腘肌腱和腓侧副韧带股骨止点的测量及其临床意义

目的　为临床膝关节后外侧角重建术股骨侧骨隧道的定位提供解剖学资料。 方法　选取男女各30例膝关节标本,对膝关节后外侧角仔细解剖分离,测量腓侧副韧带和腘肌腱股骨附丽部中心与股骨外上髁位置关系、两者中心点的距离以及附丽部的面积。 结果　腓侧副韧带附着面积为(47.25±　14.69)mm2,其中男性为(50.22±9.72)mm2,大于女性的(44.29±12.33)mm2;腘肌腱附着面积为(56.18±13.88)　mm2,其中男性为(60.57±12.44)mm2,大于女性的(51.79±13.68)mm2。腓侧副韧带附丽部中心在股骨外上髁近端(1.29±2.73)mm,后方(3.53±2.12)mm,腘肌腱附丽部中心在股骨外上髁远端(8.47±3.34)mm,后方　(3.86±2.09)mm。腓侧副韧带和腘肌腱两者股骨附丽部中心的距离平均为(10.12±3.06)mm,男性为(11.32±　3.69)mm,女性为(8.92±3.25)mm。 结论　两者附丽部的面积和中心距离存在性别差异（P<0.05）,本实验的解剖数据可以为临床重建术中定位骨隧道提供参数值。     

前交叉韧带重建股骨足迹精确定位的解剖与临床研究

目的　探讨前交叉韧带（ACL）个性化解剖重建术中韧带止点足迹精确定位的方法及效果。 方法　①15侧膝关节尸体标本,标记ACL股骨足迹,观察ACL足迹长轴与股骨干角度、前内束（AM）中心位点距后软骨缘距离、后外束（PL）中心位点距下软骨缘距离。②15例行ACL重建患者,术中采用三入路观察与导航定位方法明确ACL股骨足迹,测量AM与PL连线与股骨干夹角、AM距后软骨缘距离、PL距下软骨缘距离。 结果　15例膝关节尸体标本ACL股骨足迹长轴与股骨干角度为（18.5±　2.5）°、AM与股骨外髁内面后缘距离为（6.1±1.8）mm、PL距离下软骨缘距离为（6.2±2.2）mm,但每个标本均不相同。导航显示,ACL股骨足迹长轴与股骨干夹角为（19.3±3.1）°,AM与股骨外髁内面后缘为（5.8±1.2）mm、PL距离下软骨缘为（5.9±2.5）mm,各数据相差较大。 结论　①ACL股骨与胫骨解剖足迹变异较大,应根据每例ACL足迹不同进行精确的个性化解剖重建。②以同一个标准进行所有ACL重建难以达到真正的解剖重建。     

前交叉韧带解剖重建股骨隧道与外侧副韧带解剖重建股骨隧道的关系

目的探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)单束解剖重建股骨隧道与外侧副韧带(LCL)重建股骨隧道的关系,以期为临床中ACL解剖重建提供解剖学数据,便于临床实际操作中避免2个股骨隧道相互干扰,为ACL和LCL一期解剖重建提供依据。方法采用30例成人尸体膝部标本,保留膝关节上下至少20cm,排除关节明显退变、畸形及关节损伤。男性16例,女性14例,年龄在23~66岁,平均年龄38.7岁。屈膝120°经前内辅助入路(AMP)钻取股骨隧道。在股骨外髁外侧面寻找后外侧角(PLC)结构,钝性分离LCL,并钻取LCL隧道。标本进行CT扫描,在CT片上观察隧道碰撞数,并计算两个隧道的最短距离。结果在LCL股骨隧道深度为25mm时,其与ACL股骨隧道最短距离为(3.9±2.4)mm;在LCL股骨隧道深度为30mm时,其与ACL股骨隧道最短距离为(2.7±1.9)mm。在ACL股骨隧道深度为25mm时,其与LCL股骨隧道的最短距离为(4.4±2.6)mm;在ACL股骨隧道深度为30mm时,其与LCL股骨隧道的最短距离为(3.2±2.1)mm。在30例标本中,共发现6例隧道碰撞,碰撞的几率高达20%。结论我们发现两者隧道发生碰撞的几率高,临床一期解剖重建时,术前应做个体化准备,规划好LCL重建所需股骨隧道的长度和隧道直径,从而规避与ACL股骨隧道的碰撞。     

