基于CT扫描的黄土孔隙结构特征研究

孔隙特征作为反映黄土微观结构的重要特征之一, 直接影响黄土的水敏性、渗透性和强度等物理力学性质。为了研究水力耦合作用下黄土微观孔隙结构特征, 使用CT技术对天然原状、原状饱和与重塑黄土的初始结构以及不固结不排水剪切试验后的土体结构进行了扫描, 通过建立黄土三维结构模型, 分析了剪切试验前后孔隙结构的演变特征。结果表明: 饱和与重塑作用使天然原状黄土的大孔隙减少, 剪切作用使天然原状黄土和重塑黄土发生剪切破坏, 原状饱和黄土发生压缩破坏, 局部孔隙率增加。天然原状黄土与原状饱和黄土在剪切前后均表现为微孔和小孔数量较多, 其孔隙倾角主要分布在50°~90°之间, 解释了黄土亚稳态结构形成的主要原因。扰动作用使重塑黄土的孔隙尺寸分布均匀, 且重塑黄土与原状饱和黄土在水力作用下更易失稳屈服。揭示了黄土剪切变形破坏的微观结构主要表现为粒间胶结物的溶解、孔隙的坍塌与填充以及颗粒旋转、破碎和滑移。试验结果可为黄土剪切强度降低和湿陷机理研究提供依据。      

渗流-应力耦合下侏罗系红砂岩力学及渗透特性试验研究

三峡库区广泛分布侏罗系红砂岩,在水库运行期间红砂岩的渗流-应力耦合特性关乎库区内多数滑坡和岩质边坡的稳定性。借助岩石多场耦合三轴试验系统,对三峡库区侏罗系红砂岩开展了不同围压、不同渗透压下的三轴压缩试验,系统研究了红砂岩的三轴压缩力学特性和渗透率演化特征。研究结果表明：(1)红砂岩的峰前应力-应变曲线可分为孔隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微裂隙稳定发展阶段和非稳定发展阶段。红砂岩的力学参数与渗透压的关系呈负相关,与围压呈正相关。(2)随着围压升高,红砂岩的破坏模式由张拉破坏过渡到剪切破坏。(3)不同渗透压下,渗透率曲线呈平稳发展→缓慢上升→快速上升3阶段演化规律;不同围压下,渗透率曲线先降低后升高。(4)从能量角度分析了渗透压和围压对岩石的作用,验证了渗流对岩石的劣化效应以及围压对裂纹发展的抑制作用。本试验对鲜有报道的侏罗系红砂岩的强度、变形和渗透特性做了系统的研究,对渗流-应力耦合课题有补充意义。其工况根据三峡库区边坡岩体的应力水平来确定,试验结果对分析库区边坡稳定性具有指导意义。     

泾河下游黄土台塬区侵蚀诱发滑坡机理

泾河下游黄土台塬区侵蚀诱发的黄土滑坡不仅威胁当地居民的生命财产安全,而且引发严重的水土流失及文物损毁等问题。以该类黄土滑坡为研究对象,在详细地质调查的基础上,取唐家村L2滑坡坡脚原状黄土进行减围压三轴剪切(RTC)试验,研究了饱和黄土的应力、孔压、围压特征以及剪切速率对土体力学行为的影响。结果表明,RTC应力路径下围压率达到0.55时,土体会因偏应力增大而引起塑性剪切破坏;同时,该应力路径下的饱和黄土内摩擦角很小,仅为10.7°;RTC应力路径下的破坏面,十分接近K 0状态面,说明天然斜坡坡脚饱和黄土在小幅水平应力降低条件下易于发生破坏,从而诱发滑坡失稳。     

