山东省3市县农村居民吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的了解山东省3市县农村居民吸烟现状及吸烟行为影响因素,为农村控烟干预工作提供科学依据。方法采取分层随机抽样方法,对山东省内1593名15周岁以上常住居民进行问卷调查。结果调查对象现在吸烟率为28.38%,其中男性吸烟率55.66%,女性吸烟率3.89%;最初开始每天吸烟的平均年龄为(21.53±6.10)岁,62.37%的现在常吸烟者初始抽烟年龄小于25岁;平均吸烟量为(15.1±7.8)支/d,平均每天吸烟量在20支及以上的常吸烟者占59.18%;吸烟者中有102人过去尝试过戒烟,尝试戒烟率为22.57%;准备戒烟者占20.08%;被动吸烟率为33.34%,男性被动吸烟率为26.77%,女性为39.90%;性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、是否饮酒与经济状况是影响农村居民吸烟的主要因素。结论山东省农村居民吸烟率和被动吸烟率仍处于较高水平,男性群体仍旧是控烟工作的重点人群,女性是被动吸烟的主要人群,青少年吸烟应引起重视。     

安徽农村居民吸烟现状及相关社会经济学特征研究

目的:探讨安徽省不同社会经济特征的农村居民吸烟状况,为提出有针对性的控烟措施提供依据。方法:横断面研究。通过整群抽样方法调查了5 627名15岁及以上农村居民的吸烟状况,同时收集相关社会经济特征信息。结果:安徽省农村居民总吸烟率(25.66%)、现在吸烟率(21.93%),低于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查农村平均水平1.3和4.7个百分点,但重度吸烟率(15.35%)高出后者3.1个百分点;吸烟开始年龄平均为20岁;现在吸烟率男性(42.43%)明显高于女性(1.32%)、45~64岁者(31.10%)最高;平均吸烟量(中位数)20支/天。多元分析显示:受教育水平低、直接从事农业生产、离异/分居/丧偶、家中有人吸烟并对吸烟危害缺乏认识者吸烟率较高,但未见不同经济收入者吸烟率的差别有统计学意义。结论:安徽农村居民吸烟率相对较低,但吸烟量大,经济收入目前不是吸烟影响因素。整体而言农村居民尚属于社会经济状况不良人群,是国家控烟、禁烟的重点,而最根本策略则是加快农村全面发展的步伐,提高农民受教育水平。     

山东某县农村居民吸烟现况调查

目的了解山东省临朐县农村居民的吸烟现状,为开展有效的控烟宣传并采取相关措施提供科学依据。方法采用分阶段整群随机抽样方法,对临朐县15岁~55岁的常住居民进行吸烟行为的调查。结果本次共调查13,770人,吸烟人数为2,726人,调查对象的现在吸烟率为19.80%,男性高于女性(男性为45.55%,女性为0.31%)。现在吸烟者开始吸第一支烟的平均年龄为(20.18±4.79)岁,平均吸烟量为(18.83±11.24)支/日。结论临朐县农村居民总体现在吸烟率低于全国水平,但仍维持在较高水平;需要采取更加有效的控烟措施。     

中国中西部农村地区居民吸烟、被动吸烟及戒烟现状调查

目的了解中西部农村地区居民吸烟、被动吸烟及戒烟现状,为改善中西部农村地区吸烟状况提供建议。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对山西、甘肃、青海、新疆4个省(自治区)中16个项目县84个行政村5486名15-69岁的居民进行问卷调查。以吸烟率、开始吸烟年龄、被动吸烟率、戒烟率和对烟草危害健康的知晓率作为调查指标,调查中西部地区农村居民吸烟现状。结果调查对象的吸烟率为20．9%,其中,男性吸烟率为44．8%,女性吸烟率为2．O%;汉族吸烟率高于少数民族,不同性别、民族和文化程度者的吸烟率差异有统计学意义(P<0．001)。吸烟者开始吸烟平均年龄为(21．3±5．6)岁,男性早于女性。被动吸烟率为37．8%,其中男性31．9%,女性40．4%,女性受到的被动吸烟危害高于男性。调查人群戒烟率为1．9%。结论中西部农村地区居民吸烟和被动吸烟状况面临挑战,尤其是戒烟率较低,政府及相关部门应采取相应有效干预措施,以减少烟草对居民健康的危害。     

