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Mangrove forests as a nature-based solution for coastal flood protection: Biophysical and ecological considerations |
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| Authors: | Rosanna van Hespen Zhan Hu Bas Borsje Michela De Dominicis Daniel A Friess Svetlana Jevrejeva Maarten G Kleinhans Maria Maza Celine E J van Bijsterveldt Tom Van der Stocken Bregje van Wesenbeeck Danghan Xie Tjeerd J Bouma |
| Affiliation: | 1. NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands;2. Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands;3. School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai Campus, 2 University Road, Zhuhai 519000, China;4. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China;5. Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China;6. Water Engineering & Management, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands;7. National Oceanography Centre, Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L3 5DA, UK;8. Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Singapore 117570, Singapore;9. Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore;10. Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de La Universidad de Cantabria (IHCantabria), Isabel Torres 15, 39011 Santander, Spain;11. Wetlands International, P.O. Box 471, 6700 AL Wageningen, the Netherlands;12. Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;13. Earth Science Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA;14. Unit for Marine and Coastal Systems, Deltares, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands;15. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Nature-based coastal protection is increasingly recognised as a potentially sustainable and cost-effective solution to reduce coastal flood risk. It uses coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests to create resilient designs for coastal flood protection. However, to use mangroves effectively as a nature-based measure for flood risk reduction, we must understand the biophysical processes that govern risk reduction capacity through mangrove ecosystem size and structure. In this perspective, we evaluate the current state of knowledge on local physical drivers and ecological processes that determine mangrove functioning as part of a nature-based flood defence. We show that the forest properties that comprise coastal flood protection are well-known, but models cannot yet pinpoint how spatial heterogeneity of the forest structure affects the capacity for wave or surge attenuation. Overall, there is relatively good understanding of the ecological processes that drive forest structure and size, but there is a lack of knowledge on how daily bed-level dynamics link to long-term biogeomorphic forest dynamics, and on the role of combined stressors influencing forest retreat. Integrating simulation models of forest structure under changing physical (e.g. due to sea-level change) and ecological drivers with hydrodynamic attenuation models will allow for better projections of long-term natural coastal protection. |
| Keywords: | Forest dynamics Seedling establishment Hydrodynamic energy attenuation Bed-level dynamics Forest structure Mangrove tree mortality |
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