原状及重塑黄土双轴试验微观力学特征离散元模拟

黄土作为一种特殊的颗粒材料,微观上颗粒组成的结构决定了其力学特性。原状及重塑黄土因结构的差异而具有不同的力学特性。针对黄土结构性如何影响其力学特征这一基本问题,开展基于电镜扫描获取细观颗粒信息,同时考虑颗粒形状、颗粒破碎可能性进行建模的离散单元法进行原状黄土和饱和重塑土在恒定应变速率双轴试验下的宏观力学和细观力学性能研究。研究结果显示:试样微观结构的差异对变形破坏过程产生显著影响。当轴向应力较低时原状黄土及重塑黄土力链多分布于大型骨架颗粒附近,随着轴向应力增加,原状黄土力链形成网状图案但仍具备主要传导区域,重塑黄土无明显主要传导区,呈现均匀网状。原状土及重塑土骨架颗粒簇周围多形成张拉裂隙,剪切裂隙多数形成于骨架颗粒簇内部,又以颗粒簇相互挤压接触时最为明显。使用该建模方法,可以有效反映原状及重塑黄土由于内部结构组成差异导致相同应力条件下产生的不同内部应力状态。基于以上研究结论,给出了黄土结构性对宏观强度影响的微观解释。研究成果可为黄土地区地质灾害防治提供一定依据。使用该建模方法,可以有效反映原状及重塑黄土由于内部结构组成差异导致相同应力条件下产生的不同内部应力状态。基于以上研究结论,给出了黄土结构性对宏观强度影响的微观解释。      

降雨干湿循环作用下的渣土边坡稳定性

降雨作用下边坡不同深度岩土体所经受的劣化作用强度差异显著,从而影响边坡的稳定性。以深圳典型渣土边坡为例,基于改进的 Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ａｍｐｔ模型计算降雨作用下的浸润锋深度,通过干湿循环与直剪试验,获得了浸润锋内渣土抗剪强度参数的劣化规律,结合劣化规律并采用双强度折减法研究了不同降雨工况下渣土边坡的稳定性。研究结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,渣土的黏聚力及内摩擦角均减小,且前期减小得快,后期缓慢,４次干湿循环后趋于稳定,符合指数函数的变化趋势,保持稳定不再衰减的渣土黏聚力为９．５ｋＰａ,内摩擦角为１９°;综合降雨入渗的干湿循环以及双强度折减法得到的渣土边坡的稳定性系数较仅采用传统强度折减法得到的稳定性系数有大幅度的降低,最 大 减 小 了４４．５％。该方法可以用于准确评价降雨作用下边坡稳定性。      

反倾岩质边坡的时效变形破坏研究

为研究反倾岩质边坡的变形破坏规律性与形成机制,以黄河上游茨哈峡水电站库区反倾岩质边坡变形破坏为例,基于系统的工程地质方法并结合离散元模拟边坡的变形演化进程,对其倾倒变形的时效性进行了分析并研究了其形成演化机制。结果表明:①该倾倒边坡的时效变形规律表现为倾倒变形在不同方向上具有差异性,其时空演化特征表现为斜坡顶部的拉裂和中部的弯曲变形,目前倾倒体内未形成贯通性失稳界面,倾倒拉裂和弯曲变形同时存在,表现为倾倒机制的长期性、积累性和阶段性;②该类斜坡的变形破坏是岩层在自重应力作用下做悬臂梁弯曲,岩层发生弯曲变形,导致坡体后缘开裂、根部折断、前缘剪切蠕变,当坡体折断带内的剪应力超过其抗剪强度时,坡体逐渐错动下滑形成倾倒塌滑体;③该倾倒变形体的破坏模式为弯曲—拉裂变形、弯曲—折断破裂、蠕滑—拉裂变形、表层滑塌和深部滑坡形成。      