利津县农村居民吸烟现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解利津县农村居民的吸烟现状,探讨吸烟行为的影响因素,为有针对性地开展农村地区烟草控制与健康促进提供决策依据.方法 按照分层抽样的方法,在利津县所辖乡镇中各抽取1个村庄,每个村庄随机抽取门牌号尾数为偶数的家庭进行入户调查,共有效调查了≥16岁农村居民1 805人.结果 利津县农村居民吸烟率为40.7％,其中男性为71∶6％,女性为4.7％;现在吸烟率为34.4％,其中男性吸烟率为60.1％,女性吸烟率为4.1％,男性吸烟率高于女性;现在吸烟者平均每天吸烟为(18.14±7.122)支;吸烟的主要影响因素为家中是否有婴幼儿、年龄、文化程度、家庭月收入、性别.结论农村地区控烟基础和环境氛围较弱,政府部门应承担起营造无烟环境的责任,开展行之有效的积极的控烟措施引导人们远离烟草危害.同时应进一步加强公共场所的控烟工作力度,全面落实公共场所禁烟条例,积极营造控烟良好氛围.     

枣庄市居民吸烟、饮酒状况分析

目的　分析枣庄市居民吸烟、饮酒状况 ,为进一步采取干预措施提供依据。方法　于2 0 0 3年 8～ 10月采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取枣庄市城区 2个街道办事处 6个居委会和农村 2个区 (市 ) 6个乡镇 18个行政村 18岁以上居民 ,用统一调查表进行问卷式入户调查。结果　共调查375 6人 ,其中城镇居民 14 16人 ,农村居民 2 340人 ;男性 1877人 ,女性 1879人。总吸烟率为 30 6 % ,饮酒率为 17 3% ;吸烟、饮酒率与地区、性别、年龄、职业、文化程度和婚姻状况等相关 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,城镇吸烟率低于农村 ,而饮酒率则高于农村 ,男性吸烟、饮酒率均高于女性。职业特征显示干部吸烟、饮酒率最高 ;高收入者饮酒率高于其他人群 (P <0 0 1) ,吸烟率则未见和经济收入相关 ;烟龄和日吸烟量、酒龄和日饮酒量间均呈相关关系 (均R =0 872 ,P <0 0 1) ,吸烟与饮酒间也呈相关关系(R =0 5 2 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　枣庄市居民吸烟、饮酒现象比较普遍 ,今后应加强对社区居民的健康教育 ,控制烟酒量。     

2012年长汀县农村居民吸烟现状调查

目的为了解长汀县农村居民吸烟情况(吸烟、被动吸烟及公共场所吸烟),为干预提供依据。方法采用随机抽样,抽取300名农村居民进行问卷调查。用总吸烟率、现在吸烟率和被动吸烟率等指标进行分析。结果人群总吸烟率30.0%,男性现在吸烟率为58.2%,女性吸烟率0.7%,男性较高。结论长汀县男性农村居民吸烟率偏高,需加强农村控烟法规建设和烟草危害健康知识宣传。     

上海市光明镇40岁以上农村居民吸烟现况调查

目的调查和分析上海市光明镇40岁以上人群吸烟现况。方法以现况研究设计,整群抽样的方法抽取社区40岁及以上人群作为调查对象,以统一的调查表格进行面询调查,调查内容包括一般情况和吸烟相关情况。计算吸烟率、被动吸烟率,描述其年龄和性别分布特征。结果男性吸烟率为86.7%,女性为0,2%,平均为36.4%,男性吸烟率显著高于女性(P<0.01);男性平均每日吸烟量为(17.97±8.53)支;男、女被动吸烟率分别为84.2%和58.4%,男性被动吸烟者中91.2%在工作或公共场所暴露,女性被动吸烟者中90.0%在家庭暴露。结论上海市农村社区40岁以上人群男性吸烟率和男女被动吸烟率均处于较高水平。     

云南省云县不同性别人群吸烟及被动吸烟调查

目的 通过问卷调查了解云南省云县不同性别吸烟和被动吸烟状况.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法 进行问卷调查.对不同性别人群吸烟状况、吸烟开始年龄、平均每日吸烟量、被动吸烟率、被动吸烟开始年龄、被动吸烟暴露量等指标进行分析.结果 被调查的1 002人中,总吸烟率为34.83%,男性吸烟率为71.46%,女性吸烟率为2.08%.开始吸烟的平均年龄为(19.00±5.23)岁,日平均吸烟量为(17.60±11.13)支.被调查者中非吸烟者的被动吸烟率为86.37%,男性被动吸烟率为79.25%,女性为88.22%.在被动吸烟的564人中,从出生就暴露于环境烟雾的有291人,占被动吸烟者的51.60%;被动吸烟者平均每天暴露时间为(3.98±3.43)h,女性被动吸烟者中平均每天暴露时间为(4.11±3.60)h.结论 男性吸烟率与吸烟量偏高,开始吸烟年龄小;女性是被动吸烟的主要人群,女性的被动吸烟率高,日平均暴露量大,暴露年限长.     

