基于位错运动的镍基单晶各向异性蠕变寿命预测

对3种不同取向的DD6镍基单晶高温合金进行了980℃下的蠕变试验,结果表明镍基单晶高温合金蠕变失效机理是材料内部微孔洞的萌生与微裂纹的扩展,其本质是由位错运动造成的。采用透射电镜(TEM)对蠕变初期[001]、[111]和[011]3种取向的单晶合金的位错形貌进行观测,发现其分别符合八面体滑移系开动、六面体滑移系开动与两滑移系同时开动的特征。针对上述微观现象,基于晶体塑性理论建立了考虑Orowan效应与位错阻碍效应的蠕变本构模型与蠕变损伤模型,并根据试验得到的蠕变曲线拟合了模型参数。该模型的有限元模拟结果与单晶材料的蠕变断口形貌相互印证,解释了单晶蠕变的各向异性的力学行为。     

镍基单晶高温合金沉淀相尺度效应研究

对Ni_3Al(γ')沉淀相尺寸对镍基单晶高温合金拉伸性能的影响进行了研究。对镍基单晶高温合金而言,材料的屈服来源于位错以Orowan机制绕过沉淀相,而Orowan应力与沉淀相间距有关。根据这一机理,基于晶体塑性理论,引入一个本构方程以表征沉淀相尺寸对镍基单晶高温合金屈服强度的影响。采用该本构模型,分别计算了在[001]以及[111]2个取向下,含有尺寸为0.2~2.5μm沉淀相的镍基单晶高温合金屈服强度,并与试验结果进行了对比验证。结果表明,该模型可以准确表征镍基单晶高温合金沉淀相的尺度效应。     

一种无铼二代镍基单晶高温合金蠕变机制研究

通过对一种镍基单晶合金中温高应力条件下的蠕变曲线的测定和微观组织及断裂后合金中位错组态的衍衬分析,研究中温高应力条件下单晶合金的组织演化及变形特征。结果表明:在中温高应力条件下,该合金的蠕变激活能Q为(462±20)kJ/mol,表观应力指数na=4.34。表明在试验温度和应力范围内,合金具有较好的蠕变抗力。位错组态衍衬分析表明,蠕变期间切入相内的<110>超位错既可在{100}立方体滑移系中运动,也可在{111}八面体滑移系中运动;位错在运动中相遇发生位错反应,形成的超位错可交滑移至{100}立方体滑移面。位于2个不同{100}六面体滑移面的位错在运动中相遇,可发生位错反应,生成的位错可在{111}八面体滑移系中运动。     

横向预压缩对[011]取向镍基单晶高温合金蠕变行为的影响

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了横向预压缩对[011]取向镍基单晶高温合金在1040℃,137 MPa条件下拉伸蠕变行为的影响.结果表明,[011]取向镍基单晶高温合金在1040℃,180 MPa条件下沿[100]方向预压缩38 h后形成了总体上平行于压应力轴方向的P型g'筏状组织.预压缩期间不同晶面不同的应变能密度分布及晶格应变是g'相筏形化的主要原因.位错在基体通道中的滑移是有/无预压缩[011]取向合金在稳态蠕变阶段主要的变形机制,其中在预压缩合金内存在较多的位错攀移运动.横向预压缩显著提高了[011]取向合金在1040℃,137 MPa条件下的蠕变抗力.合金内的"山墙型"基体通道的消除、稳态蠕变阶段较小的g基体宽度、筏状组织横向连接形成的微观瓶颈状g基体通道和"迷宫式"的组织以及较多数量滑移系的开动,均有助于通过限制位错的运动,提高预压缩合金的蠕变抗力.     

喷射沉积Ni3Al-Mo合金的位错结构分析和断裂特性

利用多功能雾化沉积装置,制备了Ni3Al-Mo高温合金.拉伸性能测试表明:喷射沉积Ni3Al-Mo合金的屈服强度有明显的"R"特性,即喷射沉积合金的屈服强度随着温度的增加而增加,在760 ℃时达到最大值;随着温度的继续增加,屈服强度会逐渐降低.利用TEM对位错结构分析,阐明了合金屈服强度与微观结构之间的关系.研究结果表明,试验合金所具有的屈服强度随温度的变化规律主要是由不同温度下γ′及γ相内的位错缠结状况、位错对的形态及数量和六面体滑移系的开动程度决定的.裂纹的TEM分析表明,随着变形应力的增加,裂纹在晶界部位产生,然后迅速扩展,而且在不同的晶面内存在一些不同的滑移带.喷射沉积合金在室温、中温及高温下裂纹严格沿八面体滑移系(111)面开裂.     

