新型干法水泥窑氮氧化物排放及控制因素分析

以3个新型干法水泥窑为研究对象,探讨了水泥窑的氮氧化物(NOX)排放情况及主要影响因素。水泥窑窑尾烟气中,NO占NOX总排放的80%(质量分数)以上。水泥窑排放的NOX以燃料型NOX为主。采用分级燃烧有利于降低水泥窑窑尾烟气中的NOX排放浓度,NOX下降比例为23%~29%。水泥窑吨熟料NOX排放量高于1.30kg,且不同水泥窑吨熟料NOX排放量存在较大差异。分解炉温度高于950℃时,烟气中的NOX排放浓度明显偏高,控制分解炉温度对水泥窑烟气脱硝至关重要。研究成果能为现阶段中国水泥行业烟气脱硝过程控制提供理论参考与实践指导。     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物的烟气污染物排放特性研究

水泥窑协同处置技术能够有效地缓解危险废物(以下简称危废)的处置压力,是一项很有发展前景的危废处置技术。通过监测两座典型的新型干法水泥窑在协同处置危废时窑尾烟气中烟尘、SO2和NOx等污染物的排放浓度,评价两条水泥生产线在协同处置危废时污染物排放浓度能否达标。监测结果表明,水泥窑协同处置危废时烟气污染物浓度均低于《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)和《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染控制标准》(GB 30485—2013)规定的排放限值。同时,两座水泥窑烟气中烟尘、SO2、NOx和HF等污染物的排放因子均低于我国新型干法水泥窑污染物排放的平均值,表明两条水泥生产线窑尾烟气净化系统运行良好。此外,还研究了水泥窑协同处置危废前后二噁英排放毒性当量浓度的变化情况。     

燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞排放情景分析

目前,中国对于燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞排放的控制,主要利用除尘、脱硫等技术进行协同减排控制。以2015年为燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞排放标准的实施年,按设定的两种情景分析了不同的协同脱汞技术方案,并分析了两种情景(情景一:新建锅炉和在役锅炉汞的排放限值分别为30、50μg/m3;情景二:新建锅炉和在役锅炉的汞排放限值分别为20、30μg/m3)下燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞的减排情况。分析表明:情景一下,与2015年相比,2020年燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞减排量增加15.5~29.0t,汞减排率则增加了8~14百分点;情景二下,与2015年相比,2020年汞减排量增加19.7~36.5t,汞减排率则增加10~18百分点。情景二下,高脱汞效率的协同脱汞控制技术的使用比例更高,因此汞减排效果更强。     

燃煤电厂静电除尘器协同控制汞排放

对燃煤电厂静电除尘设备协同控制汞排放影响因素展开深入研究,主要分析除尘器前后烟气中汞形态浓度的变化情况、除尘器内部飞灰对烟气汞的吸附及SCR脱硝反应器对除尘器脱汞的影响。采用安大略法和Lumex汞分析仪分别对我国8家电厂烟气、煤和灰中汞含量进行了测试,并对某电厂SCR反应器前后飞灰汞含量进行了测试对比。     

电厂煤粉锅炉汞排放特性研究

通过分析某电厂煤粉炉燃烧后固体、液体和气体中含汞量,获得了300、600MW煤粉锅炉的汞排放特性。结果表明,进入300、600MW煤粉锅炉的汞最后主要富集在飞灰中而被除尘器捕集,分别占总汞质量的85.10%、69.17%;湿法脱硫系统能脱除一部分烟气汞,脱硫石膏、废水中的汞分别占3.56%、11.66%;底渣中的汞均占了不到1%;最后排入大气的烟气中汞分别为3.23、3.51μg/m3,分别占10.93%、19.15%。     

300 MW燃煤机组烟气控制装置对气态汞去除效果

利用美国EPA OH法对烟气中不同形态汞的气态汞进行测试,研究300 MW锅炉的袋式除尘、静电除尘和湿法烟气脱硫对气态汞的去除效果.研究结果表明,静电除尘器对气态汞的去除效率仅为32.50％,对颗粒态汞的去除效率达76.88％,而使用袋式除尘器对气态汞的去除效率可达44.33％,可脱除99.92％以上的颗粒态汞;应用湿法烟气脱硫对二价汞的去除率可达49.03％.通过对粉煤灰、炉渣和脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物汞含量分析发现,脱硫石膏中汞的含量最高达0.77 mg/kg,汞及其环境毒性是燃煤副产物安全利用时需要注意一个主要问题.     