海宁市40～74岁城乡居民吸烟行为特征分析

目的了解浙江省海宁市城乡居民吸烟行为特征,为有效开展控烟提供科学依据。方法基于2012年3—9月海宁市结直肠癌筛查流行病学问卷调查表中的吸烟信息,采用整群抽样方法,对海宁市区2个街道、3个乡镇的90 266名40~74岁人群吸烟状况进行分析。结果共调查90 266人,吸烟率为33.03%,男性吸烟率为66.29%,明显高于女性的0.67%(χ~2=43 920.687,P=0.000);农村居民吸烟率为35.42%,高于城市的27.39%(χ~2=549.159,P=0.000);农村男性吸烟率为70.52%,高于城市男性的55.88%(χ~2=878.091,P=0.000),农村女性吸烟率为0.52%,低于城市女性的1.01%(χ~2=36.227,P=0.000),差异均有统计学意义。男性吸烟率以50岁~年龄组最高,女性以70岁~年龄组最高。开始吸烟的最小年龄为9岁,最大年龄为70岁,平均年龄为(22.90±4.94)岁。每天吸烟量≥20支者占65.41%,吸烟指数≥400的占68.14%。戒烟人数占7.49%,其中城市戒烟率为10.16%,农村为6.62%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=100.547,P=0.000)。男性戒烟2213人(7.50%),女性戒烟20人(6.56%),男女差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.386,P=0.653)。结论海宁市农村吸烟率高于城市,戒烟率低于城市;平均开始吸烟年龄较低,重度吸烟者所占比例较高,烟草控制仍然面临较大挑战。     

Epidemiology and prevention of tobacco use in Tunisia: a review

INTRODUCTION: This paper describes trends in tobacco sales and smoking prevalence in the Tunisian population, it estimates the consequences of smoking on mortality of this population and discusses anti-tobacco actions: educational actions, legislative measures, and price increases. DATA SOURCES: Sales data were collected from the Tunisia tobacco monopoly, smoking prevalence data from surveys conducted by several institutes, and numbers of deaths by causes have been estimated from WHO for 1998 year. RESULTS: Tobacco sales increased from 4.96 g per adult per day in 1981 to 6.3 g in 1993, then decreased widely. The proportion of smokers was 30% in 1996, 55% among men versus 5.6% among women. Among 17 to 24 years old young adults, the proportion of smokers was 29.2% in 1994 (50% among men versus 3.9% among women). Mortality attributable to tobacco in Tunisia has been estimated to 6430 deaths in 1997 (5580 among men versus 850 among women). These deaths represent 22% of total male deaths and 4% of female ones. Anti tobacco measures have been reinforced by the enactment of anti tobacco law. CONCLUSION: Proportion of young smokers remaining high, it is expected that the consequences of tobacco addiction in Tunisia in term of mortality will be even heavier in the next two decades if efficient anti tobacco actions are not implemented.     

A surveillance summary of smoking and review of tobacco control in Jordan

The burden of smoking-related diseases in Jordan is increasingly evident. During 2006, chronic, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for more than 50% of all deaths in Jordan. With this evidence in hand, we highlight the prevalence of smoking in Jordan among youth and adults and briefly review legislation that governs tobacco control in Jordan. The prevalence of smoking in Jordan remains unacceptably high with smoking and use of tobacco prevalences ranging from 15% to 30% among students aged 13-15 years and a current smoking prevalence near 50% among men. Opportunities exist to further reduce smoking among both youth and adults; however, combating tobacco use in Jordan will require partnerships and long-term commitments between both private and public institutions as well as within local communities.     

