may be performed at the bedside. The advantages, disadvantages, and complications of the different techniques will be considered.     

Enteral Nutrition in Term Infants with Congenital Heart Disease: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions to Improve Clinical Practice

Optimal nutrition is essential to improve short- and long-term outcomes in newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). Nevertheless, several issues on nutritional management and concerns about the potential risk of complications related to enteral feeding exist. This narrative review aims to summarize and discuss the available literature on enteral feeding in term infants with CHD. A wide variability in feeding management exists worldwide. Emerging approaches to improve nutritional status and outcomes in infants with CHD include: implementation of a standardized enteral feeding protocol, both preoperative and postoperative, clearly defining time of initiation and advancement of enteral feeds, reasons to withhold, and definitions of feeding intolerance; early minimal enteral feeding; enteral feeding in stable term infants on hemodynamic support; evaluation of enteral feeding in term infants with umbilical arterial catheters and during prostaglandin infusion; assessment and support of oro-motor skills; and promotion and support of breastfeeding and provision of mother’s own milk or donor milk when mother’s own milk is not available. As evidence from term infants is scarce, available observations and recommendations partially rely on studies in preterm infants. Thus, well-designed studies assessing standardized clinically relevant outcomes are needed to provide robust evidence and shared recommendations and practices.     

Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

In the midst of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a paucity of data precludes derivation of COVID-19–specific recommendations for nutrition therapy. Until more data are available, focus must be centered on principles of critical care nutrition modified for the constraints of this disease process, ie, COVID-19–relevant recommendations. Delivery of nutrition therapy must include strategies to reduce exposure and spread of disease by providing clustered care, adequate protection of healthcare providers, and preservation of personal protective equipment. Enteral nutrition (EN) should be initiated early after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) using a standard isosmolar polymeric formula, starting at trophic doses and advancing as tolerated, while monitoring for gastrointestinal intolerance, hemodynamic instability, and metabolic derangements. Intragastric EN may be provided safely, even with use of prone-positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clinicians should have a lower threshold for switching to parenteral nutrition in cases of intolerance, high risk of aspiration, or escalating vasopressor support. Although data extrapolated from experience in acute respiratory distress syndrome warrants use of fiber additives and probiotic organisms, the lack of benefit precludes a recommendation for micronutrient supplementation. Practices that increase exposure or contamination of equipment, such as monitoring gastric residual volumes, indirect calorimetry to calculate requirements, endoscopy or fluoroscopy to achieve enteral access, or transport out of the ICU for additional imaging, should be avoided. At all times, strategies for nutrition therapy need to be assessed on a risk/benefit basis, paying attention to risk for both the patient and the healthcare provider.     

家庭肠内营养支持治疗胃癌全胃切除术后营养不良

目的:总结家庭肠内营养支持用于胃癌病人全胃切除术后治疗营养不良的经验. 方法:对3例全胃切除术后营养不良的胃癌病人,评估其营养状况,建立输注途径,做好病人及家属的指导,行家庭肠内营养支持并作随访. 结果:家庭肠内营养支持后,病人营养状况改善,免疫功能增强,生活质量提高,支持抗肿瘤治疗. 结论:对全胃切除术后营养不良的胃癌病人,应积极开展家庭肠内营养支持治疗.     

胃癌术后肠内营养与肠外营养的护理分析

目的：探讨胃癌术后肠内营养与肠外营养的护理。方法：研究我院2014年3月至2015年12月期间随机抽取的胃癌术后患者80例,分为对照组与观察组各40例,其中对照组运用肠外营养支持护理,观察组运用肠内营养支持护理,分析两组患者营养支持护理效果差异。结果：在护理前后各蛋白指数上,观察组改善幅度高于对照组,p<0.05;在术后感染率显著并发症发生率上,观察组低于对照组,p<0.05;在肛门排气与住院时长上,观察组短于对照组,p<0.05。结论：胃癌术后通过肠内营养支持护理可以有效的提升患者恢复效果,加快术后恢复,减少术后并发症。     

Le patient acteur dans le parcours de soin : à propos de l’assistance nutritionnelle en auto-soin

In severely malnourished patients, or in patients unable to meet their nutritional needs, the continuation of the nutritional support started in the hospital is often required after discharge. However, the management of an enteral or parenteral nutrition at home or in post-hospital facilities requires a specific training and its acceptance can be impaired by several hurdles. For these reasons, standardized therapeutic training programs involving successive steps are necessary. The management of the preparatory phase of home artificial nutrition is coordinated by a multidisciplinary hospital team in charge of (1) checking the feasibility and relevance of long-term nutrition support, (2) the placement of the device required for long-term enteral or parenteral feeding, (3) the education of the patient or his relatives for handling the connection and disconnection and (4) the coordination of the post-hospital follow-up.     

老年人胆道围手术期营养支持29例临床分析

报告29例老年人胆道疾患围手术期存在的不同程度营养不良,术前高危因素和术后严重并发症,在手术前、后实施PN或(和)EN的阶段性营养支持,以达到纠正负氮平衡,维持内环境稳定,增加体重和促进伤口愈合.本组手术治愈率89.4%(26/29).结合老年人生理特点,急性应激期改变和肝肾功能障碍等问题,就胆道围手术期的代谢支持(MS)、PN和EN的具体应用作了较为详尽的讨论.     

肠内营养在维护门静脉高压症术后患者肠道黏膜屏障功能中的作用

目的了解肠内营养在维护门静脉高压症术后患者肠道黏膜屏障功能中的作用和地位。方法40例门静脉高压症手术患者随机进入肠内(EN)或肠外营养(PN)组,术后分别接受肠内外营养,观察两种营养方式对患者内脏蛋白合成能力、肝功能及其储备、胃肠功能、内毒素水平、肠道细菌移位和乳果糖/甘露醇比值等方面的影响。结果两种营养方式均能改善患者的营养状况。EN术后并发症少,在刺激肠道蠕动,减轻内毒素水平,防止肠道菌群移位,维护肠黏膜屏障方面优于PN,且差异显著(P<0.05)。结论EN是维护此部分患者肠道黏膜免疫屏障功能稳定的有效方式。     

慢性阻塞性肺病加重期患者早期肠内营养支持研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)加重期患者早期肠内营养支持的治疗效果。方法将58例COPD加重期患者分为早期肠内营养组33例和肠外营养组25例,分别于治疗前、治疗第5d及治疗第10d检测各项生化指标,并观察两组并发症情况,计算死亡率。结果早期肠内营养与肠外营养组治疗后各营养指标均有所下降,早期肠内营养组的蛋白类指标降幅低于肠外营养组(P<0.05)。早期肠内营养组感染性并发症发生率(27.27%)低于肠外营养组(56.00%),非感染性并发症发生率(69.70%)高于肠外营养组(40.00%),差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。早期肠内营养与肠外营养组死亡率差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论COPD加重期患者进行早期肠内营养支持可有效控制患者营养状况的恶化,纠正或减轻患者的负氮平衡,对于减少感染性并发症具有重要意义。