不同取向镍基单晶高温合金的蠕变参数及其与蠕变行为的关系研究

通过蠕变性能的测试和内摩擦应力的测定,研究了[001]、[011]和[111]取向镍基单晶高温合金分别沿[001]、[011]和[111]取向在高温/低应力条件下拉伸蠕变至稳态阶段的有效蠕变参数及其与蠕变性能和变形机制之间的关系。结果表明,随着温度的升高和外加应力的降低,3种取向合金的内摩擦应力降低。在相同条件下,3种取向合金的内摩擦应力顺序为σ_(i[001])σ_(i[111])σ_(i[011])。蠕变前后[011]和[111]取向合金内相对于应力轴倾斜连贯的"屋脊"型基体通道是2种合金具有较低内摩擦应力和较差蠕变抗力的重要原因。[001]取向合金在1040℃/137 MPa条件下的有效蠕变激活能为Q_(e[001])=281.32 kJ/mol,表明其稳态阶段的变形机制为元素扩散控制的位错攀移。[011]取向合金的有效蠕变激活能为Q_(e[011])=146.87 kJ/mol,其较低的数值与其内部开放的基体通道对位错滑移较小的阻碍作用有关;[111]取向合金较[011]取向合金较高的有效蠕变激活能Q_(e[111])=182.61 kJ/mol与其内部片层状的γ′相和位错的交滑移有关。     

一种镍基单晶高温合金高温持久性能的各向异性

测定了一种镍基单晶高温合金[001],[011]和[111]三个取向的高温持久性能。结果表明,[001]方向塑性最好,[111]方向寿命最长,而[011]方向各性能指标都较低,组织分析显示,[111]取向启动多个滑移系,形成界面位错网,且分切应力低,因而寿命长;[001]取向等价滑移系最多,可有效钝化微裂纹,因而塑性最好;而[011]取向切应力高,滑移系少,形变孪晶易促进裂纹萌生,所以寿命短且塑性也低,三种试样在持久过程中都形成一种沿枝晶方向的藤状γ′,是由各枝晶间的微小取向差引起的,这些滕状γ′可以成为一种重要的裂纹源。     

<111>取向小角偏离对一种镍基单晶高温合金蠕变性能的影响

采用籽晶法制备偏离111取向不同角度的镍基单晶高温合金试样。研究了合金在760℃、650 MPa下小角偏离对蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,111取向附近合金的蠕变性能具有显著的小角偏离敏感性。偏离角度较小的111取向合金试样的蠕变寿命最长,蠕变过程中位错主要分布在γ通道内,随着取向偏离度增加,合金的蠕变寿命显著下降。且沿着[-111]-[011]边界偏离时蠕变寿命相对于沿着[-111]-[001]边界偏离下降更快。近111取向合金都表现出了较弱的加工硬化,但沿着[-111]-[001]边界偏离的样品,其初期蠕变速率相对较低,对应着较长的蠕变孕育期。进一步分析表明,[-111]-[011]边界对应着{111}110滑移系的共面双滑移取向,在蠕变初期就产生较高的蠕变速率,随着取向偏离度增加{111}112滑移系的Schmid因子迅速增加,蠕变寿命显著下降。而沿着[-111]-[001]边界偏离试样蠕变孕育期的产生则是由于占主导地位的滑移系数量下降且具有相对较低的{111}110滑移系Schmid因子,导致位错无法在γ通道内迅速增殖并分解产生112位错,延缓了初期蠕变阶段的产生。     

DD9单晶高温合金拉伸性能各向异性

采用OM,SEM和TEM研究了[001],[011]和[111]取向第三代单晶高温合金DD9组织,在拉伸试验机上测试了3种取向760和1100℃下的拉伸性能.结果表明,在垂直于晶体生长方向的截面上,[001],[011]和[111]取向DD9合金铸态枝晶形貌、热处理态γ'相形状不同;随着温度的升高,合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度降低,各向异性减弱;除1100℃下[001]取向屈服强度略低于[011]取向,[001]取向DD9合金抗拉强度与屈服强度分别高于[011]和[111]取向合金;[001],[011]和[111]取向DD9合金760℃下拉伸断口呈类解理特征,1100℃下断口为韧窝断裂特征;760℃下DD9拉伸试样在基体通道内含有浓密的位错,[001]取向在γ'相内出现了层错,1100℃下[001]与[111]取向在基体通道内和γ'相内累积了大量浓密的位错网,[011]取向出现了大量的形变孪晶带.     