台州市男性 HIV阳性者和 HIV阴性者吸烟率及其影响因素的比较

  目的  比较台州市男性人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）阳性者和HIV阴性者吸烟率并分析其影响因素,为台州市HIV阳性者有针对的制定和实施控烟措施提供依据。  方法  基于"HIV与衰老相关疾病前瞻性队列研究"的基线数据,收集人口学、吸烟相关特征等信息。最终纳入分析3 785名男性研究对象,应用SAS 9.4软件进行统计分析。  结果  男性HIV阳性者当前吸烟率为33.9%（95% CI:31.4%~36.5%）,低于HIV阴性者（46.3%,95% CI:44.3%~48.3%）;男性HIV阳性者以前吸烟率为14.1%（95% CI:12.3%~16.1%）略高于HIV阴性者（12.5%,95% CI:11.2%~13.9%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=56.81,P < 0.001）。男性HIV阳性者中,知晓感染后戒烟率为23.7%。使用多因素二分类Logistic回归模型分析显示,相较HIV阴性者,HIV阳性者当前吸烟的影响因素除职业、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、日常锻炼以外,还包含年龄（40~岁,OR=1.87,95% CI:1.28~2.74,P=0.001;≥ 50岁,OR=2.30,95% CI:1.56~3.39,P < 0.001）、同性传播途径（OR=0.45,95% CI:0.35~0.59,P < 0.001）。  结论  台州市男性HIV阳性者目前吸烟状况仍然较普遍,且知晓HIV感染后曾尝试戒烟率较低。可通过加强男性HIV阳性者戒烟意识并结合影响当前吸烟的因素采取有针对性的措施控烟。     

中国人群2002年吸烟和被动吸烟的现状调查

目的描述2002年中国人群吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟的流行水平及在不同教育水平、职业和地区的分布特点，判断烟草流行的变化趋势。方法在145个疾病监测点中通过多阶段分层随机抽样，使用调查表人户调查，完成调查16407人，其中有16056人合格记录用于分析。采用总吸烟率、现在吸烟率、吸烟者日平均吸烟量、吸烟花费、戒烟率等指标，根据2002年普查人口进行加权计算。结果男性吸烟率为66．0％，女性吸烟率为3．08％，与1996年结果比较，人群吸烟率下降1．8％，15～24岁人群吸烟率上升，15岁以上吸烟者达到3．5亿人，较1996年增加3000万人。男性吸烟者水平大致相等，女性吸烟的地区差别更明显，东北、华北等地女性吸烟率依然很高。戒烟率增加，从1996年的9．42％上升到现在的11．5％，意味着增加了1000万戒烟者，但不打算戒烟者依然占了绝大多数，达到74％。人均吸烟量基本不变，为14．8支／日，吸烟者平均每日花费2．73元，但不同人群差异很大，最高和最低者相差15倍。被动吸烟暴露并没有大的改善，1996年和2002年两次调查结果几乎相等，人群中被动吸烟暴露水平分别为53％和52％。人们对烟草危害健康的知识增加，但西部地区人们的知识贫乏。60％以上的人支持公共场所禁止吸烟，45％支持禁止烟草广告，但地区差异依然很大。结论中国男性烟草使用的流行水平已经达到高峰，目前处在平台期，还没有明显的下降趋势。有关吸烟有害健康知识的传播还远远不够，特别西部地区人群对控烟措施的理解和支持率均不高，中国人群在短时间内烟草流行率不会明显下降，烟草导致的疾病负担在未来30—50年内将成为现实。     

Smoking prevalence in the United States and Taipei City, Taiwan

Although there are extensive antismoking efforts in the United States, smoking is a largely ignored health issue in Taiwan. In fact, tobacco advertising has increased dramatically since U.S. tobacco was first imported in 1987. We compared estimates of smoking prevalence of 83,281 Americans and 5,023 persons in Taipei, Taiwan, in 1986-1988. Among men, current smoking prevalence was higher in Taipei (49%) than in the United States (29%). In contrast, former smoking prevalence among men was substantially lower in Taipei (5%) than in the United States (32%). Young adults and those with lower and middle education levels had the highest smoking prevalence in both surveys. Among women, the current smoking prevalence was only 8% in Taipei, compared to 25% in the United States. The former smoking prevalence among Taipei women (1%) was also lower than among U.S. women (18%). Our findings indicate the need for expanding antismoking efforts in Taiwan, especially among men and among persons with lower and middle education levels.     

State-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adults --- United States, 2009

The health consequences of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use both have been well documented, including increased risk for lung, throat, oral, and other types of cancers. To assess state-specific current cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adults, CDC analyzed data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated wide variation in self-reported cigarette smoking prevalence (range: 6.4% [U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI)] to 25.6% [Kentucky and West Virginia]) and smokeless tobacco use (range: 0.8% [USVI] to 9.1% [Wyoming]). For 15 of the states, Puerto Rico, and Guam, smoking prevalence was significantly higher among men than among women. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was higher among men than women in all states and territories. Smokeless tobacco use was highest among persons aged 18--24 years and those with a high school education or less. From 0.9% (Puerto Rico) to 13.7% (Wyoming) of current smokers reported also using smokeless tobacco. Clinicians should identify all tobacco use in their patients and advise those who use any tobacco product to quit. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends implementing this approach in combination with other measures, including raising excise taxes on tobacco and strengthening smoke-free policies to prevent tobacco-related deaths.     