中国燃煤电厂汞达标排放分析

通过对中国16家燃煤电厂32台机组的汞排放浓度开展手工监测和自动监测,分析得出:基于手工监测和自动监测的汞排放质量浓度分别为0.13~14.19、1.50~12.30μg/m3,平均值分别为4.83、5.08μg/m3。依照《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223—2011),所有机组均达标排放;依照美国《汞和有毒气体排放标准》(MATS),手工监测和自动监测的数据显示,分别有66.7%、77.4%的机组汞排放超标。汞的排放浓度与煤种及煤中汞、碳含量存在关联。超低排放改造技术中,选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术有助于烟气中汞的去除。     

电厂燃煤过程中汞的迁移转化及控制技术研究

讨论了近年来国内外电厂煤燃烧过程中汞的形态分布以及迁移转化规律研究的最新成果 ,并在此基础上评价了现有电站污染控制系统的脱汞性能 ,考虑到汞的排放控制 ,提出了对现有设备的可能优化措施。在分析中 ,注意到汞的易挥发性 ,认为汞排放控制应该充分考虑烟气中汞形态的迁移转化。由于氧化态汞在汞控制中有着重要作用 ,其研究将是控制电厂汞排放的关键。先进的汞排放控制技术的开发应以增强汞的氧化态为优先发展方向。     

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料对烟气污染物排放及熟料品质的影响

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)可以实现垃圾资源化利用,但需确保不会造成烟气污染物排放超标或使水泥熟料品质受影响。研究了国内某水泥厂新型干法水泥窑协同处置RDF前后烟气污染物排放及水泥熟料品质变化的情况。结果表明,水泥窑协同处置RDF的烟气中SO_2、NO_x、NH_3、HCl和HF的排放均符合《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)。重金属与二噁英的含量相比于协同处置RDF前虽略有升高,但仍低于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染物控制标准》(GB 30485—2013)的排放限值。协同处置RDF基本不影响水泥熟料的矿物组成,抗折强度和抗压强度相比掺加RDF前有所提高,并且符合《通用硅酸盐水泥》(GB 175—2007)的中普通硅酸盐水泥的52.5R强度等级要求,安定性合格率提高至100.0%。协同处置RDF的水泥熟料中Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Ni的浸出浓度远小于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物技术规范》(GB 30760—2014)的标准限值。总之,水泥窑掺烧RDF对烟气污染物排放和熟料品质的影响较小,甚至可以提高水泥熟料的某些品质。     

贵州地区大气汞污染及湿法脱硫装置除汞效果的初步评价

2004年冬季在贵州地区对大气中气态元素汞进行了大范围的流动监测调查,重点监测电厂分布地区及东部汞采冶加工地区,结果表明,气态元素汞浓度的高值出现在汞化工区和金矿区;在广大农村地区和小县城附近,大气汞浓度大都在100 ng/m3范围内.同期还进行了大气颗粒物汞的采样和分析,结果表明,监测到的大气颗粒物的汞浓度水平＜3 ng/m3,与国内其他一些城市相当;细颗粒物中汞的富集度高,粒径＜2.2 μm的颗粒物汞占60%～80%.此外,实测了采用石灰-石膏法脱硫电厂的燃煤汞平衡,评价了汞去除效果,结果表明,燃煤中的汞大约20%留在灰渣中,石灰-石膏脱去约20%,约59%的汞通过烟气排放到空气中.     

混汞法采金地区的汞污染研究进展

混汞法是一种设备简单、操作简便且应用历史悠久的提金方法 ,在世界范围内得到了普遍使用 ,同时也导致了严重的汞污染。本文介绍了混汞法的流程以及汞的释放过程和释放因子 ;综述了应用混汞法提金的不同国家和地区 ,对由此引发的大气、水体、生物 (包括人体 )和土壤汞污染的研究现状 ,并讨论了采金地区的环境管理政策     

Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County, Guizhou, China

To investigate the extent of Hg contamination due to artisanal Zn smelting activities in Weining County, northwestern Guizhou, China, total Hg and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in soil and surface water were determined. Samples of corn plants growing in the study area were also collected for total Hg analysis. A high geometric mean Hg emission factor of 75gHgt(-1)Zn was estimated and significantly elevated total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were found in the atmosphere adjacent to the Zn smelting sites, ranging from 30 to 3814ngm(-3). Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in topsoil samples ranged from 62 to 355microgkg(-1) and from 0.20 to 1.1microgkg(-1), respectively. Total Hg Concentrations in corn plant tissues increased in the order of grains相似文献   