不同疲劳热环境下GH4169高温合金形变行为研究

以镍基高温合金GH4169为对象,研究了600℃时不同取向的3种镍基单晶合金在不同低周疲劳下的循环变形行为,采用计算机软件对试验数据进行拟合分析。结果表明,3种取向[001]、[011]和[111]的镍基单晶合金,在不同总应变幅下的硬化曲线均在高总应变幅时表现为循环硬化,在低总应变幅时为循环稳定的特征;[001]取向的合金在0.6%总应变幅下的应力-应变为线性关系,显示出弹性变形的特点;在0.85%总应变幅下发生塑性变形;当总应变幅增加到1%时,可以观察到合金中位错缠结,且位错密度明显增大。     

基于粘塑性的单晶镍基合金晶体学本构模型

单晶镍基合金在涡轮叶片上得到越来越广泛地应用,对单晶材料本构模型的研究也在不断地深入。本文运用晶体学理论,结合现象学的统一本构模型的优点,进行了单晶镍基合金的本构建模,模型基于晶体学滑移理论,在单晶八面体12个滑移系和立方体6个滑移系的微观水平上建立粘塑性流动方程和硬化方程,该方程采用粘塑性统一本构方程的一般形式。建模过程表明晶体模型物理意义更明确,计算结果则表明模型是准确的。     

复杂应力状态下镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型

镍基单晶合金的低周疲劳（ＬＣＦ）晶体取向相关性和其弹塑性的晶体取向相关性有密切关系,基于所建晶体取向各向异性弹塑性晶体滑移模型,本文推导了复杂应力状态下镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型,结论为ＬＣＦ寿命与修正的滑移应变呈指数关系。在详细分析薄壁圆筒试样受拉－扭载荷下应力应变分布规律的基础上,利用不同拉－扭载茶下的低周疲劳寿命数据,对本文所提模型进行了成功的考核。     

Yielding behavior of aluminum-rich single crystalline γ-TiAl

The yielding behavior of Al-rich single crystalline γ-Ti 55.5 at% Al has been measured along near [0 0 1], [0 1 0] and orientations in both tension and compression and as function of temperature. All three orientations displayed anomalous yielding and a pronounced tension/compression asymmetry. The relative strength of the material, location of the anomalous yielding peak, and tension/compression asymmetry are all orientation dependent. A micromechanical superdislocation model addressing crystal geometry, sense of the applied load, Escaig forces and the Yoo torque is presented to explain the observed experimental results.     

Microstructural development in single crystal nickel base superalloy welds

Abstract

The welding behaviour of alloy PWA 1480, a single crystal nickel base super alloy, has been investigated. The ability to successfully weld single crystal nickel base superalloys is desirable for fabrication procedures as well as for potential repair applications in both aircraft and land based turbine systems. The microstructural development in welds of this alloy was characterised and analysed using a geometrical model developed earlier in the study of Fe–Cr–Ni single crystal welds. The microstructural features in the nickel base alloy welds and, in particular, the dendritic growth patterns, were accurately described by this model. However, several potential difficulties with the welding of the nickel base superalloys were identified. First, there is frequent formation of stray crystals which result in the loss of the single crystal nature of the weld. Second, dendritic zones are formed in the weld and these may result in a degradation of the weld properties, even if the single crystal character of the weldment remains intact. In addition, extensive cracking was found in these welds and this subject is dealt with in a companion paper.     

Strain–temperature behavior of NiTiCu shape memory single crystals

Single crystal specimens of NiTi10Cu alloys were subjected to temperature cycling conditions under constant tensile and compressive stresses and the transformation strains were monitored. The [111] orientation exhibited the highest experimental transformation strains (6.64%) in tension while the [001] provides the highest transformation strains in compression (5.34%). These transformation strain levels are significantly higher than previously reported values on NiTiCu alloys. The theoretical treatment includes both the calculation of the CVP (correspondent variant pair) formation strain incorporating the growth of monoclinic phase from the most favorably oriented orthorhombic variant, and the concomitant detwinning of the monoclinic martensite. The experimental transformation strain values are consistently below the theoretical levels due to two main reasons: the slip deformation in the austenite domains as confirmed with TEM studies, and the incomplete transformation resulting in a mixture of orthorhombic and monoclinic phases as determined from diffraction patterns. The experimental transformation strains are higher in tension compared to compression for most single crystal orientations due to two factors: the additional strain associated with the detwinning of the B19′phase in the final microstructure (such as in [111] case), and the partial completion of the second step of the transformation limiting the compression strains.     