Tobacco use among teachers [corrected] in Uttar Pradesh & Uttaranchal, India

Information about tobacco use prevalence, knowledge and attitude was assessed among school personnel in Uttar Pradesh. A single cluster sample design with probability proportional to the enrolment in grades 8-10 was used. Statistical analysis was done using SUDAAN and the C-sample procedure in Epi-Info. The school response rate was 100%. School personnel response rate ranged from 72-80%, the proportion of men being 84-92%. Current cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use reported by all teachers was 21.9% and 75.6% respectively. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was ranged by 12.6-15.1%; bidi and other smoking 4.8-13.4%; smokeless tobacco use 16.3-19.8%. Existing school policy on four measures were reported poor however over 72% school personnel felt need for policy prohibiting tobacco use among students and school personnel. Tobacco prevention instruction by teachers did not fare much better on six different measures (4.9-30.9%). However over 2/3rd school personnel were very supportive on tobacco control issues. There was no training among school personnel on tobacco use prevention skills (3.7%). However most of the school personnel (67.1%) were curious about getting such trainings. A positive environment for tobacco use prevention needs to be created by adopting comprehensive tobacco control policies for schools. First step towards this may be training of school personnel on tobacco use prevention skill and supply of teaching materials.     

Tobacco use among school personnel in Orissa

Tobacco use prevalence, knowledge and attitude was assessed among school personnel in Orissa. A single cluster sample design with probability proportional to the enrolment in grades VIII-X was used. Statistical analysis was clone using SUDAAN and the C-sample procedure in Epi-Info. The school response rate was 100%. Over 72% of school personals participated in the survey, the proportion of men being 84%. Current cigarette smoking, bidi smoking and smokeless tobacco use was reported by 26.8%, 30.1% and 38.8% school personnel respectively. Current daily cigarette smoking, bidi smoking and smokeless tobacco use reported by 18.3%, 16.6% and 24.2% school personnel respectively. Men reported significantly more all kinds of daily tobacco use as compared to women. School tobacco control policy on three scales was reported poor (25-39%). However most of the school personnel felt need for such policies (88-98%). Teaching and training on tobacco was reported low (22.7%-35.9%). Most of the school personnel (87-95%) were supportive on different measures on tobacco control issues. Introduction of comprehensive school policies and enforcement on tobacco use may help to reduce adolescent and school personnel tobacco use.     

濮阳市控烟措施的效果评价研究

目的评价濮阳市控烟措施实施的效果,并探索一套控烟效果的评价指标。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,共调查1551名15岁以上城区居民,另外收集有关资料。结果烟草销售量下降熏2001年销售量比1993年下降22.5%。总人群现在吸烟率为20.8%,比1996年全国水平低14.5个百分点(P<0.01);戒烟率为14.2%,比1996年全国高4.8个百分点(P<0.01);被动吸烟率为39.0%,比1996年全国水平低14.5个百分点(P<0.01);吸烟有关知识知晓率显著提高(P<0.01)。社会风气好转。多因素分析表明,人群吸烟行为的改变与控烟措施有关。结论控烟措施有效地改变了人群的吸烟行为。但是女性的吸烟问题没有得到有效遏制。评价方法和指标是可行的,有效的。     

山西省太原市居民吸烟特征及影响因素

目的了解太原市居民的吸烟分布特征及影响因素，为政府和控烟机构制定有效的控烟措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段抽样的方法及统一的调查表进行现场调查。运用EpiData3．0软件录入数据，SPSS13．0统计软件进行描述性检验、χ^2检验和Logistic回归分析。结果总吸烟率为36．22％，男性为34．83％，女性为1．40％；各年龄组吸烟率男性显著高于女性（P〈0．01）；婚姻状况中已婚者吸烟率较高为42．2％；不同职业中手工劳动者吸烟率较高为58．8％；不同经济收入中，收入较低和较高人群吸烟率较高分别为38．8％和41．4％；不同文化程度人群中，小学以下人群吸烟率较高，为54．3％。结论与2002年全国人群吸烟率相比，太原市居民的吸烟率略高于全国平均水平，积极开展控烟工作非常必要。