膝关节前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点位置的解剖

目的 通过对膝关节前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点的解剖测量,找到确定前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点的简单可行的方法,为双束重建前交叉韧带手术中的骨道定位提供理论依据。方法 解剖20例新鲜膝关节标本（25~45岁）。在屈膝90°位,测量前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点中心点距股骨髁间窝外侧壁前方、后方和下方软骨缘的距离,再对测量数据进行评估和对比。结果前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点中心点距离股骨前方软骨缘(8.74±1.39)mm,距离后方软骨缘(8.69±1.57)mm（P =0.926）。后外束止点中心点距离股骨下方软骨缘(5.06±0.77)mm。结论膝关节屈膝90°位时,前交叉韧带后外束的股骨止点中心点位于股骨髁间窝外侧壁,距离下方软骨缘5mm,距离前方和后方软骨缘的距离相等。在前交叉韧带双束重建的手术中,应用本研究的结果能够简单、快捷地确定前交叉韧带后外束股骨骨道位置。     

股骨足印中心定位法单束解剖重建ACL临床效果研究

目的　探讨急性前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament, ACL）断裂后镜下单束解剖重建术中股骨骨道实用定位方法及临床效果。 方法　对ACL断裂患者行关节镜下自体半腱股薄肌腱单束解剖重建术,术中股骨侧骨道采用足印中心定位法,同时术中寻找股骨外侧髁间嵴、分叉嵴等骨性标志对定位点准确性进行校对。术前、术后进行膝关节功能检查及评分,包括前抽屉试验、Lachman 试验、pivot shift试验、Lysholm 评分、Tegner 评分、IKDC 评分。 结果　(1)镜下100%可见股骨外髁间嵴,但分叉嵴的出现率仅有42%（48/115）。(2)术后前抽屉试验阴性率79%（术后3个月）、77%（术后24月）;Lachman 试验阴性率80%（术后3个月）、71%（术后24月）、pivot shift试验阴性率97%（术后3个月）、95%（术后24月）。(3) Lysholm 评分、Tegner 评分及IKDC 评分与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论　ACL单束解剖重建股骨足印区中心点法能提供足够膝关节稳定性,取得满意临床效果,但对股骨止点残留韧带依赖性高;股骨外侧髁间嵴镜下易于辨认,但分叉嵴辨别率低。     

股骨近端外侧壁的解剖学研究及其对转子间骨折内固定的意义

目的　研究观测股骨近端外侧壁的骨性与软组织解剖特征,为临床向股骨头内打入拉力螺钉或螺旋刀片的股骨外侧皮质提供参考数据。 方法　采用16例成人股骨干燥标本、10例尸体下肢标本和20例老年股骨转子间骨折的横断面CT图像,分别测量外侧壁的骨性面积、软组织附着及其面积以及外侧壁骨皮质的厚度。 结果 骨性外侧壁平均高（24.4±2.4）mm,宽（23.3±2.0）mm,面积（567.0±82.8）mm2。臀中肌、臀小肌的止点与股外侧肌起点,在外侧壁处相互交织,形成致密坚韧的腱膜样重叠部,平均高（33.2±2.3）mm,宽（28.2±1.9）mm,厚（1.6±0.1）mm。老年人小转子平面的股骨外侧壁皮质薄弱,厚仅（2.3±0.5 ）mm。 结论 老年股骨转子间骨折的外侧壁皮质薄弱,容易骨折。推荐选用头髓钉系统进行内固定治疗,具有较高的安全性。     

股骨远端微创锁定内固定钢板固定参数的三维数字化测量

背景：有研究表明股骨远端微创锁定内固定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折具有较好的疗效,但其设计参数多为参照西方人种数据,且其产品规格有限。 目的：对成年中国人中远端股骨微创锁定内固定钢板手术相关解剖CT数据进行数字化测量。 方法：选自内蒙古医学院第二附属医院影像科非膝关节疾患的成人CT连续扫描数据15例,利用Mimics 10.01软件进行三维重建,在三维立体图形中测量股骨远端宽;股骨外侧髁前后径;股骨外侧髁基底部宽;股骨外侧髁干角;自股骨大转子下缘5 cm至外上髁每隔5 cm划分为1段,共分为5段,分别测量每段中部股骨内外侧皮质及髓腔横径。 结果与结论：成年中国人中远端股骨微创锁定内固定钢板固定后,股骨远端左右侧宽分别为(84.80±1.27) mm和(84.60± 1.40) mm;股骨外侧髁前后径分别为(67.36±1.41) mm和(66.27±1.42) mm;股骨外侧髁基底部宽分别为(42.53±3.42) mm和(42.98±1.25) mm;股骨外侧髁干角分别为(7.58±0.69)°和(7.66±0.79)°,左右侧别间差异均无显著性意义。 关键词：微创锁定内固定钢板;股骨远端;三维重建;设计参数;数字化骨科 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.13.003     

