| 激光星间链路发展综述：现状、趋势、展望 |
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| 引用本文： | 李锐,林宝军,刘迎春,沈苑,董明佶,赵帅,孔陈杰,刘恩权,林夏.激光星间链路发展综述：现状、趋势、展望[J].红外与激光工程,2023,52(3):20220393-1-20220393-15. |
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| 作者姓名： | 李锐 林宝军 刘迎春 沈苑 董明佶 赵帅 孔陈杰 刘恩权 林夏 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院，上海 201304 |
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| 摘 要： | 由于激光通信在空间传输中波长短且方向性强，已成为下一代卫星通信与导航的重要手段。激光星间链路的高速率、高带宽、高安全性等特点，可以提供高质量卫星空间通信，同时其还可以提高星间测距的精度，因此，构建激光星间链路成为下一代卫星网络的研究重点之一。文中首先从技术层面介绍激光星间链路的基本组成，主要介绍了卫星激光建链模式、卫星激光信号调制模式及卫星激光载波波长三个重要技术点。从技术到现象，根据不同轨道高度和不同的任务需求，按照发射时间顺序综合调研并总结了近年来国内外典型中高轨和低轨卫星激光通信成果的发展现状与未来计划。通过调研，进一步从宏观角度分析出卫星激光通信发展标准化、兼容化、网络化和商业化四个趋势，并从微观角度总结了卫星激光终端弹性化和模块化的发展方向。最后，除了作为通讯手段，展望了星间激光链路用于卫星激光测距的良好前景。通过对激光星间链路的现状、趋势和展望的综合分析，旨在为未来激光星间链路的设计与优化提供一定的借鉴和参考，并为我国未来星间激光通信和测距技术的发展及研究提供方向参考。
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| 关 键 词： | 通信与信息系统 激光星间链路 卫星激光通信 激光通信终端 卫星测距 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-06-09 |
Review on laser intersatellite link: Current status,trends, and prospects |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Innovation Academy for Microsatellites, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201304, China2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China3.School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China4.Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China5.Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites, Shanghai 201210, China |
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| Abstract: | Significance The high directionality and short wavelength of laser transmission in space make it a promising direction for the next generation of satellite laser communication. The laser intersatellite communication can achieve high quality-of-service satellite communication with high transmission speed, wide bandwidth, and high security, which can even improve the precision of satellite ranging in space. The establishment of a satellite backbone network with laser intersatellite links can achieve global management and control of satellites, greatly improve its independence from the ground system, and expand the communication capacity. Due to its advantages in improving the survivability, autonomy, mobility and flexibility of satellite networks, the domestic "Star Network", "Hongyan", "Hongyun", "Xingyun" and "Space-Earth Integration" constellations and foreign "Kuiper", "Telesat" and "Starlink" networks have integrated laser intersatellite links as one of its core transmission link methods, laser communication terminals also become one of the standard spacecraft payloads. It is foreseeable that intersatellite communication will continue to develop and transform from the radio wave era to the laser era, which makes the survey on laser intersatellite links meaningful. Progress This paper first introduces the technical fundaments, including the link establishment modes, link modulation modes, and wavelengths. The intersatellite laser link establishment mainly relies on three steps of pointing, acquiring, and tracking, comprehensively called PAT system. The link modulation modes include non-coherent and coherent communications. Compared with the non-coherent system, the coherent system has the advantages of high spectral efficiency. For medium and high-orbit satellites that need to carry more complex and sophisticated communication tasks, the laser intersatellite link is mostly modulated by the coherent communication system. Conversely, low-orbit satellite laser communication and deep space exploration projects mainly use non-coherent modulation mode. To reduce the impact of the solar background and solar scattering, the current laser communication mainly considers the selection in the range of 500 nm to 2 000 nm. Since ground industrial-grade laser components mostly use 1 550 nm wavelength laser as the standard preparation, the communication technology can be migrated to the satellite network at a relatively low cost. With the development of technology, the communication systems of various countries are developing in a more compatible direction, that is, compatible with both 1 064 nm and 1 550 nm wavelengths. Countries have successfully carried out a number of on-orbit technology verifications in the field of inter-satellite laser communication, and have entered the stage of large-scale application. The survey finds that the current on-orbit technology verification uses customized laser terminals to meet the specific needs of various tasks. Companies such as Mynaric, Hyperion Tech, Thales Alenia Space, and NICT have begun to launch laser terminal products with higher speed, smaller mass and volume, and lower power consumption. These terminal products can adapt to the universal requirements of similar multi-task. According to the different mission requirements of different orbit heights, this paper summarizes the current development status and plans of laser communication achievements since 2015 (Tab.1). Through the comprehensive survey, this paper reveals the flexibility and modularity trends of laser communication terminals, and four development trends of satellite laser communication: standardization, compatibility, networking, and commercialization. In addition to being used as a carrier for information interaction, laser ranging can obtain more accurate intersatellite ranging values, stronger anti-interference and anti-eavesdropping capabilities compared to traditional RF ranging solutions. The end of this paper surveys on prospects of satellite laser ranging applications, which intends to provide reference to the domestic development and research of laser-based satellite technology. Conclusions and Prospects The laser intersatellite link is developing vigorously. At the same time, the mission requirements of the satellite network are complex and diverse. For satellites of different orbits and mission types, the selection of the communication system, wavelength, and access mode of the laser intersatellite link needs to be analyzed in detail according to each situation. The research aims to provide some reference for the design and optimization of laser inter-satellite links in the future. It is expected that building a standardized, compatible, networked and commercialized laser intersatellite link will help maximize space resources and interconnection of satellite networks. |
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