镍基单晶高温合金热机械疲劳本构模型研究

在晶体塑性理论的基础上,提出了一种适用于镍基单晶高温合金热机械疲劳的本构模型,并采用该模型对单晶材料不同晶体取向的热机械疲劳力学响应进行有限元模拟。结果表明,该本构模型可以较好地模拟镍基单晶合金的热机械疲劳行为。对于同相位热机械疲劳,压缩应力幅大于拉伸应力幅,循环平均应力小于零;对于反相位热机械疲劳,拉伸应力幅大于压缩应力幅,循环平均应力大于零。随着循环次数的增加,材料呈现出在高温半周为初始软化,低温半周为初始硬化的特征。晶体取向对于材料的热机械疲劳性能具有显著的影响。     

铱单晶纳米线在不同应力状态下的变形行为

基于分子动力学模拟方法计算了铱单晶纳米线在室温下的拉伸和压缩变形行为。计算结果表明,铱单晶纳米线在拉伸和压缩时的力学性能均存在尺寸效应。铱单晶纳米线的拉伸和压缩变形行为具有非对称性,在拉伸条件下其伸长率为14%,而在压缩条件下表现出较好的塑性,在压缩过程中有堆垛层错产生,压缩应变达到0.499后模型还未发生断裂。     

单晶Ni_3Al裂纹扩展的TEM原位观察

利用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）原位拉伸在室温下对（１１０）［１１０］取向 Ｎｉ３ＡＩ合金单晶中裂纹的萌生与扩展进行了研究结果表明：裂纹沿之字形路径扩展且裂纹的总体扩展路径与拉伸轴平行迹线分析表明,首先激活的是（１１１）和（１１１）两个主滑移面上的滑移系;其后在 Ｓｃｈｍｉｄ因子为零的两个滑移面上的滑移系激活．为了解释所观察到的现象而建立了一个位错塞积模型位错应力场的计算表明,塞积位错列所产生的应力场导致了第二滑移系的启动,并使得裂纹扩展路径平行于拉伸轴的方向     

Tension-Compression Yield Asymmetry Influenced by the Variable Deformation Modes in Gradient Structure Mg Alloys

Surface mechanical attrition treatment(SMAT) was carried out on hot-rolled AZ31 Mg samples along two orthogonal directions;as a result,two types of gradient structures with different grain sizes and texture components in different layers were produced.The tension-compression yield asymmetry(YA) was studied using samples with different thicknesses,in order to elucidate the effect of combinations of variable deformation modes operating in different layers of the two oriented SMAT samples.The 0° oriented SMAT sample containing layers with strong basal texture displayed significant YA,because of either dislocation slip or extension twinning domination during tension or compression.By contrast,the 90° oriented SMAT sample containing layers with coexisting orthogonal texture components had an obviously weakened YA,which was attributed to the multi-deformation modes cooperating during tension or compression,i.e.,extension twinning or detwinning in conjunction with dislocation slips,leading to close yield stresses compared between tension and compression.     

Mechanisms of plastic deformation in microcrystalline and nanocrystalline TiNi-based alloys

Mechanisms of plastic deformation of a high-temperature B2 phase that act upon tension, compression, and high-pressure torsion in TiNi-based single crystals have been studied depending on the crystal orientation. For the crystals with orientations located near the [$ \bar 1 $ \bar 1 11] and [$ \bar 1 $ \bar 1 12] poles in the standard stereographic triangle, multiple dislocation slip prevails upon both compression and tension. In “hard” crystals with the deformation axis close to the [001] direction, in which the Schmid factors for dislocation slip are close to zero, the main deformation mechanisms are the mechanical twinning in the B2 phase and the stress-assisted B2 → B19′ martensitic transformation. All the above listed mechanisms take part in the formation of the {111}〈hkl〉 texture. The mechanism of the change in the orientation of “hard” polycrystalline grains upon the formation of a nanocrystalline and amorphous-crystalline state has been demonstrated on the example of the evolution of the structure of [001] crystals upon severe plastic deformation in a Bridgman cell.