某水电站导流明渠边坡倾倒变形分区与治理

倾倒变形体的变形机理控制其变形破坏特征,反映其变形演化规律,直接影响倾倒变形体的工程治理措施类型和方式.首先,通过现场监测数据绘制累计位移曲线,结合克里金插值法,分析西部某水电站导流明渠边坡的倾倒变形破坏特点,并基于分析结果对坡体进行分区,根据不同区域的特点,提出针对该倾倒变形边坡的支护建议.其次,根据导流明渠边坡的工程地质特点,以剖面２Ｇ２′为研究对象,利用 UDEC进行数值模拟,支护后边坡的破坏区域、塑性区和位移明显减小.在此基础上分析边坡从开挖前到建议支护后的变形破坏演化规律,进而揭示边坡变形机理.研究结果表明,结合克里金插值法的分析,基于监测数据进行坡体分区后的支护建议具有较强合理性.研究成果为倾倒变形体的治理设计提供了一定参考依据.      

不同地区饱和原状黄土静态液化特性试验研究

黄土因饱水静态液化而发生突发性失稳破坏,易造成人员伤亡和财产损失。按照颗粒级配的不 同,中国黄土分为砂质、粉质和黏质黄土,不同区域的黄土具有不同的静态液化特性。利用 ＧＤＳ三 轴 试 验 系 统,对陕西神木砂质黄土区（Ｑ３ 黄 土）、甘 肃黑方台粉质黄土区（Ｑ３ 黄土）和陕西泾阳黏质黄土区（Ｑ２ 黄土）原状饱和黄土进行了等向固结不排水三轴剪切（ＩＣＵ）试验,研究了初始孔隙比和颗粒级配对原状黄土静态液化能力的影响。试 验 结 果 表 明:①３个地区的饱和原状土的应力－应变关系均为软化型,在中低围压下泾阳饱和原状黄土不发生液化,仅表现出弱软化现象;②中低围压下,初始孔隙比是影响原状黄土静态液化的主要因素,高围压下,初始孔隙比的影响逐渐减小,颗粒级配成为影响原状黄土静态液化的主要因素。      

恩施盆地典型红砂岩斜坡破坏机理试验研究

恩施城市建设中盆地内红砂岩斜坡破坏较为严重,其中结构面控制的逆向红砂岩斜坡破坏现象普遍。以恩施市内凤凰山公园斜坡为典型实例,研究其变形破坏过程与机理。工程地质调查与室内岩体物理力学试验研究表明,该类红砂岩斜坡破坏的影响因素为斜坡地质结构构造、地层岩性与工程诱发因素。基于物理模型试验再现了该类斜坡失稳破坏的全过程,通过坡体位移监测、有机玻璃投影监测与宏观变形拍照记录分析了斜坡的变形破坏机理,并采用离散元法数值模拟对比验证了该类斜坡破坏机理。结果表明,该类斜坡的稳定性状态主要由结构面控制,在工程开挖的作用下,斜坡沿结构面必发生失稳破坏。鉴于此,工程建设中必需对该类斜坡进行合理的边坡设计,防止出现不同规模的失稳滑动现象。      

降雨促发黄土滑坡的启动机制模拟

黄土滑坡和降雨关系尤为密切。为深入研究降雨入渗对滑坡的促发作用,在对陕西西安地区“9·17”灞桥滑坡现场勘察的基础上,利用数值模拟方法系统研究了黄土边坡在降雨入渗条件下土体相关物理力学指标的变化响应特征及时空分布规律;从滑动面安全系数变化的角度分析了边坡的失稳过程,并揭示了该类滑坡的启动机制。结果表明：(1)降雨入渗首先引起坡面土体的基质吸力逐渐降低,而且不同分布位置的降幅不同;(2)滑坡启动前,坡体的高体积含水量范围随降雨明显扩大,且体积含水量表现出从古土壤层向邻近黄土层递减的规律;(3)边坡的水平方向位移自坡面中部向坡体的上下部呈放射状递减特征,垂直方向位移由上至下逐渐减小,而临界滑动面的安全系数也随降雨入渗过程逐步递减;(4)节理处土体的孔隙水压力和体积含水量的变化响应时间及幅度都早于且强于坡体其他区域,坡体内最大剪应变的区域分布与坡面基本平行,模拟结果与原型滑坡一致;(5)基于黄土独特的水敏性、地质构造和人类工程活动等诱因的影响,加上节理裂隙为水的入渗和运移提供了优势通道,降雨加速了黄土潜蚀和坡体结构破坏过程,改变了边坡内部应力场、位移场和水文地质条件,进而促发了滑坡。     