宁波地区海产品中汞污染现状研究

采用冷原子吸收（荧光）法测定了宁波不同地区的各种海产品中总汞和甲基汞含量，总体属轻度及中等污染水平，工业轻发达地区的海产品内总汞和甲基汞的含量较高，不同种类海产品因食性不同，在食物链中所处位置不同，表现为贝壳类＞肉食性类＞杂食性类＞植食性类＞藻类和水草，无鳞鱼类＞有鳞鱼类；海产品中不同部分污染水平表现为内脏＞头部＞肌肉；海水＜底泥＜海产品。除个别样品接近国家标准外，其余都符合我国食品卫生标准。     

大气汞的来源及其浓度分布特征研究进展

大气汞是全球性的污染物,其来源有自然源和人为源,亚洲地区是最大的人为大气汞排放源,占全球人为排汞量的67％(质量分数),其中又以中国为最.燃煤和有色金属冶炼对中国大气汞排放的贡献最大.环境界面的释汞通量是全球大气汞预算的重要组成部分,也是目前的研究热点之一.综述了不同环境界面的释汞通量及其影响因素,并比较了不同地区大气...     

Measurement of Particulate Bound Mercury,Gaseous Elemental Mercury,and Reactive Gaseous Mercury Concentrations by Using an Ambient Air Mercury Collection System

In this investigation, the concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) in ambient air were measured at the Hung Kuang (traffic) sampling site during September 27 to October 6, 2014. An ambient air mercury collection system (AAMCS) was utilized to measure simultaneously PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations in ambient air. The results thus obtained demonstrate that the mean concentrations of PBM, GEM, and RGM were 38.57 ± 11.4 (pg/m³), 17.67 ± 5.56 (ng/m³) and 10.78 ± 2.8 (pg/m³), respectively, at this traffic-sampling site. The mean GEM/PBM and GEM/RGM concentration ratios were 458 and 1639, respectively. The results obtained herein demonstrate that AAMCS can be utilized to collect three phases of mercury simultaneously. The mean PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations herein were compared with others found in Asia, America, Europe and Antarctica. The mean PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations were found to be lowest in Asia and Antarctica. The mean PBM concentration in Europe was approximately eight times that in this investigation. The mean GEM and RGM concentrations in this study were 1.21 and 170 times those found in the United States.     

Control of mercury vapor emissions from combustion flue gas

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Mercury (Hg) emission from combustion flue gas is a significant environmental concern due to its toxicity and high volatility. A number of the research efforts have been carried out in the past decade exploiting mercury emission, monitoring and control from combustion flue gases. Most recently, increasing activities are focused on evaluating the behavior of mercury in coal combustion systems and developing novel Hg control technologies. This is partly due to the new regulatory requirement on mercury emissions from coal-fired combustors to be enacted under the U.S. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The aim of this review work is to better understand the state-of-the-art technologies of flue gas mercury control and identify the gaps of knowledge hence areas for further opportunities in research and development. MAIN FEATURES: This paper examines mercury behaviors in combustion systems through a comprehensive review of the available literature. About 70 published papers and reports were cited and studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This paper summarizes the mechanisms of formation of mercury containing compounds during combustion, its speciation and reaction in flue gas, as well as subsequent mobilization in the environment. It also provides a review of the current techniques designed for real-time, continuous emission monitoring (CEM) for mercury. Most importantly, current flue gas mercury control technologies are reviewed while activated carbon adsorption, a technology that offers the greatest potential for the control of gas-phase mercury emissions, is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although much progress has been achieved in the last decade, techniques developed for the monitoring and control of mercury from combustion flue gases are not yet mature and gaps in knowledge exist for further advancement. More R&D efforts are required for the effective control of Hg emissions and the main focuses are identified.     

Blood mercury levels among fish consumers residing in areas with high environmental burden

Mercury is a ubiquitous, persistent toxicant found in the environment. In water, mercury bioaccumulates up the food chain and leads to high concentrations in fish. Consumption of contaminated fish is the major source of exposure to mercury in the US. The objective of this study was to enroll persons living in areas selected by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to have high mercury concentrations and who consume at least 6 oz of locally caught fish per week to determine the feasibility of monitoring future trends among a population identified as highly exposed. Blood samples were collected at time of interview and analyzed for mercury. Participants (n = 287) were enrolled from North Carolina, Maryland, and South Dakota. Participants reported eating an average of five servings of fish per week. The overall geometric mean for total mercury was 0.75 μg L⁻¹, with North Carolina having the highest mean level (2.02 μg L⁻¹). Overall, 42% of the study population had levels greater than the US geometric mean 0.83 μg L⁻¹. The number of servings of fish consumed was not found to be associated with blood mercury levels. We were able to identify some persons with elevated mercury concentrations living in areas identified by EPA; however, identifying and monitoring a highly exposed population over time would be challenging.