股骨小转子数字化三维重建与测量的临床意义

目的　探讨股骨小转子相关解剖数字化测量方法,为设计针对小转子骨折特点的股骨近端内固定系统提供解剖学依据。 方法　对80例完整成人股骨标本行CT扫描,应用Mimics 10.01软件,利用数字化三维重建技术重建股骨,标定相关解剖标志,测量指标包括股骨小转子相关解剖参数。 结果　小转子纵径为(27.01±1.72)mm,横径为(17.82±1.22)mm,应用后倾角为（22.42±9.08）°,应用上倾角为（17.02±2.02）°,拟固定小转子最短螺钉长度为(49.25±3.20) mm,小转子高为(8.59±1.44) mm,小转子体积为(755.91±150.14) mm3。所有测量参数,左、右侧均无统计学差异,P> 0.05。 结论　基于CT影像的股骨数字化三维重建图像具有良好的形态和清晰的边界,可精确识别股骨相应的解剖标志并进行三维测量,能较好地为设计用于小转子骨折固定的股骨近端内固定系统提供解剖学依据。     

股骨远端解剖形态性别差异与假体形态设计的关系

目的：通过三维螺旋CT重建正常人膝关节，测量股骨远端相关解剖参数，探讨男女性股骨远端的解剖特点对于关节表面假体形态的不同要求。方法：80侧正常成人膝关节，男性、女性各40侧，年龄18～72岁，行三维螺旋CT扫描，在GE Advantage workstation工作站上进行0．625mm层厚重建，测量股骨经上髁轴线宽度、内外侧髁高度、髁间高度及内外侧滑车前突距离，行模拟截骨后，测量各截骨面高度，比较各测量值性别问的差异。结果：男女性髁间高度、经上髁轴线宽度、外侧髁高度及内侧髁高度均有显著性差异（P〈0．001），男性各值均大于女性。股骨远端横径与纵径的比值亦为男性大于女性（P〈0．001），男性股骨内、外侧滑车前突距离均大于女性，均值差分别为1．2mm和0．7mm，均有显著性差异（P〈0．001）。结论：男女性之间股骨髁形态存在一定差别，股骨远端关节面假体形态的设计应该性别差异化，使假体与截骨面更好的吻合。以提高全膝关节置换术的手术效果。     

PCL双束重建术中股骨隧道定位对移植物等距特性的影响

目的 探讨后交叉韧带（PCL）双束重建术中股骨隧道定位变化对移植物等距特性的影响。方法 取10具正常成人新鲜膝关节标本,将后交叉韧带分为前外侧束和后内侧束,分别在双束股骨附丽部上选前、后、中、近、远十个测试点,用细软钢丝将各点与胫骨附丽部中点相连,用百分表测量膝关节 0°～ 120°活动范围内各钢丝关节内长度的变化。结果　比较各点的钢丝在关节内长度变化发现,其中前外侧束的近点、后点和后内侧束的近点这3点长度的最大值均不超过2mm。且对前外侧束的近点、后点进行两两比较,发现差异无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论 在后交叉韧带双束重建中,前外侧束应以其股骨附丽部上缘的中点（即近测试点）为中心钻孔;后内侧束应以其股骨附丽部上缘（即近测试点）为中心钻孔建立股骨骨隧道。     

Influence of knee flexion and femoral cross-pin insertion angle on posterolateral structures of the knee and lateral fixation lengths during ACL reconstruction

Purpose

Some studies have investigated knee flexion angle on the sagittal plane and insertion angle of the cross-pin on the coronal plane to evaluate proper femoral fixation. They evaluated the possibilities of injury to the posterolateral (PL) and neurovascular structures using several methods. The purposes of this study were to evaluate (1) the influence of knee flexion and femoral cross-pin insertion angles on knee PL structures and (2) the lateral fixation length of the cross-pin.

Methods

Ten fresh cadaveric knees with no previous surgeries around the knee were used. Transtibial femoral tunnels (1:30 or 10:30 o’clock position) were made at three different knee flexion angles (70°, 90°, and 110°). Two cross-pin guidewires (superior and inferior pins) were drilled at three different insertion angles [downward 30°, 0° (parallel to floor line), and upward 30°] for each knee flexion position. The distances from the insertion point of the two cross-pins to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and popliteus tendon (PT), and the distance from the lateral wall of the femoral tunnel to the lateral cortex of the femoral condyle were measured.