呷爬滑坡滑带土蠕变特性及其稳定性

水库滑坡变形破坏受其岩土体蠕变特性及环境因素的影响。当滑坡进入加速变形阶段后,变形骤然增大,失稳概率增加。为了研究滑坡岩土体蠕变特性及其稳定性,选取锦屏一级水电站呷爬滑坡为研究对象,采用坡表位移监测曲线分析与室内三轴蠕变试验相结合的方法,建立了Burgers蠕变模型结合FLAC3D软件进行了滑坡稳定性研究。分析坡表位移-时间曲线发现,坡体变形特征与一般滑坡土体的蠕变特征具有相似性,滑带土室内三轴蠕变试验结果表明,滑带土变形可划分为瞬时蠕变、减速蠕变与稳定蠕变3个阶段,同时其瞬时变形量、稳定蠕变速率均随围压以及应力水平的增大而增大。基于滑带土蠕变特性的Burgers蠕变模型的计算结果,对比了常规强度折减法与考虑蠕变的强度折减法的滑坡稳定性系数,计算结果表明呷爬滑坡目前处于稳定状态,在一个计算周期内考虑蠕变的强度折减法较常规强度折减法的稳定性系数下降了0.04,因此,揭示滑坡土体蠕变特性并在此基础上研究其稳定性具有实际意义。      

Influences of soil moisture and salt content on loess shear strength in the Xining Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides collapse and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through salt-leaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and oven-dried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways(moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.     

围压与轴压共同作用对恐龙化石应力场的影响

包括恐龙化石在内的古生物化石是重要的地质遗迹,是研究生物进化的最重要资料。该文从物理力学角度,通过数值试验模拟分析围压和轴压作用下对恐龙化石强度和破坏特性的影响效果。试验结果表明:不同埋深时围压对含有不同角度裂隙化石应力影响较大,随着埋深增加,含有裂隙化石的应力大幅增大。在围压与轴压共同作用时,埋深对开裂角的影响较小,而随埋深增大时极限载荷也随之增大。同时,在不同埋深下开裂角随裂隙角度的变化趋势一致,均随着裂隙角度的增大而减小;而极限载荷随裂隙角度的变化趋势一致。     

Centrifuge model test of an irrigation-induced loess landslide in the Heifangtai loess platform,Northwest China

The Heifangtai platform in Northwest China is famous for irrigation-induced loess landslides. This study conducted a centrifuge model test with reference to an irrigation-induced loess landslide that occurred in Heifangtai in 2011. The loess slope model was constructed by whittling a cubic loess block obtaining from the landslide site. The irrigation water was simulated by applying continuous infiltration from back of the slope. The deformation, earth pressure, and pore pressure were investigated during test by a series of transducers. For this particular study, the results showed that the failure processes were characterized by retrogressive landslides and cracks. The time dependent reductions of cohesion and internal friction angle at basal layer with increasing pore-water pressure were responsible for these failures. The foot part of slope is very important for slope instability and hazard prevention in the study area, where concentration of earth pressure and generation of high pore-water pressures would form before failures. The measurements of earth pressure and pore-water pressure might be effective for early warning in the study area.     

Stability analysis of an unsaturated soil slope considering rainfall infiltration based on the Green-Ampt model

Based on the principle of saturated infiltration and the Green-Ampt model, an unsaturated infiltration model for a soil slope surface was established for either constant moisture content, or depth-varying moisture content and the slope. Infiltration parameters in the partially saturated slope were revealed under sustained rainfall. Through analysis of the variation of initial moisture content in the slope, the ponding time, infiltration depth, and infiltration rate were deduced for an unsaturated soil slope subject to rainfall infiltration. There is no ponded water on the surface of the slope under sustained low-intensity rainfall. The results show that the infiltration parameters of an unsaturated slope are influenced by the initial moisture content and the wetting front saturation, the soil cohesion and rainfall intensity under sustained rainfall. More short-term slope failures can occur with the decrease of cohesion of the soil of the slope. The ponding time and infiltration depth differ considering constant or different initial moisture content respectively in the soil slope. Then, best-fit curves of the infiltration rate, ponding time, and infiltration depth to the wetting front saturation were obtained with constant or different initial moisture contents. And the slope failure time is roughly uniform when subject to a rainfall intensity I5 mm/h.     

Effect of the inclined weak interlayers on the rainfall response of a bedded rock slope

Engineering experience shows that outward dipping bedded rock slopes, especially including weak interlayers, are prone to slide under rainfall conditions. To investigate the effect of inclined weak interlayers at various levels of depth below the surface on the variation of displacements and stresses in bedded rock slopes, four geo-mechanical model tests with artificial rainfall have been conducted. Displacements, water content as well as earth pressure in the model were monitored by means of various FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensors. The results showed that the amount of displacement of a slope with a weak interlayer is 2.8 to 6.2 times larger than that of a slope without a weak interlayer during one rainfall event. Furthermore, the position of the weak interlayer in terms of depth below the surface has a significant effect on the zone of deformation in the model. In the slope with a high position weak interlayer, the recorded deformation was larger in the superficial layer of the model and smaller in the frontal portion than in the slope with a low position weak interlayer. The slope with two weak interlayers has the largest deformation at all locations of all test slopes. The slope without a weak interlayer was only saturated in its superficial layer, while the displacement decreased with depth. That was different from all slopes with a weak interlayer in which the largest displacement shifted from the superficial layer to the weak interlayer when rainfall persisted. Plastic deformation of the weak interlayer promoted the formation of cracks which caused more water to flow into the slope, thus causing larger deformation in the slope with weak interlayers. In addition, the slide thrust pressure showed a vibration phenomenon 0.5 to 1 hour ahead of an abrupt increase of the deformation, which was interpreted as a predictor for rainfall-induced failure of bedded rock slopes.     

黄土高原边坡特征与破坏规律的分区研究

为了研究黄土高原自然边坡的特征及破坏规律,按山系与水系或水系的分水岭、地貌单元、地层岩性特征等条件,将黄土高原划分为8个区:临洮—永靖区、天水—通渭区、兰州—会宁区、陇东区、靖边—安塞区、隰县—离石区、甘泉—吉县区和汾渭区.根据极限状态边坡的4个野外判别标准,测量了8个区510个自然极限状态黄土边坡断面,分区采用指数模型回归边坡坡高与坡宽的相关关系,计算各区20、50、100m坡高的边坡稳定系数和失效概率.结果表明:黄土高原的边坡特征与破坏形式具有分区特征,且南北差异性明显.临洮—永靖区边坡坡高与坡宽呈线性关系,表明该区边坡坡度不随坡高变化,边坡稳定性受内摩擦角控制;兰州—会宁区和靖边—安塞区高坡陡,低坡缓,高坡不稳定,易发生错落式滑坡;天水—通渭区、甘泉—吉县区和汾渭区高坡缓,低坡陡,稳定性计算结果显示高坡和低坡都较为稳定,但由于地层结构和地貌的特点,高边坡易发生低速蠕变型滑坡或高速远程滑坡;陇东区边坡整体上较为稳定;隰县—离石区受黏粒含量较高的Q1地层控制,高边坡稳定性较差;50m左右坡高的黄土边坡稳定性对强度指标内聚力、内摩擦角的敏感度都高,易于失稳.