Results

No significant differences were observed in the superior and inferior pin depths (p?=?0.56 and 0.39). The distances from the superior pin to the LCL and from the inferior pin to the LCL were significantly shorter in all knee flexions with 0° and an upward 30° insertion angle than with 70° and 90° knee flexion with a downward 30° insertion angle, respectively (superior pin: p?=?0.02 and 0.03; inferior pin: p?=?0.03 and 0.03). No significant difference was observed in the distance between the superior pin and inferior pins and the PT (p?=?0.25).

Conclusions

The cross-pin was inserted close to the LCL and PT, and a downward 30° angle was the safest insertion angle. Lateral fixation length was sufficient for the cross-pin fixation in the 10:30- or 1:30-positioned femoral tunnel.     

Transtibial versus anteromedial portal of the femoral tunnel in ACL reconstruction: a cadaveric study

The aim of this cadaveric study was to compare the transtibial versus the anteromedial portal with respect to the anatomic femoral positioning of the ACL attachment. Ten fresh frozen cadaveric knees were included in our study. A standard arthroscopy was performed and the normal ACL was partially cut through with arthroscopic scissors leaving a small footprint of 2 mm at the anatomical insertion area on the lateral femoral condyle. The femoral tunnel was drilled through the tibial tunnel and subsequently through the anteromedial portal. Using a probe with standard magnification, we measured the distances of the two femoral tunnels from the margin of ACL footprint arthroscopically. The femurs were then dissected and we measured the distances of the two tunnels from the posterior part of the lateral femoral condyle. The median arthroscopically measured distance of the centers of transtibial femoral tunnel and of the femoral tunnel through the anteromedial portal from the margin of the femoral ACL footprint were 6.20 mm and 2.80 mm respectively. The difference was statistically significant. After femoral dissection the median distance of the centers of the transtibial femoral tunnel and the femoral tunnel performed through the anteromedial portal from the border of the articular surface at the lateral femoral condyle was 6.10 mm and 5.25 mm respectively (p<0.001). Both measurements showed that ACL reconstruction technique through the anteromedial portal is more accurate compared to the transtibial technique.     

膝关节后外侧角重建术中股骨隧道定位对移植物等距性的影响

目的探讨膝关节后外侧角重建术中,股骨隧道定位的变化对移植物等距性的影响。方法选用9具新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,分别在外侧副韧带和腘肌腱股骨侧附着部上选取中、近、远、前、后各5个测试点。模拟膝关节后外侧角的重建步骤,将外侧副韧带、腘肌腱和腘腓韧带胫腓侧的附着部中心与相应股骨侧的5个测试点用铜丝连接,测量膝关节在0°～90°屈曲过程中铜丝长度的变化。结果外侧副韧带股骨侧附着部的远点和前点与其腓骨附着部中心之间变化平均值的最大值均不超过3 mm,且两点无统计学差异(P>0.05);腘肌腱股骨侧附着部的前点与PFL腓骨附着部中心之间变化平均值的最大值不差过3 mm;腘肌腱股骨侧5个测试点与胫骨侧腘肌肌腱移行处点之间变化平均值的最大值均超过3 mm。结论在腓骨侧骨隧道选择附着部中心的情况下,重建外侧副韧带和腘腓韧带时,股骨侧骨隧道宜定位外侧副韧带和腘肌腱附着部前缘(即前点)。     

3T MRI-based anatomy of the anterolateral knee ligament in patients with and without an ACL-rupture: Implications for anatomical anterolateral ligament reconstruction

BackgroundAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is often accompanied by an injury to the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee. Detailed knowledge of the ALL attachments in ACL-ruptured patients is essential for an anatomical ALL reconstruction to avoid knee over-constraint and successfully treat the residual rotational instability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the three-dimensional (3D), topographic anatomy of the ALL attachment in both ACL-ruptured and ACL-intact patients using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3T MRI).MethodsIn the present, retrospective case-control study, the magnetic resonance images of 90 knees with an ACL-rupture and 90 matched-controlled subjects, who suffered a non-contact knee injury without an ACL-rupture, were used to create 3D models of the knee. The femoral and tibial ALL footprints were outlined on each model, and their position was measured using an anatomical coordinate system.ResultsThe femoral origin of the ALL was located 4.9 ± 2.8 mm posterior and 3.8 ± 2.4 mm proximal to the lateral epicondyle in a non-isometric location in control subjects. In ACL-ruptured patients, it was located in a more posterior and distal, at 6.0 ± 1.9 mm posterior and 2.4 ± 1.7 mm proximal to the lateral epicondyle (p < 0.01), also in a non-isometric location. No difference was found in the tibial ALL insertion between groups.ConclusionThe femoral ALL origin was significantly different in ACL-ruptured patients compared to ACL-intact patients. The recommended femoral tunnel position for the anatomical ALL reconstruction, does not represent the femoral ALL origin in the ACL-ruptured knee.     

A biochemical study of the distribution of collagen and its crosslinks in knee ligaments and the patellar tendon

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate biochemical differences in collagen crosslinks from different locations within the ligaments and a tendon of the human knee.

Materials and Methods: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and patellar tendon (PT) were obtained from 24 cadavers (13 men and 11 women) whose average age at the time of death was 84.8 years. Ligaments and PT samples were obtained from the femoral and tibial insertions and the midsubstance. Hydroxyproline (Hyp) and collagen crosslinks, including pyridinoline (Pyr) and pentosidine (Pen), were compared among the different sites.

Results: The midsubstance Hyp concentration was greater than at the femoral and tibial insertions in the ACL (p?=?0.00124 and 0.000255, respectively) and PCL (p?=?0.00036 and 0.042, respectively). The Pyr:collagen ratio did not differ among sites in any of the ligaments or PT. The Pen:collagen ratio at the midsubstance was greater than at the femoral and tibial insertions in the ACL (p?=?0.00022 and 0.00025, respectively) and LCL (p?=?0.000081 and 0.000021, respectively) and was greater at the femoral insertion in the MCL (p?=?0.00010).

Conclusions: The mature collagen crosslink Pyr was not different in distribution in knee ligaments and the PT. Pen increased at the midsubstance ligaments and the PT. As increased Pen may represent ligament degeneration, this may indicate that degeneration may progress more rapidly at the midsubstance than at the insertion sites of a ligament.     

Is the popliteus tendon always inserted antero-inferiorly 18.5 mm from the lateral collateral ligament of the femur? Magnetic resonance imaging and cadaveric evaluations

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the locations of the femoral attachments of the popliteus tendon (PT) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cadaveric dissection in a Korean population and compare with literature standards to determine whether variability exists.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed knee MRIs from 87 cases selected from January 2017 to December 2018. The relationship between the femoral attachment of PT and LCL was analyzed by MRI using PACS and Image J. In addition, the femoral attachments of each structure were identified and marked in 14 unpaired human cadaveric knees. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed, and the surface area, location and distances were analyzed.ResultsOn MRI, the femoral attachment of PT was located at mean distances of 0.89 mm posterior and 9.35 mm inferior to the LCL femoral attachment. We identified three groups of PT locations relative to the LCL on MRI evaluation: parallel (63%), posterior (29%), and anterior (8%). On cadaveric evaluation, the femoral attachment of the PT was located at mean distances of 0.77 mm posterior and 8.90 mm inferior to the LCL femoral attachment. We also identified three groups of PT locations relative to the LCL on cadaveric evaluation: parallel (43%), posterior (36%), and anterior (21%).ConclusionsBased on both MRI and cadaveric evaluations in a Korean population, the femoral attachment of the PT is located just distal to and posterior to the LCL. The differences between the centroids of the femoral attachments of the two structures was approximately 9.7 mm, suggesting that racially based anatomical differences of the posterolateral corner may exist.     

High variability in anterior cruciate ligament femoral footprint: Implications for anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundThe study aimed to (1) investigate the variability of the femoral ACL center in ACL-ruptured patients, (2) identify whether the currently available over-the-top femoral ACL guides could allow for anatomical reconstruction of the native ACL footprint.Material and methodsMagnetic resonance images of 95 knees with an ACL rupture were used to create three-dimensional models of the femur. The femoral ACL footprint area was outlined on each model, and the location of the femoral ACL center was reported using an anatomical coordinate system. The distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was measured.ResultsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high intersubject variability ranging from 1.8 mm (9%) to 12.3 mm (60%) posterior and from 7.7 mm (37%) distal to 4.8 mm (23%) proximal using the posterior condyle circle reference. The average distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was 1.9 ± 1.5 mm posterior and 13.8 ± 2.7 mm distal, respectively. The contemporary over-the-top femoral ACL aimers could restore the femoral ACL center in only 6.5% of the patients.ConclusionsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high variation on its location, which resulted in a high intersubject variability from the over-the-top position. The contemporary over-the-top femoral tunnel guides do not provide sufficient offset to allow for an anatomical ACL reconstruction. Anteromedial-portal specific femoral ACL guides with a femoral offset ranging from 10 to 18 mm in the proximal/distal direction are required to restore the native ACL footprint.